THE GALAPAGOS CARPENTER BEE, JUST HOW IMPORTANT IS IT?
... well as those species already mentioned by Williams. would be difficult to make. However, there were two Studies by Linsley (1966), Linsley et al. (1966), Rick species thatX. darwini appeared especially attracted (1966), and McMullen (1985, 1986, 1987) have also to and visited daily. These were Park ...
... well as those species already mentioned by Williams. would be difficult to make. However, there were two Studies by Linsley (1966), Linsley et al. (1966), Rick species thatX. darwini appeared especially attracted (1966), and McMullen (1985, 1986, 1987) have also to and visited daily. These were Park ...
2015_Celaya_et_al_Cuphea_HPollen_Ann Bot
... All three species have similar flower colour (all purple flowers) and shape (all zygomorphic flowers; Alonso et al., 2013) and are considered generalists in their pollination system. Pollinator sharing among all three species is high; pollinators mainly include bees and butterflies, although the pla ...
... All three species have similar flower colour (all purple flowers) and shape (all zygomorphic flowers; Alonso et al., 2013) and are considered generalists in their pollination system. Pollinator sharing among all three species is high; pollinators mainly include bees and butterflies, although the pla ...
Playing Chutes and Ladders: Heterogeneity and
... The real issue is whether or not we can accept the fact that many ecological factors simultaneously determine the patterns we observe in natural communities (Southwood 1975, 1977b, Quinn and Dunham 1983, Courtney 1988, Leibold 1989), that the dominant forces will vary within and among systems (Karr ...
... The real issue is whether or not we can accept the fact that many ecological factors simultaneously determine the patterns we observe in natural communities (Southwood 1975, 1977b, Quinn and Dunham 1983, Courtney 1988, Leibold 1989), that the dominant forces will vary within and among systems (Karr ...
Review Questions and Answers
... which is usually free-living but can adopt a parasitic existence, as multiple rounds of worm reproduction can occur in the soil-based cycle, producing some larvae which are infective for a new host and others which continue the soil-based cycle. It could also be considered an opportunistic parasite, ...
... which is usually free-living but can adopt a parasitic existence, as multiple rounds of worm reproduction can occur in the soil-based cycle, producing some larvae which are infective for a new host and others which continue the soil-based cycle. It could also be considered an opportunistic parasite, ...
Oscillations in age-structured models of consumer
... benefit at the cost of the resource, such as the classical predator-prey or parasitehost models (Rosenzweig and MarArthur [22], May [18]). Recently, mutualism has been studied explicitly in terms of consumer-resource interactions, such as (+ 0) (commensalism), (− 0) (amensalism), and (+ +) (mutualis ...
... benefit at the cost of the resource, such as the classical predator-prey or parasitehost models (Rosenzweig and MarArthur [22], May [18]). Recently, mutualism has been studied explicitly in terms of consumer-resource interactions, such as (+ 0) (commensalism), (− 0) (amensalism), and (+ +) (mutualis ...
Johnson and Thieltges 2010
... examples supporting a negative relationship between community diversity and disease risk, the correlative nature of many such studies has left the underlying mechanisms uncertain (but see Suzán et al., 2009), which may have important implications for disease management and mitigation. For example, i ...
... examples supporting a negative relationship between community diversity and disease risk, the correlative nature of many such studies has left the underlying mechanisms uncertain (but see Suzán et al., 2009), which may have important implications for disease management and mitigation. For example, i ...
Bee diversity effects on pollination depend on functional
... Abstract. Biodiversity is important for many ecosystem processes. Global declines in pollinator diversity and abundance have been recognized, raising concerns about a pollination crisis of crops and wild plants. However, experimental evidence for effects of pollinator species diversity on plant repr ...
... Abstract. Biodiversity is important for many ecosystem processes. Global declines in pollinator diversity and abundance have been recognized, raising concerns about a pollination crisis of crops and wild plants. However, experimental evidence for effects of pollinator species diversity on plant repr ...
Evaluating the role of ecological isolation in maintaining the species
... in little interspecific pollination. These two factors commonly interact, since pollinator visitation and foraging strategy depend upon floral morphology ...
... in little interspecific pollination. These two factors commonly interact, since pollinator visitation and foraging strategy depend upon floral morphology ...
