![(Corema conradii) benefits from ant seed dispersal in coastal US](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/014985390_1-b9d44ed62c9f6726495d7ef461d5cf7f-300x300.png)
(Corema conradii) benefits from ant seed dispersal in coastal US
... typically explained by three theories: (1) the predatoravoidance theory, which posits that predator pressures are greatest at the parent plant and rapid removal of seeds away from the parent plant reduces predation (Janzen 1970; Heithaus 1981; Bond and Slingsby 1984; Beattie 1985; Ohkawara and Higas ...
... typically explained by three theories: (1) the predatoravoidance theory, which posits that predator pressures are greatest at the parent plant and rapid removal of seeds away from the parent plant reduces predation (Janzen 1970; Heithaus 1981; Bond and Slingsby 1984; Beattie 1985; Ohkawara and Higas ...
Chapter 4
... For example, birds all eating insects, but catching them on different parts of the tree For example, one species eats small seeds and another eats large seeds ...
... For example, birds all eating insects, but catching them on different parts of the tree For example, one species eats small seeds and another eats large seeds ...
Chapter 4 Notes - Lincoln High School
... § For example, birds all eating insects, but catching them on different parts of the tree § For example, one species eats small seeds and another eats large seeds ...
... § For example, birds all eating insects, but catching them on different parts of the tree § For example, one species eats small seeds and another eats large seeds ...
Functional traits are more variable at the intra- than inter
... also quantified and related to plant functional trait variability. The intra-population functional trait variability was compared to the inter-population variability of collected data and global inter-population variability data obtained from the worldwide TRY functional traits database. The results ...
... also quantified and related to plant functional trait variability. The intra-population functional trait variability was compared to the inter-population variability of collected data and global inter-population variability data obtained from the worldwide TRY functional traits database. The results ...
Special Feature
... genetic variation sets the opportunity. It is possible to integrate these views by imagining a ‘‘vacant niche’’ with sufficient resources to support a new species, and the subsequent evolution of a novel phenotype to fill the niche. However, Lewontin (1978) makes it clear that genetic variation is f ...
... genetic variation sets the opportunity. It is possible to integrate these views by imagining a ‘‘vacant niche’’ with sufficient resources to support a new species, and the subsequent evolution of a novel phenotype to fill the niche. However, Lewontin (1978) makes it clear that genetic variation is f ...
D 2.2 Traits analysis Final April 2010
... deliverable. There was also a bias towards a few well studied species and a knowledge gap for low-impact or “non-pest” species, but this is a general characteristic in invasion ecology and is partly dealt with by appropriate statistical analysis. The patchiness of information on environmental impact ...
... deliverable. There was also a bias towards a few well studied species and a knowledge gap for low-impact or “non-pest” species, but this is a general characteristic in invasion ecology and is partly dealt with by appropriate statistical analysis. The patchiness of information on environmental impact ...
Insect Herbivores and Plant Population Dynamics
... the view that populations of insect herbivores are regulated at low densities by the actions of various natural enemies, notably predators, parasitoids, and diseases (87). At these low densities, the argument went, it was unlikely that insects could have an important effect on plant popUlation dynam ...
... the view that populations of insect herbivores are regulated at low densities by the actions of various natural enemies, notably predators, parasitoids, and diseases (87). At these low densities, the argument went, it was unlikely that insects could have an important effect on plant popUlation dynam ...
Adaptive advantages and the evolution of colony formation in
... of this “communal” organization (as defined by Wilson, 1971) in C. moluccensisare low level aggressive interactions during prey capture and during web repair and renewal. Such interactions may serve as a spacing mechanism, ensuring an adequate fool supply for each individual Disadvantages resulting ...
... of this “communal” organization (as defined by Wilson, 1971) in C. moluccensisare low level aggressive interactions during prey capture and during web repair and renewal. Such interactions may serve as a spacing mechanism, ensuring an adequate fool supply for each individual Disadvantages resulting ...
Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator–prey interactions
... tendency whereas Kolmogorov–Smirnov nonparametric statistics are used to test for differences in the shape of the frequency distributions between the data sets. Using these comparisons we hope to gain insight into general patterns of nitrogen limitation. For example, do consumers feed on prey that w ...
... tendency whereas Kolmogorov–Smirnov nonparametric statistics are used to test for differences in the shape of the frequency distributions between the data sets. Using these comparisons we hope to gain insight into general patterns of nitrogen limitation. For example, do consumers feed on prey that w ...
Biological Control of Weeds?
... The death of whole branches and even entire broom bushes has been observed already at some sites, leading to much optimism and excitement. We suspect that an interaction between the mites and one or more plant pathogen may be responsible. Galls are occasionally seen on broom here, which are thought ...
... The death of whole branches and even entire broom bushes has been observed already at some sites, leading to much optimism and excitement. We suspect that an interaction between the mites and one or more plant pathogen may be responsible. Galls are occasionally seen on broom here, which are thought ...
Preselection of predatory mites to improve year
... In spring and summer, two groups of natural enemies are successfully used for biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in greenhouses:phytoseiid mites (Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) and, to a lesser extent, A. barkeri (Hughes» and anthocorid bugs (Orius sp ...
... In spring and summer, two groups of natural enemies are successfully used for biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in greenhouses:phytoseiid mites (Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) and, to a lesser extent, A. barkeri (Hughes» and anthocorid bugs (Orius sp ...
View - Ministry of Education, Guyana
... One welcomes the publication of this series of textbooks as part of the Primary Education Improvement Project funded by the Inter-American Development Bank and the Government of Guyana. This series of texts has been long in planning, writing and producing. In the process however, many Guyanese have ...
... One welcomes the publication of this series of textbooks as part of the Primary Education Improvement Project funded by the Inter-American Development Bank and the Government of Guyana. This series of texts has been long in planning, writing and producing. In the process however, many Guyanese have ...
Sanders, BSP, DS Kjar, and TP Egan. Beetle
... Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus, while the hymenopteran and lepidopteran species are currently unidentified. The wasp is a parasitoid of A. macrophthalmus although its host specificity is unknown without identification. Each type of predation was easily distinguishable based on characteristic damage ...
... Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus, while the hymenopteran and lepidopteran species are currently unidentified. The wasp is a parasitoid of A. macrophthalmus although its host specificity is unknown without identification. Each type of predation was easily distinguishable based on characteristic damage ...
Purple Loosestrife - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the
... reddish-purple petals (10 to 15 mm in length). Flowers are tri-morphic with short, medium, and long petals and stamens. Many ornamental varieties have been developed, some through introgression with the native L. alatum (Ottenbreit and Staniforth, 1994). Until recently, Lythrum virgatum L. was treat ...
... reddish-purple petals (10 to 15 mm in length). Flowers are tri-morphic with short, medium, and long petals and stamens. Many ornamental varieties have been developed, some through introgression with the native L. alatum (Ottenbreit and Staniforth, 1994). Until recently, Lythrum virgatum L. was treat ...
a chameleon as predator of butterflies and its avoidance of known
... as Pierids were taken immediately, while more ambiguously coloured prey items needed longer consideration, and were more often refused within the ten second period. The chameleon was also able to generalize the Acraea pattern, avoiding on sight all the species of that genus, even those not seen befo ...
... as Pierids were taken immediately, while more ambiguously coloured prey items needed longer consideration, and were more often refused within the ten second period. The chameleon was also able to generalize the Acraea pattern, avoiding on sight all the species of that genus, even those not seen befo ...
Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution
... Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative to traditional ecological effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing is known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally ev ...
... Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative to traditional ecological effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing is known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally ev ...
this PDF file - Journal of Pollination Ecology
... non-food crops that are harvested and traded for their seasonal ornamental value. Although the traditions and folklore surrounding holly and mistletoe originate in Europe, their cultural value as ornamental plants has spread to many parts of the world, with other species of holly and mistletoe being ...
