![Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007768465_1-26ac64c551e3b25c2eb5a9d6847fc820-300x300.png)
Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts
... habitat (Platt & Brower 1968; Platt 1983). This type of cryptic pattern reduces prey detectability by visually inhibiting the predator from seeing the prey’s actual body outline (Cuthill et al. 2005; Stevens & Cuthill 2006). However, in North America, there has been a divergence away from this crypt ...
... habitat (Platt & Brower 1968; Platt 1983). This type of cryptic pattern reduces prey detectability by visually inhibiting the predator from seeing the prey’s actual body outline (Cuthill et al. 2005; Stevens & Cuthill 2006). However, in North America, there has been a divergence away from this crypt ...
introduction to the study of entomology
... Hemiptera. In entomology, “flies” are insects belonging to the order Diptera, and for this group, common names are usually written with the word fly separately, e.g., fruit fly, vinegar fly, deer fly, house fly, etc. 3. Insects and People The first insects appeared on Earth more than 400 million yea ...
... Hemiptera. In entomology, “flies” are insects belonging to the order Diptera, and for this group, common names are usually written with the word fly separately, e.g., fruit fly, vinegar fly, deer fly, house fly, etc. 3. Insects and People The first insects appeared on Earth more than 400 million yea ...
Main Points Moths (Lepidoptera) Brownheaded Leafrollers
... wind currents by silken threads. Larvae moult five or six times eventually reaching 15 to 20mm in length. After the final larval stage, caterpillars form a pupa, often within the final feeding site. Adult moths emerge from the pupae after a variable length of time depending on temperature. Approxima ...
... wind currents by silken threads. Larvae moult five or six times eventually reaching 15 to 20mm in length. After the final larval stage, caterpillars form a pupa, often within the final feeding site. Adult moths emerge from the pupae after a variable length of time depending on temperature. Approxima ...
Fruit characters as a basis of fruit choice and seed dispersal in a
... plant-animal interactions for pollen and seed dispersal : there may be tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, but there seems to be little evolutionary specialization in the interactions between plants adapted for zoochory and frugivores. Plants without any possible control over the ...
... plant-animal interactions for pollen and seed dispersal : there may be tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, but there seems to be little evolutionary specialization in the interactions between plants adapted for zoochory and frugivores. Plants without any possible control over the ...
Effects of trophic similarity on community composition
... The tendency of co-occurring species to be more or less trophically similar than expected under a random assembly model can be interpreted in terms of community assembly processes, such as how competitive exclusion may structure community composition (Fig. 1). Combining analyses of fundamental and r ...
... The tendency of co-occurring species to be more or less trophically similar than expected under a random assembly model can be interpreted in terms of community assembly processes, such as how competitive exclusion may structure community composition (Fig. 1). Combining analyses of fundamental and r ...
Systematics and evolutionary biology: uneasy bedfellows?
... Indeed, since Darwin’s conception of natural and then also sexual selection is their action on features that already exist, the entity upon which they act must be a fully formed adult or at least an individual whose development was committed to an ontogenetic pathway that would lead to specific adul ...
... Indeed, since Darwin’s conception of natural and then also sexual selection is their action on features that already exist, the entity upon which they act must be a fully formed adult or at least an individual whose development was committed to an ontogenetic pathway that would lead to specific adul ...
Functional traits of woody plants: correspondence of species
... stored in the freezer until analysis. Stem (wood) density of field adults was measured on three 0.1- 0.2 m segments of branches which were at least six years old, each segment coming from a different site within the study area. Mean trait values were first calculated per plant, then per population a ...
... stored in the freezer until analysis. Stem (wood) density of field adults was measured on three 0.1- 0.2 m segments of branches which were at least six years old, each segment coming from a different site within the study area. Mean trait values were first calculated per plant, then per population a ...
participants of the dartmouth biology fsp 2013
... cooperative and egalitarian relationship among undergraduates in each project. Where faculty or graduate student mentors have pre-designed a project, this is indicated after the author listing at the head of the paper. For each paper there is a faculty editor (also indicated after the author listing ...
... cooperative and egalitarian relationship among undergraduates in each project. Where faculty or graduate student mentors have pre-designed a project, this is indicated after the author listing at the head of the paper. For each paper there is a faculty editor (also indicated after the author listing ...
mutualisms and facilitation
... or beneficial to the facilitating species, but not detrimental. In other definitions (e.g. Callaway 2007), facilitation can have any possible outcome (beneficial, neutral or even harmful) to the facilitator; the interaction is facilitative as long as the effect on the other species is positive. Some au ...
