Coexistence and relative abundance in annual plant assemblages
... largest-seeded, competitive species are the least abundant. This relationship is more accurately described by a constraint line, where small-seeded species can be either common or sparse, while large-seeded species are consistently rare (Guo et al. 2000). Leishman and Murray (2001) have recently sho ...
... largest-seeded, competitive species are the least abundant. This relationship is more accurately described by a constraint line, where small-seeded species can be either common or sparse, while large-seeded species are consistently rare (Guo et al. 2000). Leishman and Murray (2001) have recently sho ...
Species Coexistence and Pathogens with
... and because hosts differ in behavior, size (Davies et al. 1991), and habitat preference (Ezenwa 2003). However, surprisingly, regions of coexistence also sometimes occurred when both interspecific transmission rates (b12, b21) were higher than both intraspecific transmission rates (e.g., fig. 1A, bl ...
... and because hosts differ in behavior, size (Davies et al. 1991), and habitat preference (Ezenwa 2003). However, surprisingly, regions of coexistence also sometimes occurred when both interspecific transmission rates (b12, b21) were higher than both intraspecific transmission rates (e.g., fig. 1A, bl ...
Historical contingency in species interactions: towards nichebased
... The way species affect one another in ecological communities often depends on the order of species arrival. The magnitude of such historical contingency, known as priority effects, varies across species and environments, but this variation has proven difficult to predict, presenting a major challeng ...
... The way species affect one another in ecological communities often depends on the order of species arrival. The magnitude of such historical contingency, known as priority effects, varies across species and environments, but this variation has proven difficult to predict, presenting a major challeng ...
Paleontological Patterns, Macroecological Dynamics and the
... evaluate here, this significant research field cannot be covered to the extent it deserves. Darwin’s Evolutionary Patterns Darwin discovered three biological patterns while on the Beagle voyage between 1831 and 1836 that led him to the notion of evolution (see Eldredge, 2005, for four specific citat ...
... evaluate here, this significant research field cannot be covered to the extent it deserves. Darwin’s Evolutionary Patterns Darwin discovered three biological patterns while on the Beagle voyage between 1831 and 1836 that led him to the notion of evolution (see Eldredge, 2005, for four specific citat ...
Darwin Finches : Explaining coexistence with adaptive
... of the mutant (called invasion-fitness function) as a function of its ecological traits predicts the outcome of any mutation in the population. More, this allows to find evolutionary singular strategies and classify them as Evolutionary Branching Points (referred as EBP), which can be invaded by two ...
... of the mutant (called invasion-fitness function) as a function of its ecological traits predicts the outcome of any mutation in the population. More, this allows to find evolutionary singular strategies and classify them as Evolutionary Branching Points (referred as EBP), which can be invaded by two ...
FACTORS AFFECTING POLLINATION AND SEED SET OF A RARE
... For many plant species, seed set is dependent upon the number of pollen grains that are deposited on plant stigmas, and plants may experience pollen deficiencies (pollen limitation) due to a variety of factors (Proctor 1996). Patches that are sparsely distributed may experience pollen limitation as ...
... For many plant species, seed set is dependent upon the number of pollen grains that are deposited on plant stigmas, and plants may experience pollen deficiencies (pollen limitation) due to a variety of factors (Proctor 1996). Patches that are sparsely distributed may experience pollen limitation as ...
Pollination in New Zealand
... countries, particularly those with a high diversity of large hairy bees (Fontaine et al. 2006; Winfree et al. 2007, 2008; Kremen 2008; Klein et al. 2012; Garibaldi et al. 2013). On the other hand, unmanaged non-native species are derived from stock either deliberately imported for agriculture or tha ...
... countries, particularly those with a high diversity of large hairy bees (Fontaine et al. 2006; Winfree et al. 2007, 2008; Kremen 2008; Klein et al. 2012; Garibaldi et al. 2013). On the other hand, unmanaged non-native species are derived from stock either deliberately imported for agriculture or tha ...
Reprint
... have examined the conditions under which the storage effect is likely to evolve [28,29]. In general, however, there are still very few studies that connect evolutionary analyses with communityecological questions, such as the relative importance of different assembly and coexistence mechanisms. In t ...
... have examined the conditions under which the storage effect is likely to evolve [28,29]. In general, however, there are still very few studies that connect evolutionary analyses with communityecological questions, such as the relative importance of different assembly and coexistence mechanisms. In t ...
