Phenotypic Plasticity
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
Are Exotic Herbivores Better Competitors? A Meta
... Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits you. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article ...
... Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits you. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article ...
Seasonal species interactions minimize the impact of species
... results provide a homeostatic explanation for seasonal species interactions and suggest that monitoring the association of interactions changes with the level of variation in community dynamics can provide a good indicator of the response of species to environmental pressures. Key words: Białowieża ...
... results provide a homeostatic explanation for seasonal species interactions and suggest that monitoring the association of interactions changes with the level of variation in community dynamics can provide a good indicator of the response of species to environmental pressures. Key words: Białowieża ...
Ants and Ant
... concluded that the ants and acacias are obligate symbionts, depending entirely upon each other. The protectionist hypothesis is correct, and an impressive mutualism has coevolved between acacias and Pseudom)rmex. Though both Azteca and Pseudomyrmexare aggressive ants, many ant plant: harbor less obv ...
... concluded that the ants and acacias are obligate symbionts, depending entirely upon each other. The protectionist hypothesis is correct, and an impressive mutualism has coevolved between acacias and Pseudom)rmex. Though both Azteca and Pseudomyrmexare aggressive ants, many ant plant: harbor less obv ...
amazing adaptations - The Living Rainforest
... Adaptations: If frightened millipedes will secrete poisonous toxins to deter creatures from eating them. Most predators will not eat millipedes due to the toxins, however primates have discovered that the chemicals can provide an insecticide for their fur, and it is also used as a narcotic. For this ...
... Adaptations: If frightened millipedes will secrete poisonous toxins to deter creatures from eating them. Most predators will not eat millipedes due to the toxins, however primates have discovered that the chemicals can provide an insecticide for their fur, and it is also used as a narcotic. For this ...
The Cenozoic Era
... Age of Mammals The Cenozoic Era is the last and most recent of the geologic periods. Its name means “new life” coming from the Greek root kainos, meaning “new,” and zoic, “life.” While this new life came to refer to mammals-thus coined The Age of Mammals- this new life could have just as easily been ...
... Age of Mammals The Cenozoic Era is the last and most recent of the geologic periods. Its name means “new life” coming from the Greek root kainos, meaning “new,” and zoic, “life.” While this new life came to refer to mammals-thus coined The Age of Mammals- this new life could have just as easily been ...
Reprint (1.8MB PDF) - Litchman-Klausmeier Lab
... between species with distinct trait values may be particularly sensitive to rapid evolution. If individual species are capable of shifting their trait values in response to changing environments they may closely track the temporally varying optimum, preempting any newly opened niches. For example, A ...
... between species with distinct trait values may be particularly sensitive to rapid evolution. If individual species are capable of shifting their trait values in response to changing environments they may closely track the temporally varying optimum, preempting any newly opened niches. For example, A ...
Using Phylogenetic, Functional and Trait Diversity to
... surrogate for ecological differences. Although most of these diversity measures provided significant explanations of variation in productivity, the presence of a nitrogen fixer and phylogenetic diversity were the two best explanatory variables. Further, a statistical model that included the presence ...
... surrogate for ecological differences. Although most of these diversity measures provided significant explanations of variation in productivity, the presence of a nitrogen fixer and phylogenetic diversity were the two best explanatory variables. Further, a statistical model that included the presence ...
Sarah Lloyd - Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and
... birds, mammals, frogs, reptiles and invertebrates—we support. To survive, breed and maintain healthy populations animals, like us, need food and water, shelter from inclement weather, protection from predators and places to breed and raise their young in safety. A manicured garden of mostly non nati ...
... birds, mammals, frogs, reptiles and invertebrates—we support. To survive, breed and maintain healthy populations animals, like us, need food and water, shelter from inclement weather, protection from predators and places to breed and raise their young in safety. A manicured garden of mostly non nati ...
Structure and Function in Living Things
... Primates have binocular vision and opposable thumbs. Binocular refers to vision in which both eyes are used together. Opposable means the thumb can touch the tips of all of the other fingers. All four organisms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor with similar characteristics. ...