Matan Shelomi Phasmid eggs do not survive digestion by quails and
... This experiment shows that chickens and quail will not only eat phasmid eggs, but may prefer them over their normal laboratory food. Whether this is due to novelty or the birds being fooled by the seed mimicry is unknown. Nearly all of the eggs were digested beyond recognition. The presence of the o ...
... This experiment shows that chickens and quail will not only eat phasmid eggs, but may prefer them over their normal laboratory food. Whether this is due to novelty or the birds being fooled by the seed mimicry is unknown. Nearly all of the eggs were digested beyond recognition. The presence of the o ...
Direct effects of elevated temperature on a tri-trophic system
... species, Salix spp., a leaf-chewing herbivore, Phratora vulgatissima and one of its most important enemies, the omnivorous predator Orthotylus marginalis. Elevated temperatures are predicted to affect members of the different trophic levels in different ways, and these effects can be direct or indir ...
... species, Salix spp., a leaf-chewing herbivore, Phratora vulgatissima and one of its most important enemies, the omnivorous predator Orthotylus marginalis. Elevated temperatures are predicted to affect members of the different trophic levels in different ways, and these effects can be direct or indir ...
Competition Within and Between Species of Parasitoid Wasps
... benefit by having an easier time finding food, but the large grazers are not impacted by the interaction. In a great many other cases – such as most flowering plants and the insects, birds, bats, and other animals that pollinate them – both parties benefit. This mutualism is not only widespread, but ...
... benefit by having an easier time finding food, but the large grazers are not impacted by the interaction. In a great many other cases – such as most flowering plants and the insects, birds, bats, and other animals that pollinate them – both parties benefit. This mutualism is not only widespread, but ...
Mu¨ llerian mimicry: an examination of Fisher`s theory of gradual
... widely accepted idea seems to be that mimicry evolution is initiated by major mutational leaps of one species towards another. The idea of this kind of unidirectional evolution was introduced by Marshall (1908), and further emphasized by Punnett (1915), who argued for an extreme case of saltational ...
... widely accepted idea seems to be that mimicry evolution is initiated by major mutational leaps of one species towards another. The idea of this kind of unidirectional evolution was introduced by Marshall (1908), and further emphasized by Punnett (1915), who argued for an extreme case of saltational ...
reproductive ecology of an endemic plant, astragalus australis var
... for site and year effects on percentage of ovules per fruit producing good seed, depredated seeds, aborted seeds, and unfertilized seeds after arcsine square-root transformation. The seed-predation data for Hurricane Hill were omitted from the nested ANOVA because seed predation was so infrequent th ...
... for site and year effects on percentage of ovules per fruit producing good seed, depredated seeds, aborted seeds, and unfertilized seeds after arcsine square-root transformation. The seed-predation data for Hurricane Hill were omitted from the nested ANOVA because seed predation was so infrequent th ...
getting to know the insects - Department of Entomology
... Insects have to go through tremendous changes to increase their size and become adults. Instead of growing at a gradual rate like humans and other vertebrates, insects grow in distinct life stages and their body size is limited by their hardened exoskeleton. Molting is the process of shedding the ex ...
... Insects have to go through tremendous changes to increase their size and become adults. Instead of growing at a gradual rate like humans and other vertebrates, insects grow in distinct life stages and their body size is limited by their hardened exoskeleton. Molting is the process of shedding the ex ...
A Community Matrix Analysis of Heliconia Insect Communities
... the dry season when few or no inflorescences of H . wagneriana and H . imbricata are available for insect oviposition and feeding. In addition, larval development times are close to the length of time an inflorescence survives on a plant. Insects emerging as adults from one inflorescence will ovipos ...
... the dry season when few or no inflorescences of H . wagneriana and H . imbricata are available for insect oviposition and feeding. In addition, larval development times are close to the length of time an inflorescence survives on a plant. Insects emerging as adults from one inflorescence will ovipos ...
Insect Identification
... 5. Ephemeroptera • “short-lived, wings” • mayflies • 1,000 species • incomplete metamorphosis • chewing mouth parts • usually two pairs of mem branous wings that are held flat over body when at rest, hind wings much smaller than front wings; very short antennae; large eyes; two or three long tai ...
