Manipulating the jasmonate response: How do methyl
... mycorrhizal jasmonate response depending on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, both positive and negative mycorrhizal colonization responses have been found when JA and MeJA were applied exogenously to plant leaves. Generally, AMF colonization was stimulated at low jasmonate concentr ...
... mycorrhizal jasmonate response depending on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, both positive and negative mycorrhizal colonization responses have been found when JA and MeJA were applied exogenously to plant leaves. Generally, AMF colonization was stimulated at low jasmonate concentr ...
limiting factors of five rare plant species in mesic forests, hawai`i
... Table 6. Size class distribution, mortality, and growth into subsequent size classes for Melicope zahlbruckneri trees in Kīpuka Puaulu between 1993 and 2008. ........................................ 54 Table 7. Estimated cover-abundance of all woody species in three height layers at selected Melicop ...
... Table 6. Size class distribution, mortality, and growth into subsequent size classes for Melicope zahlbruckneri trees in Kīpuka Puaulu between 1993 and 2008. ........................................ 54 Table 7. Estimated cover-abundance of all woody species in three height layers at selected Melicop ...
The foraging behavior of granivorous rodents
... and ascribed its existence to the patch-leaving rule of the heteromyid rodents (family Heteromyidae) that foraged for the seeds. Brown and Mitchell (1989) inferred the existence of the patch-leaving rule from measuring seed predation rates; but they did not directly observe behavior. Heteromyid rode ...
... and ascribed its existence to the patch-leaving rule of the heteromyid rodents (family Heteromyidae) that foraged for the seeds. Brown and Mitchell (1989) inferred the existence of the patch-leaving rule from measuring seed predation rates; but they did not directly observe behavior. Heteromyid rode ...
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology
... in a few potential eco-evolutionary systems (Hairston et al. 2005). However, we stress that evolution does not have to be rapid for eco-evolutionary feedbacks to emerge. Slow niche construction caused by slow rates of evolution (and the reciprocal) are as likely to create eco-evolutionary feedbacks ...
... in a few potential eco-evolutionary systems (Hairston et al. 2005). However, we stress that evolution does not have to be rapid for eco-evolutionary feedbacks to emerge. Slow niche construction caused by slow rates of evolution (and the reciprocal) are as likely to create eco-evolutionary feedbacks ...
The role of interspecific interference competition
... (e.g. weaponry, body size). We define agonistic character displacement (ACD) as the process of phenotypic evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific ...
... (e.g. weaponry, body size). We define agonistic character displacement (ACD) as the process of phenotypic evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
... sepals and labellum were experimentally manipulated in 124 plants according to a full two-way factorial design, with lateral sepals and labellum as the two factors involved. Two levels were used for each factor: control (without manipulation) and treatment (with manipulation). The manipulation of la ...
... sepals and labellum were experimentally manipulated in 124 plants according to a full two-way factorial design, with lateral sepals and labellum as the two factors involved. Two levels were used for each factor: control (without manipulation) and treatment (with manipulation). The manipulation of la ...
Evolution of Australian biota
... Part 2: Plate tectonics and affinities of Australian biota....... 1-35 Part 3: Changing environments and biota in Australia ........ 1-32 Part 4: Adaptations to the Australian environment .............. 1-24 ...
... Part 2: Plate tectonics and affinities of Australian biota....... 1-35 Part 3: Changing environments and biota in Australia ........ 1-32 Part 4: Adaptations to the Australian environment .............. 1-24 ...
Planting Forage for Honey Bees in Canada A guide for farmers, land
... pollinators is to restore the disturbed landscape with flowering vegetation in as many areas as possible. There are many types of land that can be used to enhance honey bee forage and habitat for pollinators. Enhancement should be tailored to the land type, area, budget, and maintenance options. Ide ...
... pollinators is to restore the disturbed landscape with flowering vegetation in as many areas as possible. There are many types of land that can be used to enhance honey bee forage and habitat for pollinators. Enhancement should be tailored to the land type, area, budget, and maintenance options. Ide ...
1 - The Many Roads to Parasitism: A Tale of Convergence
... certain circumstances, breaks down in many cases, such as ‘mesoparasitic’ copepods that are partially embedded in host tissues but still exposed to the external aquatic habitat (Boxshall and Halsey, 2004). Parasites are also sometimes classified based on their life cycle patterns, for example, paras ...
