Global Invasive Species Database
... Ants are notorious invaders, particularly those species known as “tramp” ants. They easily disperse worldwide through commerce and other human-assisted avenues, often cause significant economic and environmental damage, and are often extremely difficult or impossible to eradicate or control. Althoug ...
... Ants are notorious invaders, particularly those species known as “tramp” ants. They easily disperse worldwide through commerce and other human-assisted avenues, often cause significant economic and environmental damage, and are often extremely difficult or impossible to eradicate or control. Althoug ...
On the structural stability of mutualistic systems
... the question of how interspecific interactions increase the persistence of species for a given parameterization of intrinsic growth rates. As we will show below, this is also the core of the problem in studies that are based on arbitrary numerical simulations. Numerical simulations Numerical simulat ...
... the question of how interspecific interactions increase the persistence of species for a given parameterization of intrinsic growth rates. As we will show below, this is also the core of the problem in studies that are based on arbitrary numerical simulations. Numerical simulations Numerical simulat ...
Can tolerance traits impose selection on herbivores?
... resistance, and perhaps a relaxation of selection on herbivores. In like fashion, if tolerance and resistance are positively correlated, selection for increased tolerance will result in correlated increase in resistance, possibly intensifying the pattern of selection on insect herbivores. However, d ...
... resistance, and perhaps a relaxation of selection on herbivores. In like fashion, if tolerance and resistance are positively correlated, selection for increased tolerance will result in correlated increase in resistance, possibly intensifying the pattern of selection on insect herbivores. However, d ...
Fat but slim: Criteria of seed attractiveness for earthworms
... palatability. More traits characterizing seeds and palatability are still to be tested such as their nutritive value, their shape or the presence of trichomes on their surface. Satchell (1967) showed that earthworms preferred protein- and carbohydrate-rich litters over litters with lower protein con ...
... palatability. More traits characterizing seeds and palatability are still to be tested such as their nutritive value, their shape or the presence of trichomes on their surface. Satchell (1967) showed that earthworms preferred protein- and carbohydrate-rich litters over litters with lower protein con ...
Evolution of reproductive isolation in plants
... components of reproductive isolation between two sister species of Mimulus, M. cardinalis and M. lewisii that differ in floral traits and attract different pollinators and found that prezygotic isolation more strongly reduced gene flow between species than postzygotic isolation. Detailed investigati ...
... components of reproductive isolation between two sister species of Mimulus, M. cardinalis and M. lewisii that differ in floral traits and attract different pollinators and found that prezygotic isolation more strongly reduced gene flow between species than postzygotic isolation. Detailed investigati ...
Competition Among Insects, Birds and Mammals for Conifer Steeds
... cate, however, that differences between not significantly greater in numbers of cones and trees add little or nothing to the seeds per cone in cones taken from several variance in seed quality (Smith, 1968). The annual crops than in cones taken from one coefficient of variation differs from 5.5% to ...
... cate, however, that differences between not significantly greater in numbers of cones and trees add little or nothing to the seeds per cone in cones taken from several variance in seed quality (Smith, 1968). The annual crops than in cones taken from one coefficient of variation differs from 5.5% to ...
Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?
... between the effects of pathogenic and facilitative interactions. Thus a reduction in the negative effects of soil microbes could be the result of a reduction in negative interactions or a corresponding increase in the effects of facilitators. We therefore stress caution when citing the results of so ...
... between the effects of pathogenic and facilitative interactions. Thus a reduction in the negative effects of soil microbes could be the result of a reduction in negative interactions or a corresponding increase in the effects of facilitators. We therefore stress caution when citing the results of so ...
Insects and Humans: Friends and Foes
... Some changes in ecosystems occur slowly and others occur rapidly. Changes can affect life forms, including humans. Humans impact ecosystems in both positive and negative ways. Humans can help improve the health of ecosystems so that they provide habitats for plants and animals and resources for huma ...
... Some changes in ecosystems occur slowly and others occur rapidly. Changes can affect life forms, including humans. Humans impact ecosystems in both positive and negative ways. Humans can help improve the health of ecosystems so that they provide habitats for plants and animals and resources for huma ...
The University of Chicago
... the relative importance of density-mediated and traitmediated indirect effects in experimental tritrophic level interaction webs (sensu Paine 1980; Menge 1995) composed of a species of spider carnivore, leaf-chewing generalist and specialist grasshoppers, and perennial grasses and herbs. I systemati ...
... the relative importance of density-mediated and traitmediated indirect effects in experimental tritrophic level interaction webs (sensu Paine 1980; Menge 1995) composed of a species of spider carnivore, leaf-chewing generalist and specialist grasshoppers, and perennial grasses and herbs. I systemati ...
a new exotic species in florida, the bloodsucker lizard, calotes
... agricultural areas, waste land, and open forests (Cox et al., 1998). They typically live among leafy undergrowth and grass in open habitats, but males often display from fences and other conspicuous perches (Cox et al., 1998). Juveniles forage and bask mostly at ground level, whereas subadults and a ...
... agricultural areas, waste land, and open forests (Cox et al., 1998). They typically live among leafy undergrowth and grass in open habitats, but males often display from fences and other conspicuous perches (Cox et al., 1998). Juveniles forage and bask mostly at ground level, whereas subadults and a ...
- Wiley Online Library
... there is little evidence about most of them. The plant and animal components of lizard diets were reviewed, providing volumetric and other quantitative measures of the contribution of plants to the total diet where possible, for a wide range of lizards. The evolution of plant consumption was traced ...
... there is little evidence about most of them. The plant and animal components of lizard diets were reviewed, providing volumetric and other quantitative measures of the contribution of plants to the total diet where possible, for a wide range of lizards. The evolution of plant consumption was traced ...
Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease
... & LoGiudice 2003) suggested that the risk of contracting bacterial infection for humans was lower in forest ecosystems containing a high natural diversity of vertebrate hosts (Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001; Ostfeld & LoGiudice 2003), many of which are epidemiological ‘dead ends’ for the bacterium that caus ...
... & LoGiudice 2003) suggested that the risk of contracting bacterial infection for humans was lower in forest ecosystems containing a high natural diversity of vertebrate hosts (Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001; Ostfeld & LoGiudice 2003), many of which are epidemiological ‘dead ends’ for the bacterium that caus ...
Pollen limitation and its influence on natural selection through seed set
... explicit tests of this hypothesis, however, have provided conflicting support. Using the arithmetic relationship between these two quantities, we show that increased pollen limitation will automatically result in stronger selection (all else equal) although other factors can alter selection independ ...
... explicit tests of this hypothesis, however, have provided conflicting support. Using the arithmetic relationship between these two quantities, we show that increased pollen limitation will automatically result in stronger selection (all else equal) although other factors can alter selection independ ...
Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different
... (1991) found with individual-based models that features of population dynamics in predator-prey models are linked to a characteristic spatial scale imposed by individual mobility (see also McCauley et al. 1993). In this paper, we analysed plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions and the ‘‘functional ...
... (1991) found with individual-based models that features of population dynamics in predator-prey models are linked to a characteristic spatial scale imposed by individual mobility (see also McCauley et al. 1993). In this paper, we analysed plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions and the ‘‘functional ...
Reprint
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm
... than in wind-pollinated species. Studies of intrapopulation gene flow are common but there are very few studies of gene flow between populations. Ellstrand & Marshall (1985) could find only three, excluding their own, and caution that generalizations on “the importance of gene flow as a cohesive evo ...
... than in wind-pollinated species. Studies of intrapopulation gene flow are common but there are very few studies of gene flow between populations. Ellstrand & Marshall (1985) could find only three, excluding their own, and caution that generalizations on “the importance of gene flow as a cohesive evo ...
Environmental factors influencing asexual reproductive
... known to be capable of reproducing asexually by fission (Tab. 1-3). In these "fissiparous" species, the body general1y di vides into two parts, each of which is capable of regenerating into a whole animal. In addition, six species of asteroid are known to possess a benthic phase that propagates asex ...
... known to be capable of reproducing asexually by fission (Tab. 1-3). In these "fissiparous" species, the body general1y di vides into two parts, each of which is capable of regenerating into a whole animal. In addition, six species of asteroid are known to possess a benthic phase that propagates asex ...
The effect of mermithid parasitism on predation of nymphal Baetis
... this study, therefore appears to decrease the mayfly’s ability to avoid stoneflies and hence increase the number of contact encounters that occur between the predator and prey (also found by Benton and Pritchard 1990). Since it is these contact encounters that result in capture of the prey (Peckarsk ...
... this study, therefore appears to decrease the mayfly’s ability to avoid stoneflies and hence increase the number of contact encounters that occur between the predator and prey (also found by Benton and Pritchard 1990). Since it is these contact encounters that result in capture of the prey (Peckarsk ...
predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in
... sic trait exerts a potent influence on herbivore demographics relative to the other factors tested. Cornell and Hawkins (1995) also found that enemy attack was the most frequent cause of death for immature herbivores and was more frequent than all other factors combined for late immature stages (lat ...
... sic trait exerts a potent influence on herbivore demographics relative to the other factors tested. Cornell and Hawkins (1995) also found that enemy attack was the most frequent cause of death for immature herbivores and was more frequent than all other factors combined for late immature stages (lat ...
specialized bees fail to develop on non-host pollen
... The great majority of flowering plants rely on insects or other animals for pollination. This interaction has shaped the evolution of both the angiosperms and their pollinators since the rise of the flowering plants in the early Cretaceous (Soltis et al. 2005). Among insects, bees are the most importa ...
... The great majority of flowering plants rely on insects or other animals for pollination. This interaction has shaped the evolution of both the angiosperms and their pollinators since the rise of the flowering plants in the early Cretaceous (Soltis et al. 2005). Among insects, bees are the most importa ...
Understanding Mutualism When There is Adaptation to the Partner
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects revisited: a
... affected the strength of competitive interactions (¼effect size), we classified each herbivore species by taxonomy (order, family, genus, species) and feeding guild (chewer or sap-feeder). Additionally, the extent of plant damage was noted if such information was provided by the study. This value wa ...
... affected the strength of competitive interactions (¼effect size), we classified each herbivore species by taxonomy (order, family, genus, species) and feeding guild (chewer or sap-feeder). Additionally, the extent of plant damage was noted if such information was provided by the study. This value wa ...
Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?
... common descent”, retrospectively defined), and 2. amount and nature of evolutionary change between branching points. The latter factor, in turn, depends on the evolutionary history of a respective branch, e. g., whether or not it has entered a new adaptive zone and to what extent it has experienced ...
... common descent”, retrospectively defined), and 2. amount and nature of evolutionary change between branching points. The latter factor, in turn, depends on the evolutionary history of a respective branch, e. g., whether or not it has entered a new adaptive zone and to what extent it has experienced ...
Published Version
... also used synonymously with secondary parasitoid. To assess the effects of defensive symbionts on parasitism under natural conditions, we set up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and followed their natural colonization and exploitation by ...
... also used synonymously with secondary parasitoid. To assess the effects of defensive symbionts on parasitism under natural conditions, we set up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and followed their natural colonization and exploitation by ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.