... 5. Ephemeroptera • “short-lived, wings” • mayflies • 1,000 species • incomplete metamorphosis • chewing mouth parts • usually two pairs of mem branous wings that are held flat over body when at rest, hind wings much smaller than front wings; very short antennae; large eyes; two or three long tai ...
The biology and ecology of narrow endemic and
... number of attributes. Endemic species occur in habitats on steeper slopes, with higher rock cover and in lower and more open vegetation than their widespread congeners. Endemic species are significantly smaller than widespread species, but show no differences in traits related to resource acquisitio ...
... number of attributes. Endemic species occur in habitats on steeper slopes, with higher rock cover and in lower and more open vegetation than their widespread congeners. Endemic species are significantly smaller than widespread species, but show no differences in traits related to resource acquisitio ...
Node-by-node disassembly of a mutualistic interaction web driven
... web consist of the southernmost hummingbird species (Sephanoides sephaniodes), a mistletoe (Tristerix corymbosus), the dominant understory shrub (Aristotelia chilensis) that is the most common host of mistletoe (16), and an endemic marsupial (Dromiciops gliroides) (17). The hummingbird pollinates ne ...
... web consist of the southernmost hummingbird species (Sephanoides sephaniodes), a mistletoe (Tristerix corymbosus), the dominant understory shrub (Aristotelia chilensis) that is the most common host of mistletoe (16), and an endemic marsupial (Dromiciops gliroides) (17). The hummingbird pollinates ne ...
Interactions between nectar robbers and seed predators mediated Ipomopsis aggregata
... 2001; Gómez 2003). Furthermore, the net eVect of organisms that exploit mutualisms while providing no services in return may not be predictable from pairwise interactions (Bronstein et al. 2003), especially if one organism alters the ...
... 2001; Gómez 2003). Furthermore, the net eVect of organisms that exploit mutualisms while providing no services in return may not be predictable from pairwise interactions (Bronstein et al. 2003), especially if one organism alters the ...
Insect Biology and Management Resource Manual
... the ability to change body form during their life (metamorphosis), and their adaptive nature. Many insects have the ability to fly during part of their life cycle, making it possible to disperse to new habitats. Because of their small size, even insects that do not fly may effectively move to new ha ...
... the ability to change body form during their life (metamorphosis), and their adaptive nature. Many insects have the ability to fly during part of their life cycle, making it possible to disperse to new habitats. Because of their small size, even insects that do not fly may effectively move to new ha ...
Ecological Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Higher Plants
... If the GMHP hybridise with a naturally occurring plant species, the inserted gene may change the competitive ability of the natural plant and change the community structure in natural ecosystems. Detection of potential hybridisation with any naturally occurring plant is therefore needed. This can be ...
... If the GMHP hybridise with a naturally occurring plant species, the inserted gene may change the competitive ability of the natural plant and change the community structure in natural ecosystems. Detection of potential hybridisation with any naturally occurring plant is therefore needed. This can be ...
Evolutionary responses to environmental change: trophic
... zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlated traits (sP ¼ zP and sH ¼ zH) and high values of plant thermal niche width wP, there exists both a high-trait value singular strategy ss and a low-trait value ss for ...
... zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlated traits (sP ¼ zP and sH ¼ zH) and high values of plant thermal niche width wP, there exists both a high-trait value singular strategy ss and a low-trait value ss for ...
Coevolution of Poisonous Plants and Large Herbivores on
... Poisonous species might gain a competitive advantage if they were so toxic that consumption by an herbivore resulted in death or lowered fitness, in terms of growth rate or fecundity (Rhoades and Cates 1976). The resulting reduction in consumption would be most effective if the herbivores involved w ...
... Poisonous species might gain a competitive advantage if they were so toxic that consumption by an herbivore resulted in death or lowered fitness, in terms of growth rate or fecundity (Rhoades and Cates 1976). The resulting reduction in consumption would be most effective if the herbivores involved w ...
Knight et al 2006
... demonstrate that these effect sizes can be as large as those found in typical trophic cascade experiments. Finally, we discuss how our hypothesis could be tested. Currently, most trophic cascade experiments do not consider appropriate time scales or measure appropriate response variables to elucidat ...
... demonstrate that these effect sizes can be as large as those found in typical trophic cascade experiments. Finally, we discuss how our hypothesis could be tested. Currently, most trophic cascade experiments do not consider appropriate time scales or measure appropriate response variables to elucidat ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.