... Primates have binocular vision and opposable thumbs. Binocular refers to vision in which both eyes are used together. Opposable means the thumb can touch the tips of all of the other fingers. All four organisms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor with similar characteristics. ...
Phylogenetic turnover patterns consistent with niche conservatism in
... Webb et al. (2002)’s ecophylogenetic framework. Darwin’s competition-relatedness hypothesis (coined by Cahill et al. 2008) states that closely related species are more ecologically similar and therefore require a similar set of environmental conditions to persist; relatives consequently compete more ...
... Webb et al. (2002)’s ecophylogenetic framework. Darwin’s competition-relatedness hypothesis (coined by Cahill et al. 2008) states that closely related species are more ecologically similar and therefore require a similar set of environmental conditions to persist; relatives consequently compete more ...
Trophic interactions in an arid ecosystem: From decomposers to top
... The effects in soil nutrient availability and litter decomposition that large herbivores promote in dry areas via ANPP removal, trampling, and dung deposition, are poorly understood (see Sankaran and Augustine, 2004). In general dry areas have poor soils, and ungulate feces represent a considerable ...
... The effects in soil nutrient availability and litter decomposition that large herbivores promote in dry areas via ANPP removal, trampling, and dung deposition, are poorly understood (see Sankaran and Augustine, 2004). In general dry areas have poor soils, and ungulate feces represent a considerable ...
ecological drivers of antipredator defenses in carnivores
... might also expect sociality where (d) daytime activity permits prey to take advantage of increased long-range collective vigilance and early warning (e.g., alarm calls) that are possible in stable social groups (n.b., while some carnivores may see well at night, vigilance in mammals is lower at nigh ...
... might also expect sociality where (d) daytime activity permits prey to take advantage of increased long-range collective vigilance and early warning (e.g., alarm calls) that are possible in stable social groups (n.b., while some carnivores may see well at night, vigilance in mammals is lower at nigh ...
Predator detection and evasion by flying insects
... (AN2) necessary and sufficient to elicit it. In many species of praying mantis, males fly at night and have sensitive ultrasonic hearing, but the females are flightless with reduced or absent ears [39]. Although there are some counterexamples, the general picture is that the benefit of ultrasonic he ...
... (AN2) necessary and sufficient to elicit it. In many species of praying mantis, males fly at night and have sensitive ultrasonic hearing, but the females are flightless with reduced or absent ears [39]. Although there are some counterexamples, the general picture is that the benefit of ultrasonic he ...
Loosestrife-download
... eating its leaves as the Winged loosestrife so it has the advantage to produce more of its species, which is why the Purple loosestrife quickly occupies a lot of space in a ecosystem. it has less species of insects that eat it ...
... eating its leaves as the Winged loosestrife so it has the advantage to produce more of its species, which is why the Purple loosestrife quickly occupies a lot of space in a ecosystem. it has less species of insects that eat it ...
Conservation and restoration of plant
... pivotal role with regards to conservation and restoration on islands. Furthermore, these interactions are ideally suited for inter-island comparisons due to ecological and evolutionary similarities across geographical and taxonomical boundaries. The similarities include highly generalised mutualisti ...
... pivotal role with regards to conservation and restoration on islands. Furthermore, these interactions are ideally suited for inter-island comparisons due to ecological and evolutionary similarities across geographical and taxonomical boundaries. The similarities include highly generalised mutualisti ...
Felsenstein`s “one-allele model” of speciation: The role of philopatry
... homogenizing effects of gene flow and in fact may be spread across incipient species populations thereby increasing the rate of divergence. It is believed that while a one-allele model is more likely to lead to speciation with gene flow the conditions are too restrictive to be common. Recent work ha ...
... homogenizing effects of gene flow and in fact may be spread across incipient species populations thereby increasing the rate of divergence. It is believed that while a one-allele model is more likely to lead to speciation with gene flow the conditions are too restrictive to be common. Recent work ha ...
