Evolutionary senescence in plants
... Daucus carom (wild carrot), to longer lived monocarps such as Phyllostachys bambusoides (bamboo), which can live 120 years before flowering (Janzen, 1976). Most of these species have either a constant rate of mortality throughout their life cycle, or show a high rate of early mortality during establ ...
... Daucus carom (wild carrot), to longer lived monocarps such as Phyllostachys bambusoides (bamboo), which can live 120 years before flowering (Janzen, 1976). Most of these species have either a constant rate of mortality throughout their life cycle, or show a high rate of early mortality during establ ...
Effects of harvester ants on plant species distribution and
... Because most plants in the community are small, it is dicult to sample a large enough area to account for spatial heterogeneity and still obtain an accurate count of plants within the area. To increase the likelihood of discovering dierences due to ant exclosure, we used two sampling methods, perc ...
... Because most plants in the community are small, it is dicult to sample a large enough area to account for spatial heterogeneity and still obtain an accurate count of plants within the area. To increase the likelihood of discovering dierences due to ant exclosure, we used two sampling methods, perc ...
A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from
... many situations, other measures may be preferred for particular applications. For example, other dissimilarity measures can accommodate different types of variables and missing values (Estabrook and Rogers 1966, Pavoine et al. 2009). Such a distance-based framework is not new for the analysis of eco ...
... many situations, other measures may be preferred for particular applications. For example, other dissimilarity measures can accommodate different types of variables and missing values (Estabrook and Rogers 1966, Pavoine et al. 2009). Such a distance-based framework is not new for the analysis of eco ...
a garden for butterflies - Texas Discovery Gardens
... Buy/grow organic plants, protect your garden from strong winds, and choose a sunny spot to attract native butterflies. Try to keep from cleaning up too much plant material in the fall; many species overwinter in leaf litter or on plants in chrysalis form. ...
... Buy/grow organic plants, protect your garden from strong winds, and choose a sunny spot to attract native butterflies. Try to keep from cleaning up too much plant material in the fall; many species overwinter in leaf litter or on plants in chrysalis form. ...
Parasitoid Wasps, Natural Enemies of Insects
... are highly specialized due the tight intimate relationship with their respective hosts. The diversity and radiation of the Hymenoptera relies on the successful parasitoid mode of life, which is present in the majority of families of this order. Within terrestrial ecosystems, parasitoids covered the ...
... are highly specialized due the tight intimate relationship with their respective hosts. The diversity and radiation of the Hymenoptera relies on the successful parasitoid mode of life, which is present in the majority of families of this order. Within terrestrial ecosystems, parasitoids covered the ...
Ernst Mayr, 1904-2005
... species as “groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, reproductively isolated from other such groups,” which he called the “biological species concept,” familiar even as its acronym, BSC.7 By the end of his life he had jettisoned the “actually or potentially” part, but it is not c ...
... species as “groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, reproductively isolated from other such groups,” which he called the “biological species concept,” familiar even as its acronym, BSC.7 By the end of his life he had jettisoned the “actually or potentially” part, but it is not c ...
Evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants
... research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to addressing evolut ...
... research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to addressing evolut ...
Yucca-Moth and Yucca Plant Obligate Mutualism
... Addicott, 2003). When a Yucca moth gets over-zealous and lays too many eggs while ovipositing inside the Yucca plant, the Yucca plant may abort the infested fruit effectively starving the young moth larvae (Wilson and Addicott, 1998). This is a response to highly damaged plant tissues in the Yucca p ...
... Addicott, 2003). When a Yucca moth gets over-zealous and lays too many eggs while ovipositing inside the Yucca plant, the Yucca plant may abort the infested fruit effectively starving the young moth larvae (Wilson and Addicott, 1998). This is a response to highly damaged plant tissues in the Yucca p ...
Review populations, elucidating how changes in fitness affect
... research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to addressing evolut ...
... research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to addressing evolut ...