... or beneficial to the facilitating species, but not detrimental. In other definitions (e.g. Callaway 2007), facilitation can have any possible outcome (beneficial, neutral or even harmful) to the facilitator; the interaction is facilitative as long as the effect on the other species is positive. Some au ...
- Wiley Online Library
... or beneficial to the facilitating species, but not detrimental. In other definitions (e.g. Callaway 2007), facilitation can have any possible outcome (beneficial, neutral or even harmful) to the facilitator; the interaction is facilitative as long as the effect on the other species is positive. Some au ...
... or beneficial to the facilitating species, but not detrimental. In other definitions (e.g. Callaway 2007), facilitation can have any possible outcome (beneficial, neutral or even harmful) to the facilitator; the interaction is facilitative as long as the effect on the other species is positive. Some au ...
- Wiley Online Library
... DNA barcode: A short species-specific sequence of DNA that can be used for diagnostics purposes to identify an unknown sample to the species level. Invasive species: Species that have been introduced from their native range to one or more non-native areas and cause significant economic or ecological ...
... DNA barcode: A short species-specific sequence of DNA that can be used for diagnostics purposes to identify an unknown sample to the species level. Invasive species: Species that have been introduced from their native range to one or more non-native areas and cause significant economic or ecological ...
Population Dynamics of Pathogens with Multiple Host Species
... is to develop a framework for examining the population dynamics of pathogens that infect multiple species of hosts. In this article, I review and develop a set of theoretical analyses that directly address a number of key questions in the dynamics of multiple-host single-pathogen systems. In particu ...
... is to develop a framework for examining the population dynamics of pathogens that infect multiple species of hosts. In this article, I review and develop a set of theoretical analyses that directly address a number of key questions in the dynamics of multiple-host single-pathogen systems. In particu ...
Patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic structure of vascular
... domains: horizontal distribution at county level and elevation range (the upper and lower elevation). The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau includes 139 counties, and the areas of them varied remarkably. We then converted the distribution map of each species as grid-based map to eliminate the potential influe ...
... domains: horizontal distribution at county level and elevation range (the upper and lower elevation). The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau includes 139 counties, and the areas of them varied remarkably. We then converted the distribution map of each species as grid-based map to eliminate the potential influe ...
Role of Anthocyanins in Plant Defence
... to any higher animal species (Lee et al. 1987). Aphid survival rates, for example, are unaffected by anthocyanins in their diet (Costa-Arbulú et al. 2001). Thus, direct chemical defence is unlikely to be a major function of these pigments in plants. There is, in contrast, strong theoretical support ...
... to any higher animal species (Lee et al. 1987). Aphid survival rates, for example, are unaffected by anthocyanins in their diet (Costa-Arbulú et al. 2001). Thus, direct chemical defence is unlikely to be a major function of these pigments in plants. There is, in contrast, strong theoretical support ...
Cpt 22 Hexapoda SMALL
... the insectsto produce such things as pheromones.In general,insectpollination is accomplishedcoincidentally, as the pollinators visit flowers for other reasons. But in a few cases,such as that of the yucca moths of the American Southwesl (Tegiticulaspp.), the insects actually gather up pollen and for ...
... the insectsto produce such things as pheromones.In general,insectpollination is accomplishedcoincidentally, as the pollinators visit flowers for other reasons. But in a few cases,such as that of the yucca moths of the American Southwesl (Tegiticulaspp.), the insects actually gather up pollen and for ...
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA
... enemies at the expense of nutrition, and vice versa, potentially leading to trade-offs among hosts (Singer and Stireman 2005). Therefore a given plant host may provide a higher relative fitness in one stand of trees than in another, depending on the surrounding host plants, the oviposition preferenc ...
... enemies at the expense of nutrition, and vice versa, potentially leading to trade-offs among hosts (Singer and Stireman 2005). Therefore a given plant host may provide a higher relative fitness in one stand of trees than in another, depending on the surrounding host plants, the oviposition preferenc ...
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
... stress-mediated positive interactions typically predict that they will be most important under conditions of increasing abiotic stress (Bertness and Callaway 1994, Bertness and Leonard 1997, Callaway and Walker 1997, Bruno and Bertness 2001). Salt marshes have proven to be useful natural systems for ...