Costs of two non-mutualistic species in a yucca/yucca moth mutualism
... yuccasella (Prodoxidae), averaging about 15 seeds destroyed per fruit in each case. The two seed predators usually fed within the same fruits, although rarely side by side. In contrast, the presence of fruit-galling moth larvae (Prodoxus y-inversus, Prodoxidae) appeared to bene®t the yucca: individu ...
... yuccasella (Prodoxidae), averaging about 15 seeds destroyed per fruit in each case. The two seed predators usually fed within the same fruits, although rarely side by side. In contrast, the presence of fruit-galling moth larvae (Prodoxus y-inversus, Prodoxidae) appeared to bene®t the yucca: individu ...
Invasive Species Articles
... And yet the Africanized bees had more to offer than most people realized at first. For one thing, they groom themselves more often than Italian bees, making them less likely to get sick from mites and other parasites. For another, they don’t mind the rougher conditions of a desert or rainforest. “Th ...
... And yet the Africanized bees had more to offer than most people realized at first. For one thing, they groom themselves more often than Italian bees, making them less likely to get sick from mites and other parasites. For another, they don’t mind the rougher conditions of a desert or rainforest. “Th ...
Inconsistent use of host plants by the Alaskan swallowtail butterfly
... 1999), has shifted completely to the novel host-plant family Asteraceae and is monophagous on Artemisia dracunculus L. (Thompson, 1988c). It is unclear, however, whether P. m. aliaska and P. oregonius represent a single host shift or two independent host shifts to Artemisia. When a specialised insec ...
... 1999), has shifted completely to the novel host-plant family Asteraceae and is monophagous on Artemisia dracunculus L. (Thompson, 1988c). It is unclear, however, whether P. m. aliaska and P. oregonius represent a single host shift or two independent host shifts to Artemisia. When a specialised insec ...
jxb.oxfordjournals.org
... response. These data suggested that climatic extremes such as frost events, rather than photosynthetic responses to average climate conditions, may advantage the C3 over the C4 subspecies in cool climatic regions (Ibrahim et al., 2008; Osborne et al., 2008). Injury to leaves caused by late spring an ...
... response. These data suggested that climatic extremes such as frost events, rather than photosynthetic responses to average climate conditions, may advantage the C3 over the C4 subspecies in cool climatic regions (Ibrahim et al., 2008; Osborne et al., 2008). Injury to leaves caused by late spring an ...
density-mediated, context-dependent consumer–resource
... supply and consumer density. The supply of a resource and a consumer’s density response to it may in turn yield context-dependent use of other resources. Such consumer–resource interactions occur not only for predator–prey and competitive interactions, but for mutualistic ones as well. For example, ...
... supply and consumer density. The supply of a resource and a consumer’s density response to it may in turn yield context-dependent use of other resources. Such consumer–resource interactions occur not only for predator–prey and competitive interactions, but for mutualistic ones as well. For example, ...
Combining field experiments and individual
... move in two dimensions (Fig. 2). Individuals have spherical volume that is specified by the radius r. The sphere has volume 4/3!r 3 and area !r 2. An individual’s radius is proportional to biomass1/3. An individual’s volume increases as resources are consumed, assimilated and stored. The rate at whi ...
... move in two dimensions (Fig. 2). Individuals have spherical volume that is specified by the radius r. The sphere has volume 4/3!r 3 and area !r 2. An individual’s radius is proportional to biomass1/3. An individual’s volume increases as resources are consumed, assimilated and stored. The rate at whi ...
Coevolution of Cycads and Dinosaurs
... cycads contain high levels of toxins, but in almost all species the sarcotesta is edible and posses characteristics that attract animals. The sarcotesta is so rich in sugar that members of many indigenous cultures savor this tissue for its sweet flavor (Whiting 1963). Cycad sarcotesta are typically ...
... cycads contain high levels of toxins, but in almost all species the sarcotesta is edible and posses characteristics that attract animals. The sarcotesta is so rich in sugar that members of many indigenous cultures savor this tissue for its sweet flavor (Whiting 1963). Cycad sarcotesta are typically ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.