![Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/020450738_1-82bf23e7b9dff97aa3da8dbb7e8f37f8-300x300.png)
Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional
... Understanding the influence of the environment on the functional structure of ecological communities is essential to predict the response of biodiversity to global change drivers. Ecological theory suggests that multiple environmental factors shape local species assemblages by progressively filterin ...
... Understanding the influence of the environment on the functional structure of ecological communities is essential to predict the response of biodiversity to global change drivers. Ecological theory suggests that multiple environmental factors shape local species assemblages by progressively filterin ...
Ecological effects of invasive alien insects
... Linepithema humile, accounted for 18% and 14% of the studies, respectively. Most publications investigated effects on native biodiversity at population or community level. Genetic effects and, to a lesser extent, effects on ecosystem services and processes were rarely explored. We review the effects ...
... Linepithema humile, accounted for 18% and 14% of the studies, respectively. Most publications investigated effects on native biodiversity at population or community level. Genetic effects and, to a lesser extent, effects on ecosystem services and processes were rarely explored. We review the effects ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Bears benefit plants via a cascade with both antagonistic and mutualistic interactions Abstract Predators can influence primary producers by generating cascades of effects in ecological webs. These effects are often non-intuitive, going undetected because they involve many links and different types ...
... Bears benefit plants via a cascade with both antagonistic and mutualistic interactions Abstract Predators can influence primary producers by generating cascades of effects in ecological webs. These effects are often non-intuitive, going undetected because they involve many links and different types ...
The evolution of nestling discrimination by hosts of parasitic
... evolve from sanitation behaviour because parents only remove dead nestlings from their nest – ejection of living nestlings would be strongly selected against when signs indicate that chicks are healthy. However, the ejection of living eggs must also be strongly selected against when there are signs ...
... evolve from sanitation behaviour because parents only remove dead nestlings from their nest – ejection of living nestlings would be strongly selected against when signs indicate that chicks are healthy. However, the ejection of living eggs must also be strongly selected against when there are signs ...
Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees
... We installed a total of 110 pan traps in the centre of the calcareous grasslands and on the grass strips in the mentioned distances from the traps on the grassland. To account for foraging movements of wild bees, we chose pan traps, which attract the bees by their colour (Westphal et al., 2008). One ...
... We installed a total of 110 pan traps in the centre of the calcareous grasslands and on the grass strips in the mentioned distances from the traps on the grassland. To account for foraging movements of wild bees, we chose pan traps, which attract the bees by their colour (Westphal et al., 2008). One ...
Phylum Platyhelminthes
... Most parasitic platyhelminths belong to one of three classes: Monogenea, Cestoidea or Digenea. In older texts, Digenea and Monogenea are often united under the Trematoda. However, Monogenea are more closely related to Cestoidea because both have a caudal hookbearing structure, the cercomer, at some ...
... Most parasitic platyhelminths belong to one of three classes: Monogenea, Cestoidea or Digenea. In older texts, Digenea and Monogenea are often united under the Trematoda. However, Monogenea are more closely related to Cestoidea because both have a caudal hookbearing structure, the cercomer, at some ...
FREE Sample Here
... More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. E) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive. Answer: D Topic: Concept 22.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 25) Which of the following ...
... More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. E) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive. Answer: D Topic: Concept 22.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 25) Which of the following ...
pdf - Michigan State University
... or other hosts." However, because host races by this definition no longer interbreed at all, they have already reached the stage where they should be recognized as distinct biological species by Mayr' s own criteria (94). We prefer to retain a closer correspondence to the common usage of the term "r ...
... or other hosts." However, because host races by this definition no longer interbreed at all, they have already reached the stage where they should be recognized as distinct biological species by Mayr' s own criteria (94). We prefer to retain a closer correspondence to the common usage of the term "r ...
BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITES AND
... and a relatively high degree of inbreeding. Parasitoid species particularly vulnerable to this sort of "thwarting" would be those with relatively small search ranges or areas of discovery. The Lepidoptera will probably prove to be a fruitful group in which to search for "host suicide"—first because ...
... and a relatively high degree of inbreeding. Parasitoid species particularly vulnerable to this sort of "thwarting" would be those with relatively small search ranges or areas of discovery. The Lepidoptera will probably prove to be a fruitful group in which to search for "host suicide"—first because ...
BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITES AND HOSTS
... and a relatively high degree of inbreeding. Parasitoid species particularly vulnerable to this sort of "thwarting" would be those with relatively small search ranges or areas of discovery. The Lepidoptera will probably prove to be a fruitful group in which to search for "host suicide"—first because ...
... and a relatively high degree of inbreeding. Parasitoid species particularly vulnerable to this sort of "thwarting" would be those with relatively small search ranges or areas of discovery. The Lepidoptera will probably prove to be a fruitful group in which to search for "host suicide"—first because ...
Individual pollen limitation, phylogeny and selection
... Natural selection requires that some individuals perform better than others and is, therefore, conceptually closely related to the idea of competition. Darwin’s (1859) argument for evolution by natural selection makes frequent reference to competition and how its severity will vary geographically or ...
... Natural selection requires that some individuals perform better than others and is, therefore, conceptually closely related to the idea of competition. Darwin’s (1859) argument for evolution by natural selection makes frequent reference to competition and how its severity will vary geographically or ...
Debut of the Seventeen-Year-Old Cicada
... overlap in distribution are always separated by at least four years in adult emergence time. This overlap presumably developed well after the establishment of periodicity and the demise of the hypothetical parasitoid. Adjacent broods are often separated in time by a single year. Evidence suggesting ...
... overlap in distribution are always separated by at least four years in adult emergence time. This overlap presumably developed well after the establishment of periodicity and the demise of the hypothetical parasitoid. Adjacent broods are often separated in time by a single year. Evidence suggesting ...
Consistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits
... species may be confounded by interactions with the environment. It may, therefore, be asked how traits can be used to classify species relative to one another in a consistent way, even if their absolute values vary across environments – that is even if they are plastic. The aim of this study was to ...
... species may be confounded by interactions with the environment. It may, therefore, be asked how traits can be used to classify species relative to one another in a consistent way, even if their absolute values vary across environments – that is even if they are plastic. The aim of this study was to ...
A trait-based approach to community assembly
... Analysis of species distributions and trait variation along this gradient provides an integrated approach to quantify intraspecific variation, niche breadth of individual species, and a novel partitioning of species mean trait values into alpha and beta components. The beta component refers to a spe ...
... Analysis of species distributions and trait variation along this gradient provides an integrated approach to quantify intraspecific variation, niche breadth of individual species, and a novel partitioning of species mean trait values into alpha and beta components. The beta component refers to a spe ...
Wattle I plant for wildlife? - Department of Parks and Wildlife
... vascular plant taxa, of which some 500 are wattles. In the Wheatbelt the number of taxa is around 3500, of which some 12% (417 taxa) are wattles. Their contribution to the biomass of local ecosystems may be very much higher than may appear from species diversity figures, as they often appear en mass ...
... vascular plant taxa, of which some 500 are wattles. In the Wheatbelt the number of taxa is around 3500, of which some 12% (417 taxa) are wattles. Their contribution to the biomass of local ecosystems may be very much higher than may appear from species diversity figures, as they often appear en mass ...
Evolution_Ch_8_transmittal_from_approved_CE_Sept_3
... The biological distinction is that some lineages have remained simple, while others have evolved to be highly complex. You might wonder why some species have remained very simple while others have become very complex. You might also wonder why species are so different. If natural selection favours “ ...
... The biological distinction is that some lineages have remained simple, while others have evolved to be highly complex. You might wonder why some species have remained very simple while others have become very complex. You might also wonder why species are so different. If natural selection favours “ ...
Forcing Bulbs Indoors
... bulbs (Narcissus tazetta; synonym N. papyraceus). Barbara H. Smith, ©2016 HGIC, Clemson Extension Revised by Barbara H. Smith, HGIC Horticulture Extension Agent, Clemson University, 01/16. Prepared by Bob Polomski, Extension Consumer Horticulturist, and Al Pertuit, Extension Floriculture Specialist, ...
... bulbs (Narcissus tazetta; synonym N. papyraceus). Barbara H. Smith, ©2016 HGIC, Clemson Extension Revised by Barbara H. Smith, HGIC Horticulture Extension Agent, Clemson University, 01/16. Prepared by Bob Polomski, Extension Consumer Horticulturist, and Al Pertuit, Extension Floriculture Specialist, ...