Darwin`s Finches
... (starvation). G. fortis declines from ~235 to ~ 80. G. magnirostris decline from ~150 to 13. Strong competition for few Tribulus seeds. Strong selection in favor of smaller billed G. fortis. “(These results) support models of ecological community assembly that incorporate evolutionary effects of int ...
... (starvation). G. fortis declines from ~235 to ~ 80. G. magnirostris decline from ~150 to 13. Strong competition for few Tribulus seeds. Strong selection in favor of smaller billed G. fortis. “(These results) support models of ecological community assembly that incorporate evolutionary effects of int ...
L227 Stick Insects
... The offspring from these eggs emerge in the form of nymphs that resemble the adult but are smaller and lack wings. They then go through a series of stages (usually about six), casting their skins between each one and becoming more adult-like at each stage. Each of these stages is referred to as an i ...
... The offspring from these eggs emerge in the form of nymphs that resemble the adult but are smaller and lack wings. They then go through a series of stages (usually about six), casting their skins between each one and becoming more adult-like at each stage. Each of these stages is referred to as an i ...
Ant Species Identity has a Greater Effect than Fire on the Outcome of
... ant–plant–herbivore interactions over time, we conducted the study over three consecutive years: 1999 (May–July); 2000 (February–June); and 2001 (March–June). At the beginning of the experiment, we tagged 157 individuals of P. tomentosa, all approximately the same size (1.5 m) along one transect of ...
... ant–plant–herbivore interactions over time, we conducted the study over three consecutive years: 1999 (May–July); 2000 (February–June); and 2001 (March–June). At the beginning of the experiment, we tagged 157 individuals of P. tomentosa, all approximately the same size (1.5 m) along one transect of ...
1 2 Within plant interspecific competition does not limit the highly
... fact, competitively inferior to the congeneric F. tritici (Fitch), a species endemic to most ...
... fact, competitively inferior to the congeneric F. tritici (Fitch), a species endemic to most ...
Losing history: how extinctions prune features from the tree of life
... is poorly understood and is relatively robust to changes in taxonomic status, for example elevation of subspecies to species, that can inflate estimates of species richness in regions that have been the focus of intensive biodiversity research (i.e. taxonomic inflation sensu Isaac et al. [39]). Like ...
... is poorly understood and is relatively robust to changes in taxonomic status, for example elevation of subspecies to species, that can inflate estimates of species richness in regions that have been the focus of intensive biodiversity research (i.e. taxonomic inflation sensu Isaac et al. [39]). Like ...
Coevolutionary dynamics of adaptive radiation for food
... evolutionary history seems to have been influenced by both external and internal factors. Ecological interaction among organisms (e.g., predator–prey interaction and resource competition), which is one of the internal factors, induces their coevolution. Their evolutionary changes can also change the ...
... evolutionary history seems to have been influenced by both external and internal factors. Ecological interaction among organisms (e.g., predator–prey interaction and resource competition), which is one of the internal factors, induces their coevolution. Their evolutionary changes can also change the ...
The Niche
... An 15. interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants) is called herbivory. Herbivores, like a ring-tailed lemur, can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow. For e ...
... An 15. interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants) is called herbivory. Herbivores, like a ring-tailed lemur, can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow. For e ...
PDF - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
... usually surveyed 2–4 days later. Samples were distributed among saplings and trees as indicated in Table 1. Some saplings were not used throughout the study and were replaced by others. In total, 1,000 samples were collected from each host stage. Samples were collected during the day, usually from 0 ...
... usually surveyed 2–4 days later. Samples were distributed among saplings and trees as indicated in Table 1. Some saplings were not used throughout the study and were replaced by others. In total, 1,000 samples were collected from each host stage. Samples were collected during the day, usually from 0 ...
Wetterer et al.: Dominance by Alien Ant in Biosphere 2 381
... It has been widely reported anecdotally that the crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille), has taken over Biosphere 2 and that little else of the original fauna remains. For example, Cohen & Tilman (1996) made the widely repeated but undocumented observation that in Biosphere 2, “the majority ...
... It has been widely reported anecdotally that the crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille), has taken over Biosphere 2 and that little else of the original fauna remains. For example, Cohen & Tilman (1996) made the widely repeated but undocumented observation that in Biosphere 2, “the majority ...
