Phenotypic integration in plants
... the correlations among traits has important implications for the evolution of the entire organism or complex phenotype of interest. We are just beginning to understand the details of the molecular genetic aspects of integration particularly for plants (Chernoff & Magwene 1999; Murren & Kover, in pre ...
... the correlations among traits has important implications for the evolution of the entire organism or complex phenotype of interest. We are just beginning to understand the details of the molecular genetic aspects of integration particularly for plants (Chernoff & Magwene 1999; Murren & Kover, in pre ...
Address
... were conducted within the nonnative range of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (21°560′ N, 101°150′ E; 570 m altitude) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences located in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. An outdoor common gar ...
... were conducted within the nonnative range of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (21°560′ N, 101°150′ E; 570 m altitude) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences located in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. An outdoor common gar ...
Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the
... emergent pattern resulting from one or several underlying causes (intrinsic or extrinsic processes) (Wiens & Graham, 2005; Losos, 2008a,b, 2011). Both views are put by Wiens et al. (2010, p. 1312). They argue that PNC is a process because it can lead to other patterns, such as diversity gradients. H ...
... emergent pattern resulting from one or several underlying causes (intrinsic or extrinsic processes) (Wiens & Graham, 2005; Losos, 2008a,b, 2011). Both views are put by Wiens et al. (2010, p. 1312). They argue that PNC is a process because it can lead to other patterns, such as diversity gradients. H ...
Lambden and Johnson 2013 biomass
... An accurate and more detailed understanding of parasite biomass is essential for understanding the flow of energy through ecosystems with additional potential contributions to investigations of the metabolic theory of ecology (Arneberg et al. 1998; George-Nascimento et al. 2004; Hechinger et al. 201 ...
... An accurate and more detailed understanding of parasite biomass is essential for understanding the flow of energy through ecosystems with additional potential contributions to investigations of the metabolic theory of ecology (Arneberg et al. 1998; George-Nascimento et al. 2004; Hechinger et al. 201 ...
1 Are invasive ants better plant-defense mutualists? A comparison of
... nectar, but few studies have compared their abilities to displace herbivores and benefit plants. Yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) have invaded eucalypt woodlands of Arnhem Land, northern Australia, where they displace the native dominant weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). We compared the ...
... nectar, but few studies have compared their abilities to displace herbivores and benefit plants. Yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) have invaded eucalypt woodlands of Arnhem Land, northern Australia, where they displace the native dominant weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). We compared the ...
Trait differences between grass species along a climatic
... pooled data. Additionally, we compared each trait of C3 and C4 groups by t-tests. All references to statistical significance or significant differences are at P ≤ 0.05. Since we measured plant traits of grass species from different continents, our results could be confounded by intercontinental diff ...
... pooled data. Additionally, we compared each trait of C3 and C4 groups by t-tests. All references to statistical significance or significant differences are at P ≤ 0.05. Since we measured plant traits of grass species from different continents, our results could be confounded by intercontinental diff ...
Hierarchical organization of a Sardinian sand dune plant
... Carranza & Izzi, 2009). On the seaward border of sand dunes, the fore-dune, a limited number of clonal pioneer plant species with deep roots trap and bind sand, initiating dune formation. These plants stabilize substrate, trap seeds, and grow vertically and horizontally as sand accumulates, building ...
... Carranza & Izzi, 2009). On the seaward border of sand dunes, the fore-dune, a limited number of clonal pioneer plant species with deep roots trap and bind sand, initiating dune formation. These plants stabilize substrate, trap seeds, and grow vertically and horizontally as sand accumulates, building ...
southern Yunnan, China - Universität Hohenheim
... plantations, only 5‐10% of the primary‐forest bird species were recorded. Primates, squirrels and tree‐shrews disappeared except for one species. Similarly, Peh et al. ...
... plantations, only 5‐10% of the primary‐forest bird species were recorded. Primates, squirrels and tree‐shrews disappeared except for one species. Similarly, Peh et al. ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Ecological Effects in
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
Sneaky African fig wasps that oviposit through holes drilled by other
... from the trunk and major branches (Berg & Wiebes 1992). Ficus artocarpoides Warb. is restricted to central Africa (northern Angola to eastern Uganda and west to Guinea) where it is associated with rainforest and gallery forest up to an altitude of 1600 m (Berg & Wiebes 1992; Rasplus et al. 2003). Th ...
... from the trunk and major branches (Berg & Wiebes 1992). Ficus artocarpoides Warb. is restricted to central Africa (northern Angola to eastern Uganda and west to Guinea) where it is associated with rainforest and gallery forest up to an altitude of 1600 m (Berg & Wiebes 1992; Rasplus et al. 2003). Th ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... spend a dormant stage as pupae, but some species that can infest mature seeds have a rapid generation turnover if seeds are abundant. The seed weevil Sitophilus (Calandra) rugicollis, which attacks seeds of Shorea robusta, Syzygium cumini, Dipterocarpus allatus and Polyalthia longifolia in India, su ...
... spend a dormant stage as pupae, but some species that can infest mature seeds have a rapid generation turnover if seeds are abundant. The seed weevil Sitophilus (Calandra) rugicollis, which attacks seeds of Shorea robusta, Syzygium cumini, Dipterocarpus allatus and Polyalthia longifolia in India, su ...
toward an evolutionary definition of cheating
... The term “cheating” is used in the evolutionary and ecological literature to describe a wide range of exploitative or deceitful traits. Although many find this a useful short hand, others have suggested that it implies cognitive intent in a misleading way, and is used inconsistently. We provide a fo ...