... certain circumstances, breaks down in many cases, such as ‘mesoparasitic’ copepods that are partially embedded in host tissues but still exposed to the external aquatic habitat (Boxshall and Halsey, 2004). Parasites are also sometimes classified based on their life cycle patterns, for example, paras ...
Documents from
... can improve the likeness, became accepted as describing Batesian mimicry evolution. The idea is often credited to Nicholson (1927), although Poulton (1912) had already suggested it. Over time, the two-step process became accepted also in the context of Müllerian mimicry (Turner 1984; Sheppard et al. ...
... can improve the likeness, became accepted as describing Batesian mimicry evolution. The idea is often credited to Nicholson (1927), although Poulton (1912) had already suggested it. Over time, the two-step process became accepted also in the context of Müllerian mimicry (Turner 1984; Sheppard et al. ...
Towards an Evolutionary Model of Animal-Associated
... We define the primary evolutionary pressures as those that occur intraspecifically, driving evolutionary trajectories of each microbial species. A microbial species is not clonal, but rather a species is represented by a broad spectrum of genetic variants that radiate from a central clonalgenotype. ...
... We define the primary evolutionary pressures as those that occur intraspecifically, driving evolutionary trajectories of each microbial species. A microbial species is not clonal, but rather a species is represented by a broad spectrum of genetic variants that radiate from a central clonalgenotype. ...
Open full article - European Journal of Entomology
... for ants. Thus, foraging becomes more effective compared with other (non-attended) Hemiptera, whose honeydew drops to the ground and may eventually be scavenged by ants (Carver et al., ...
... for ants. Thus, foraging becomes more effective compared with other (non-attended) Hemiptera, whose honeydew drops to the ground and may eventually be scavenged by ants (Carver et al., ...
Distribution Ecology: Variation in Plant Recruitment over a Gradient
... experimental exclusion of insects from developing buds, duction in the number of seeds destroyed must increase: (1) viable seeds released, (2) seedlings estabflowers, and seeds of Haplopapplus squlrrosits. lished, and (3) juveniles recruited. Also, if seed predation restricts distribution in a porti ...
... experimental exclusion of insects from developing buds, duction in the number of seeds destroyed must increase: (1) viable seeds released, (2) seedlings estabflowers, and seeds of Haplopapplus squlrrosits. lished, and (3) juveniles recruited. Also, if seed predation restricts distribution in a porti ...
Discriminating trait-convergence and trait
... grassland experimental plots under different nitrogen and grazing levels, and another in sapling communities colonizing Araucaria forest patches of increasing size in a forest-grassland mosaic. In these cases, depending on the traits considered, we found strong evidence of either TCAP or TDAP, or bo ...
... grassland experimental plots under different nitrogen and grazing levels, and another in sapling communities colonizing Araucaria forest patches of increasing size in a forest-grassland mosaic. In these cases, depending on the traits considered, we found strong evidence of either TCAP or TDAP, or bo ...
Crop domestication, global human-mediated migration, and the
... compounds that are highly toxic to generalist herbivores. By reducing levels of glucosinolates, cabbage domestication has benefitted a generalist moth, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), more than a specialist moth, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (Gols et al., 2008). Crop domesticati ...
... compounds that are highly toxic to generalist herbivores. By reducing levels of glucosinolates, cabbage domestication has benefitted a generalist moth, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), more than a specialist moth, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (Gols et al., 2008). Crop domesticati ...
ecology of insect communities in nontidal wetlands
... Extensive stands of emergent aquatic plants are distinctive features of perennial-water marshes, and submersed macrophytes and algae are also conspicuous. As a result, much of the research on marsh insects involves their interactions with plants. Emergents are particularly important resources for ma ...
... Extensive stands of emergent aquatic plants are distinctive features of perennial-water marshes, and submersed macrophytes and algae are also conspicuous. As a result, much of the research on marsh insects involves their interactions with plants. Emergents are particularly important resources for ma ...
Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral
... to explore what factors facilitate cohabitation. Clownfishes are small bodied (maximum size 8–16 cm) and predominantly feed on plankton in the water column and algae around their host anemones [21]. They form small groups with a strong hierarchical social structure based on body size. They are prota ...
... to explore what factors facilitate cohabitation. Clownfishes are small bodied (maximum size 8–16 cm) and predominantly feed on plankton in the water column and algae around their host anemones [21]. They form small groups with a strong hierarchical social structure based on body size. They are prota ...