Vacant niches in nature, ecology, and evolutionary theory: a mini
... process (Mooney, Cleland, 2001) is likely to be related to unavoidable microevolutionary changes, host–parasite co-evolution, and therefore it is rather slow. It is quite probable that the self-suppression of many invasive outbreaks observed in the 19th century can be explained by the fact that this ...
... process (Mooney, Cleland, 2001) is likely to be related to unavoidable microevolutionary changes, host–parasite co-evolution, and therefore it is rather slow. It is quite probable that the self-suppression of many invasive outbreaks observed in the 19th century can be explained by the fact that this ...
Parasites dominate food web links
... suggesting that new theoretical models may be needed to accommodate parasites, which eat species larger than themselves. Before taking this step, however, it is expedient to consider how, if at all, parasites affect food webs. Insect parasitoids are the only type of parasite commonly included in foo ...
... suggesting that new theoretical models may be needed to accommodate parasites, which eat species larger than themselves. Before taking this step, however, it is expedient to consider how, if at all, parasites affect food webs. Insect parasitoids are the only type of parasite commonly included in foo ...
Non-random patterns of host use by the different parasite species
... Different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host species may have similar or conflicting interests, depending on whether they are at the same stage in their life-cycle or whether they share the same definitive host. In the New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, metacercariae of th ...
... Different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host species may have similar or conflicting interests, depending on whether they are at the same stage in their life-cycle or whether they share the same definitive host. In the New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, metacercariae of th ...
Evolution of plantpollinator mutualisms in response to climate change
... Whether a plant–pollinator mutualism can survive climate change will likely depend on how the species’ phenologies evolve (Bronstein et al. 2004; Elzinga et al. 2007), but the conditions that promote or oppose the coevolution of phenologies in complex communities with changing environments have rece ...
... Whether a plant–pollinator mutualism can survive climate change will likely depend on how the species’ phenologies evolve (Bronstein et al. 2004; Elzinga et al. 2007), but the conditions that promote or oppose the coevolution of phenologies in complex communities with changing environments have rece ...
Evolution of plantpollinator mutualisms in response
... Whether a plant–pollinator mutualism can survive climate change will likely depend on how the species’ phenologies evolve (Bronstein et al. 2004; Elzinga et al. 2007), but the conditions that promote or oppose the coevolution of phenologies in complex communities with changing environments have rece ...
... Whether a plant–pollinator mutualism can survive climate change will likely depend on how the species’ phenologies evolve (Bronstein et al. 2004; Elzinga et al. 2007), but the conditions that promote or oppose the coevolution of phenologies in complex communities with changing environments have rece ...
Diversity, evolutionary specialization and geographic distribution of
... 1994). A broad variety of mutualistic associations exists between ants and plants which are therefore especially suited for studies on evolutionary specialization. The ants benefit from food and partly also nest sites supplied by the host, and the plants benefit from protection against herbivores an ...
... 1994). A broad variety of mutualistic associations exists between ants and plants which are therefore especially suited for studies on evolutionary specialization. The ants benefit from food and partly also nest sites supplied by the host, and the plants benefit from protection against herbivores an ...
Leaf trait variation captures climate differences but differs with
... Prior to the calculation of ΔT, the leaf trait data were logarithm-transformed to ensure that the mean values for all leaf traits were calculated at the same scale. A significant positive ΔT, as determined by a one-way ANOVA, indicates that the trait value at BBG is significantly higher than at NBG, ...
... Prior to the calculation of ΔT, the leaf trait data were logarithm-transformed to ensure that the mean values for all leaf traits were calculated at the same scale. A significant positive ΔT, as determined by a one-way ANOVA, indicates that the trait value at BBG is significantly higher than at NBG, ...
Owl Clover Leads a Complex Life - Habeck
... poisonous to livestock). These toxic chemicals are distributed into the Owl Clover’s stem and leaf tissues. The consequences? The presence of the poisonous alkaloids, botanists have learned, reduces the level of feeding (herbivory) by butterfly and moth larvae that favor Owl Clover leaves for their ...
... poisonous to livestock). These toxic chemicals are distributed into the Owl Clover’s stem and leaf tissues. The consequences? The presence of the poisonous alkaloids, botanists have learned, reduces the level of feeding (herbivory) by butterfly and moth larvae that favor Owl Clover leaves for their ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.