Complex interactions on fig trees: ants capturing parasitic wasps as
... Like other mutualisms, pollination mutualisms attract parasites, as well as opportunistic and specialist predators of the pollinators and parasites. These associated species influence the evolutionary dynamics of pairwise mutualisms. Predatory ants are frequent associates of pollination mutualisms, ...
... Like other mutualisms, pollination mutualisms attract parasites, as well as opportunistic and specialist predators of the pollinators and parasites. These associated species influence the evolutionary dynamics of pairwise mutualisms. Predatory ants are frequent associates of pollination mutualisms, ...
The Interplay of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in a Semiarid
... exclusions should have little effect since they are relatively unimportant: in more productive environments or periods. predators can exert strong effects on herbivores when they reach higher densities due to increased productivity (Oksanen et al. 1981. Oksanen 1992). ...
... exclusions should have little effect since they are relatively unimportant: in more productive environments or periods. predators can exert strong effects on herbivores when they reach higher densities due to increased productivity (Oksanen et al. 1981. Oksanen 1992). ...
Facultative mutualism between an herbivorous crab and a coralline
... either still present or totally consumed (see Hay 1984a; Paul and Hay 1986 for more details of this method). Among-species differTo assess the potential of M. sculptus to be an effective cleaner of ences in the frequency of total consumption were determined by Neogoniolithon we used both choice and ...
... either still present or totally consumed (see Hay 1984a; Paul and Hay 1986 for more details of this method). Among-species differTo assess the potential of M. sculptus to be an effective cleaner of ences in the frequency of total consumption were determined by Neogoniolithon we used both choice and ...
Pfeiffer et al. 2003
... ground in a grain mill to produce a variety of particle sizes ranging from whole seeds to floor. This standard procedure ...
... ground in a grain mill to produce a variety of particle sizes ranging from whole seeds to floor. This standard procedure ...
Lepidopteran Communities in Two Forest Ecosystems During the
... (ELTP) 20, and they were dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.), a favored host of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). The other four stands were classiÞed as ELTP 45, and they were dominated by northern hardwood species with few preferred hosts of gypsy moth. Gypsy moth populations and defoliation ßuctuat ...
... (ELTP) 20, and they were dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.), a favored host of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). The other four stands were classiÞed as ELTP 45, and they were dominated by northern hardwood species with few preferred hosts of gypsy moth. Gypsy moth populations and defoliation ßuctuat ...
Rowing locomotion by a stonefly that possesses the ancestral
... 1998). Consistent with the molecular phylogenetic evidence discussed above, this gene clusters with crustacean haemocyanin in a molecular phylogenetic analysis (Burmester, 2001). Its presence in a modern insect suggests that there could have been a partial reliance on blood-based gas exchange in ear ...
... 1998). Consistent with the molecular phylogenetic evidence discussed above, this gene clusters with crustacean haemocyanin in a molecular phylogenetic analysis (Burmester, 2001). Its presence in a modern insect suggests that there could have been a partial reliance on blood-based gas exchange in ear ...
Altitudinal gradients of generalist and specialist herbivory on three
... predominant herbivores. Individuals of several slug (Arion sp., Deroceras sp.) and snail species (Arianta arbustorum) were observed feeding on the leaves. A tendency of decreasing leaf damage with increasing altitude was also found in eight of these stands, which were investigated over the whole veg ...
... predominant herbivores. Individuals of several slug (Arion sp., Deroceras sp.) and snail species (Arianta arbustorum) were observed feeding on the leaves. A tendency of decreasing leaf damage with increasing altitude was also found in eight of these stands, which were investigated over the whole veg ...
Pollen Analysis
... Pollen and Vegetation • Surface pollen composition is different than vegetation composition and abundance. • Pollen composition at a given point within an ecosystem is fairly consistent. • But, pollen compositions at different sites within the same ecosystem are slightly different. • However, the d ...