... The term “cheating” is used in the evolutionary and ecological literature to describe a wide range of exploitative or deceitful traits. Although many find this a useful short hand, others have suggested that it implies cognitive intent in a misleading way, and is used inconsistently. We provide a fo ...
defining and measuring trophic role similarity
... roles of species that do not share the same predators and prey, but that may be similar in their trophic position. As an example, consider two species of insect that serve as prey for two different species of congeneric birds, and which consume very similar, congeneric species of plants. In the Yodz ...
... roles of species that do not share the same predators and prey, but that may be similar in their trophic position. As an example, consider two species of insect that serve as prey for two different species of congeneric birds, and which consume very similar, congeneric species of plants. In the Yodz ...
Food Webs, Risks of Alien Enemies and Reform of Biological Control
... omnivorous species. It has been argued that trophic spectra are a more accurate concept than discrete trophic levels for the relationships among the consumers and the consumed for many ecological communities (Polis and Strong, 1996). Self-damping is an element of intraspecific interactions that is e ...
... omnivorous species. It has been argued that trophic spectra are a more accurate concept than discrete trophic levels for the relationships among the consumers and the consumed for many ecological communities (Polis and Strong, 1996). Self-damping is an element of intraspecific interactions that is e ...
A Closer Look at Arthropods
... All of the major arthropod groups are incredibly old. The oldest arthropod fossils are trilobites from the early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago. The oldest known chelicerates and crustaceans appeared a few million years later, during the Cambrian explosion. The oldest known myriapod fo ...
... All of the major arthropod groups are incredibly old. The oldest arthropod fossils are trilobites from the early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago. The oldest known chelicerates and crustaceans appeared a few million years later, during the Cambrian explosion. The oldest known myriapod fo ...
Diversity_Ch3_Transmittal_Final_CW
... not photosynthetic, and they do not produce their own food. Their cells are unlike plant cells, and they have entirely different ...
... not photosynthetic, and they do not produce their own food. Their cells are unlike plant cells, and they have entirely different ...
Nitrogen in Insects - Arizona State University
... insect N content is a function of trophic position. Given the well-known increase in N content from autotrophs to herbivores (e.g., McNeill and Southwood 1978), we postulated that N content would also increase in the step from herbivores to predators. To test this hypothesis, we must distinguish the ...
... insect N content is a function of trophic position. Given the well-known increase in N content from autotrophs to herbivores (e.g., McNeill and Southwood 1978), we postulated that N content would also increase in the step from herbivores to predators. To test this hypothesis, we must distinguish the ...
The Symbiotic Habit - Princeton University Press
... distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. ...
... distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. ...
Click here - Graduate Training in Risk Analysis for Introduced
... It’s a pleasure to welcome you all to this conference. As you know, this event represents a merging of two previous workshops that have a long and eminent history. These workshops were the ‘International Entomophagous Insects Workshop’, which was held in North America, and the ‘European Parasitoid W ...
... It’s a pleasure to welcome you all to this conference. As you know, this event represents a merging of two previous workshops that have a long and eminent history. These workshops were the ‘International Entomophagous Insects Workshop’, which was held in North America, and the ‘European Parasitoid W ...
Fishing out marine parasites? Impacts of fishing
... of this work. We use the term ÔparasiteÕ to refer all natural enemies that exploit only one victim in a single life stage (i.e., to distinguish from predators, which exploit many victims) and that rely upon infectious processes to find new hosts. Our definition therefore includes Ôtypical parasitesÕ ...
... of this work. We use the term ÔparasiteÕ to refer all natural enemies that exploit only one victim in a single life stage (i.e., to distinguish from predators, which exploit many victims) and that rely upon infectious processes to find new hosts. Our definition therefore includes Ôtypical parasitesÕ ...
Cooperation and conflict in host manipulation
... inducing changes in host behavior, as those evidenced for several macro-parasites (see above). There is a growing body of evidence for these changes, encompassing parasites with complex life-cycle and either trophic or vector-borne transmission, and parasites with direct life-cycle (reviews in Lefèv ...
... inducing changes in host behavior, as those evidenced for several macro-parasites (see above). There is a growing body of evidence for these changes, encompassing parasites with complex life-cycle and either trophic or vector-borne transmission, and parasites with direct life-cycle (reviews in Lefèv ...
Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial
... For example, consider a human disease caused by evolutionary mismatch that does not manifest itself until late in life. The disease might have a negligible effect on evolutionary fitness but still be well worth curing to reduce human suffering. Before dealing with problematic cases of mismatch that ...
... For example, consider a human disease caused by evolutionary mismatch that does not manifest itself until late in life. The disease might have a negligible effect on evolutionary fitness but still be well worth curing to reduce human suffering. Before dealing with problematic cases of mismatch that ...
page proofs oofs
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade
... Aviles et al. (2006) found no higher rejection rate by magpies when the UV spectrum was eliminated from Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs. But the coevolutionary process does not necessarily stop there. Brood parasites using more than one host species have been shown to evolve host-specific egg morphs (fema ...
... Aviles et al. (2006) found no higher rejection rate by magpies when the UV spectrum was eliminated from Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs. But the coevolutionary process does not necessarily stop there. Brood parasites using more than one host species have been shown to evolve host-specific egg morphs (fema ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.