... non-food crops that are harvested and traded for their seasonal ornamental value. Although the traditions and folklore surrounding holly and mistletoe originate in Europe, their cultural value as ornamental plants has spread to many parts of the world, with other species of holly and mistletoe being ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to the partner
... ultimate mutualism. Another counterintuitive result is that even obligate mutualisms are not necessarily ultimate interactions. 6 We conclude that the proximate response is the only workable criterion for mutualism. Our understanding of mutualism, however, requires further evaluation of how evolved ...
... ultimate mutualism. Another counterintuitive result is that even obligate mutualisms are not necessarily ultimate interactions. 6 We conclude that the proximate response is the only workable criterion for mutualism. Our understanding of mutualism, however, requires further evaluation of how evolved ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to
... ultimate mutualism. Another counterintuitive result is that even obligate mutualisms are not necessarily ultimate interactions. 6 We conclude that the proximate response is the only workable criterion for mutualism. Our understanding of mutualism, however, requires further evaluation of how evolved ...
... ultimate mutualism. Another counterintuitive result is that even obligate mutualisms are not necessarily ultimate interactions. 6 We conclude that the proximate response is the only workable criterion for mutualism. Our understanding of mutualism, however, requires further evaluation of how evolved ...
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF EFFECTS OF PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND E S
... influence the diversity of trophic levels higher up the food chain (‘‘bottom-up’’ control of diversity). Increasing plant productivity may increase herbivore diversity by: increasing the abundance of rare resources (‘‘resource rarity hypothesis’’), increasing herbivore abundance and local persistenc ...
... influence the diversity of trophic levels higher up the food chain (‘‘bottom-up’’ control of diversity). Increasing plant productivity may increase herbivore diversity by: increasing the abundance of rare resources (‘‘resource rarity hypothesis’’), increasing herbivore abundance and local persistenc ...
Sympatric Speciation in Insects
... Competition is less likely to prevent co-existence between closely related sister species of insect specialists (Bush and Smith 1997). Recently diverged insect specialists each spend most of their life history on different hosts, which reduces the chances of encountering one another when feeding or ...
... Competition is less likely to prevent co-existence between closely related sister species of insect specialists (Bush and Smith 1997). Recently diverged insect specialists each spend most of their life history on different hosts, which reduces the chances of encountering one another when feeding or ...
Myiarchus flycatchers are the primary seed dispersers of
... from seeds, thereby facilitating the germination process. The highest germination percentages were recorded for seeds that passed through the digestive system of two migratory flycatchers: M. cinerascens and M. nutingii. Perch plants, mainly composed of legumes (e.g., Eysenhardtia polystachya, Acaci ...
... from seeds, thereby facilitating the germination process. The highest germination percentages were recorded for seeds that passed through the digestive system of two migratory flycatchers: M. cinerascens and M. nutingii. Perch plants, mainly composed of legumes (e.g., Eysenhardtia polystachya, Acaci ...
Bird Island Biodiversity Action Plan
... Bird Island (also known as Section Banks) is situated at the northern end of the Outer Harbor breakwater. It is an exposed artificial island made of coarse shell-grit, clay and sand that extends for approximately 1600m. It has been created by a combination of anthropogenic and natural processes. Bir ...
... Bird Island (also known as Section Banks) is situated at the northern end of the Outer Harbor breakwater. It is an exposed artificial island made of coarse shell-grit, clay and sand that extends for approximately 1600m. It has been created by a combination of anthropogenic and natural processes. Bir ...
INSECT–PLANT RELATIONSHIP – CHANCE AND NECESSITY
... The same concept of asymmetric importance of inhibitory substances was later extended to the then (and unfortunately today also) less known oviposition specialisation (JERMY 1965, MUSCHINEK et al. 1976, JERMY & SZENTESI 1978) with some reservations. One was the relative autonomy of receptors situate ...
... The same concept of asymmetric importance of inhibitory substances was later extended to the then (and unfortunately today also) less known oviposition specialisation (JERMY 1965, MUSCHINEK et al. 1976, JERMY & SZENTESI 1978) with some reservations. One was the relative autonomy of receptors situate ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.