... Pollen and Vegetation • Surface pollen composition is different than vegetation composition and abundance. • Pollen composition at a given point within an ecosystem is fairly consistent. • But, pollen compositions at different sites within the same ecosystem are slightly different. • However, the d ...
Student worksheet - KBS GK12 Project
... 2. Make a claim about how reproductive rates along with adaptation can alter biodiversity within an ecosystem. Be sure to support your claim with data from this lab. Claim: ...
... 2. Make a claim about how reproductive rates along with adaptation can alter biodiversity within an ecosystem. Be sure to support your claim with data from this lab. Claim: ...
Scatter-and clump-dispersal and seedling demography
... near parent plants (Janzen 1970; Levin and Kerster 1974). Frugivore attributes influence both the overall pattern of dispersal for a plant species and the distribution of seeds within that overall pattern. Studies in tropical America illustrate scatter-dispersal by small frugivores that take few see ...
... near parent plants (Janzen 1970; Levin and Kerster 1974). Frugivore attributes influence both the overall pattern of dispersal for a plant species and the distribution of seeds within that overall pattern. Studies in tropical America illustrate scatter-dispersal by small frugivores that take few see ...
Entomology Course title: Entomology Full Marks: 80 Course No. Zoo
... 4. Collection of aquatic fauna from different freshwater habitats (river, streams, lake, pond, paddy fields) and scoring the water quality. 5. Analysis of water quality (DO, CO, temperature, BOD, turbidity etc.). 6. Life cycle study of store grain pests- illustration of different stages and preparat ...
... 4. Collection of aquatic fauna from different freshwater habitats (river, streams, lake, pond, paddy fields) and scoring the water quality. 5. Analysis of water quality (DO, CO, temperature, BOD, turbidity etc.). 6. Life cycle study of store grain pests- illustration of different stages and preparat ...
Ecotypes and the controversy over stages in the formation of new
... as way to refer to a set of ecologically distinct populations. In the same paper, Turesson also employed the term ‘ecospecies’ (Turesson, 1922a) to refer to a widespread set of ecotypes of the same species with similar genetically based traits. For example, he considered multiple ecotypes growing al ...
... as way to refer to a set of ecologically distinct populations. In the same paper, Turesson also employed the term ‘ecospecies’ (Turesson, 1922a) to refer to a widespread set of ecotypes of the same species with similar genetically based traits. For example, he considered multiple ecotypes growing al ...
Species-specific positive effects in an annual plant
... et al. 1999), and this is more tractable in certain life-forms. Furthermore, it has been argued that removal experiments are superior to additions since communities are formed by many processes, not just simple addition, removals inform on the importance of non-random species loss within systems, an ...
... et al. 1999), and this is more tractable in certain life-forms. Furthermore, it has been argued that removal experiments are superior to additions since communities are formed by many processes, not just simple addition, removals inform on the importance of non-random species loss within systems, an ...
Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A
... More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. E) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive. Answer: D Topic: Concept 22.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 25) Which of the following ...
... More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. E) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive. Answer: D Topic: Concept 22.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 25) Which of the following ...
THE BUZZ ABOUT Bees
... Just how important are honeybees to the human diet? Typically, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, these under-appreciated workers pollinate 80 percent of our flowering crops which constitute 1/3 of everything we eat. Losing them could affect not only dietary staples such as apples, bro ...
... Just how important are honeybees to the human diet? Typically, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, these under-appreciated workers pollinate 80 percent of our flowering crops which constitute 1/3 of everything we eat. Losing them could affect not only dietary staples such as apples, bro ...
DECOMPOSER INSECTS
... activity. The existing studies show that the action of decomposer species of arthropods and microorganisms is complementary, but not purely additive. Vertebrates are often considered to be important scavengers, and many species feed on carrion. Vertebrates may not distinguish between freshly killed ...
... activity. The existing studies show that the action of decomposer species of arthropods and microorganisms is complementary, but not purely additive. Vertebrates are often considered to be important scavengers, and many species feed on carrion. Vertebrates may not distinguish between freshly killed ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.