Prescott Area Plant List – Landscape Trees
... resemble Wisteria Excellent fall color depending on variety. Attractive twigs Have not seen it growing here, so it may have problems Attractive specimen plant with large saucer shaped flowers, many varieties Many varieties that vary in structure, size, and flower color. Flowers that resemble apple M ...
... resemble Wisteria Excellent fall color depending on variety. Attractive twigs Have not seen it growing here, so it may have problems Attractive specimen plant with large saucer shaped flowers, many varieties Many varieties that vary in structure, size, and flower color. Flowers that resemble apple M ...
Arthropods
... skeleton functions to provide places for muscle attachArthropods, especially insects, are of enormous ecoment. In arthropods, the muscles attach to the interior nomic importance and affect all aspects of human life. surface of their hard exoskeleton, which also protects the They compete with humans ...
... skeleton functions to provide places for muscle attachArthropods, especially insects, are of enormous ecoment. In arthropods, the muscles attach to the interior nomic importance and affect all aspects of human life. surface of their hard exoskeleton, which also protects the They compete with humans ...
Evolution of Host Defense against Multiple Enemy Populations
... for Red Queen coevolutionary cycles (Dieckmann et al. 1995; Marrow et al. 1992) or on the occurrence of diversity through evolutionary branching (Day et al. 2002; Abrams 2003; Geritz et al. 2007; Hoyle and Bowers 2007; Landi et al. 2013). Landi et al. (2013) found that prey branching leading to dimo ...
... for Red Queen coevolutionary cycles (Dieckmann et al. 1995; Marrow et al. 1992) or on the occurrence of diversity through evolutionary branching (Day et al. 2002; Abrams 2003; Geritz et al. 2007; Hoyle and Bowers 2007; Landi et al. 2013). Landi et al. (2013) found that prey branching leading to dimo ...
Section 1 How Organisms Interact in Communities
... at the very top of the spruce tree even though insects that the warbler could eat are located all over the tree. In other words, Cape May warblers occupy only a portion of their fundamental niche. Why? Closer study reveals that this surprising behavior is part of a larger pattern of niche restrictio ...
... at the very top of the spruce tree even though insects that the warbler could eat are located all over the tree. In other words, Cape May warblers occupy only a portion of their fundamental niche. Why? Closer study reveals that this surprising behavior is part of a larger pattern of niche restrictio ...
ExamView Pro - Chapter 15.bnk
... 5. Darwin thought that the animals of the Galápagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because a. the animals’ ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands. b. the animals had all been brought to the islands by humans. c. the islands had slowly d ...
... 5. Darwin thought that the animals of the Galápagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because a. the animals’ ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands. b. the animals had all been brought to the islands by humans. c. the islands had slowly d ...
Gene flow reverses an adaptive cline in a coevolving host
... tance to ancestral phage (T70), after which they are referred to as first-order resistant bacteria (B1). The T7 can then evolve to attack the first-order resistant bacteria and are referred to as host-range mutants (T71), which can also attack B0. Second-order resistant bacteria (B2) that are resist ...
... tance to ancestral phage (T70), after which they are referred to as first-order resistant bacteria (B1). The T7 can then evolve to attack the first-order resistant bacteria and are referred to as host-range mutants (T71), which can also attack B0. Second-order resistant bacteria (B2) that are resist ...
foraging ecology of the red-crowned parakeet
... food types, were consumed by both species of parakeet (Greene, 1988). Seven of these species were important dietary components (>5% of the monthly diet) for both red-crowned and yellowcrowned parakeets (Table 1). Four other plant species were important to only yellow-crowned parakeets. The remaining ...
... food types, were consumed by both species of parakeet (Greene, 1988). Seven of these species were important dietary components (>5% of the monthly diet) for both red-crowned and yellowcrowned parakeets (Table 1). Four other plant species were important to only yellow-crowned parakeets. The remaining ...
The potential role of waterbirds in dispersing invertebrates and
... the sample remaining after removing part for the hatching experiment). Owing to their larger size, only 73.5 ± 5.1 % by fresh weight (mean ± s.e., range 44-100%, n = 20) of swan samples and 51% of the pelican sample were sieved for propagules. Items retained on the sieves were placed in sample trays ...
... the sample remaining after removing part for the hatching experiment). Owing to their larger size, only 73.5 ± 5.1 % by fresh weight (mean ± s.e., range 44-100%, n = 20) of swan samples and 51% of the pelican sample were sieved for propagules. Items retained on the sieves were placed in sample trays ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.