... stress-mediated positive interactions typically predict that they will be most important under conditions of increasing abiotic stress (Bertness and Callaway 1994, Bertness and Leonard 1997, Callaway and Walker 1997, Bruno and Bertness 2001). Salt marshes have proven to be useful natural systems for ...
Studies and reconstructions of dire wolf (Canis dirus) and Grey wolf
... narrow P4, an enlarged parastyle on a transversely elongated M1, and a reduced M2. On the lower teeth (d), hypercarnivory is exemplified by a trenchant talonid due to the increased size and height of the hypoconid at the expense of the entoconid (reduced to a narrow and low ridge), accompanied by th ...
... narrow P4, an enlarged parastyle on a transversely elongated M1, and a reduced M2. On the lower teeth (d), hypercarnivory is exemplified by a trenchant talonid due to the increased size and height of the hypoconid at the expense of the entoconid (reduced to a narrow and low ridge), accompanied by th ...
The role of biotic forces in driving macroevolution: beyond the Red
... role for biotic factors in driving macroevolutionary change [15–18]. For example, competition-driven clade–clade replacements have been hypothesized for diverse taxonomic groups, including cheilostome bryozoans replacing cyclostome bryozoans [19], angiosperms replacing gymnosperms [20] and bivalves ...
... role for biotic factors in driving macroevolutionary change [15–18]. For example, competition-driven clade–clade replacements have been hypothesized for diverse taxonomic groups, including cheilostome bryozoans replacing cyclostome bryozoans [19], angiosperms replacing gymnosperms [20] and bivalves ...
Parasitism - Sinauer Associates
... In science fiction books and movies, villains sometimes use mind control or physical devices to break the will and control the actions of their victims. In these stories, a person may be forced to perform strange or grotesque actions, or to harm themselves or others—all against their will. Real life ...
... In science fiction books and movies, villains sometimes use mind control or physical devices to break the will and control the actions of their victims. In these stories, a person may be forced to perform strange or grotesque actions, or to harm themselves or others—all against their will. Real life ...
Species indicators of large herbivore density: comparing taxa and
... block). They consisted of three large enclosures with distinct deer densities (0, 7.5, 15 deer · km-2) and a ...
... block). They consisted of three large enclosures with distinct deer densities (0, 7.5, 15 deer · km-2) and a ...
Nonrandom extinction patterns can modulate pest control service
... intensification and expansion for ecosystem services. Regulating services, like pollination and pest control, generally decline with species loss. In nature, however, relationships between service provision and species richness are not always strong, partially because anthropogenic disturbances purge ...
... intensification and expansion for ecosystem services. Regulating services, like pollination and pest control, generally decline with species loss. In nature, however, relationships between service provision and species richness are not always strong, partially because anthropogenic disturbances purge ...
Ecology`s cruel dilemma, phylogenetic trait evolution and the
... sites. We analysed specific leaf area (SLA), maximum plant height and phylogenetic relationships among Serengeti grasses, a system ideally suited to study community assembly because of an ecological gradient in which the dominant plant stress shifts from drought to light competition. 3. Phylogenetic ...
... sites. We analysed specific leaf area (SLA), maximum plant height and phylogenetic relationships among Serengeti grasses, a system ideally suited to study community assembly because of an ecological gradient in which the dominant plant stress shifts from drought to light competition. 3. Phylogenetic ...
evolutionary implications of the form of predator generalization for
... fit. In general, the difference in fit between the two forms was rather small. However, the region around the peak, which may be of importance for mimetic evolution, was often poorly sampled in the studies. They also noted that Laplacian fits typically predicted somewhat taller generalization curves ...
... fit. In general, the difference in fit between the two forms was rather small. However, the region around the peak, which may be of importance for mimetic evolution, was often poorly sampled in the studies. They also noted that Laplacian fits typically predicted somewhat taller generalization curves ...
Colour polymorphism in birds: causes and
... normally distributed population. Heterogeneity in space and time is often an evolutionary prerequisite, as habitat and climate differences in selective pressures may well be responsible for producing colour polymorphism in species with broad ecological niches, and both visual and physiological effec ...
... normally distributed population. Heterogeneity in space and time is often an evolutionary prerequisite, as habitat and climate differences in selective pressures may well be responsible for producing colour polymorphism in species with broad ecological niches, and both visual and physiological effec ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.