Losing history: how extinctions prune features from the tree of life
... is poorly understood and is relatively robust to changes in taxonomic status, for example elevation of subspecies to species, that can inflate estimates of species richness in regions that have been the focus of intensive biodiversity research (i.e. taxonomic inflation sensu Isaac et al. [39]). Like ...
... is poorly understood and is relatively robust to changes in taxonomic status, for example elevation of subspecies to species, that can inflate estimates of species richness in regions that have been the focus of intensive biodiversity research (i.e. taxonomic inflation sensu Isaac et al. [39]). Like ...
RECIPROCAL BENEFITS IN A PLANT
... Although mutualisms have traditionally been conceptualized as interdependent species pairs (Bronstein 1994b), many, if not most, mutualisms are actually composed of generalized guilds of interacting species (Waser et al. 1996, Stanton 2003). Pairwise specialization may be rare in mutualisms because ...
... Although mutualisms have traditionally been conceptualized as interdependent species pairs (Bronstein 1994b), many, if not most, mutualisms are actually composed of generalized guilds of interacting species (Waser et al. 1996, Stanton 2003). Pairwise specialization may be rare in mutualisms because ...
Functional Ecology
... emission and attract members of the third trophic level. The composition and abundance of volatiles can change dramatically in response to herbivory, and such changes are likely ubiquitous among many, if not all, plant species. Many of these compounds can be perceived by insect olfactory receptors, ...
... emission and attract members of the third trophic level. The composition and abundance of volatiles can change dramatically in response to herbivory, and such changes are likely ubiquitous among many, if not all, plant species. Many of these compounds can be perceived by insect olfactory receptors, ...
Modelling the ecology and evolution of communities
... temperature). Also, evolutionary changes in many kinds of ecological interactions have been analysed, including competition (Dieckmann and Doebeli, 1999), mutualism (Bronstein et al., 2004), and predation (Krivan and Diehl, 2005). In all of the studies above, the evolving traits are subject to trade ...
... temperature). Also, evolutionary changes in many kinds of ecological interactions have been analysed, including competition (Dieckmann and Doebeli, 1999), mutualism (Bronstein et al., 2004), and predation (Krivan and Diehl, 2005). In all of the studies above, the evolving traits are subject to trade ...
Organic Farming for Bees
... Floating Row Covers: Fabric row covers may be an effective alternative to pesticides for some situations, and can be used as a season extending device. One potential downside is that these covers can trap emerging ground-nesting bees, and can prevent bees from accessing flowering crops. A potential ...
... Floating Row Covers: Fabric row covers may be an effective alternative to pesticides for some situations, and can be used as a season extending device. One potential downside is that these covers can trap emerging ground-nesting bees, and can prevent bees from accessing flowering crops. A potential ...
Modelling the ecology and evolution of communities
... temperature). Also, evolutionary changes in many kinds of ecological interactions have been analysed, including competition (Dieckmann and Doebeli, 1999), mutualism (Bronstein et al., 2004), and predation (Krivan and Diehl, 2005). In all of the studies above, the evolving traits are subject to trade ...
... temperature). Also, evolutionary changes in many kinds of ecological interactions have been analysed, including competition (Dieckmann and Doebeli, 1999), mutualism (Bronstein et al., 2004), and predation (Krivan and Diehl, 2005). In all of the studies above, the evolving traits are subject to trade ...
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 84
... Mimicry is one of the most conspicuous and puzzling phenomena in nature. The best-known examples come from insects and brood parasitic birds. Unfortunately, the term ‘mimicry’ is used indiscriminately and inconsistently in the brood parasitic literature despite the obvious fact that similarities of ...
... Mimicry is one of the most conspicuous and puzzling phenomena in nature. The best-known examples come from insects and brood parasitic birds. Unfortunately, the term ‘mimicry’ is used indiscriminately and inconsistently in the brood parasitic literature despite the obvious fact that similarities of ...
Evolutionary Challenges of Extreme Environments (Part 2)
... strictly on its evolutionary dependence on natural selection. Adaptation and accommodation in eyes, as well as many other kinds of physiological regulation, acclimatization, behavior, learning, reproductive and developmental patterns, phenotypic plasticity, symbiosis, human culture and so on, are su ...
... strictly on its evolutionary dependence on natural selection. Adaptation and accommodation in eyes, as well as many other kinds of physiological regulation, acclimatization, behavior, learning, reproductive and developmental patterns, phenotypic plasticity, symbiosis, human culture and so on, are su ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.