STRUCTURE OF ANT ASSEMBLAGES IN A MIDDLE
... colonies/m2 and increased toward the last successional phase. The species diversity also increased, but there was a diversity decline in the last phase, probably as a consequence of the presence of red wood ant species, which are dominant in the interference competition. The range of a particular sp ...
... colonies/m2 and increased toward the last successional phase. The species diversity also increased, but there was a diversity decline in the last phase, probably as a consequence of the presence of red wood ant species, which are dominant in the interference competition. The range of a particular sp ...
How to be a fig wasp parasite on the fig–fig wasp
... microcosm requires particular biological traits. Invasion of this nursery by parasitic fig wasps is correspondingly facilitated by certain biological features. The figure illustrates some of the many ways in which a non-pollinating fig wasp can exploit the mutualism between figs and fig wasps, and t ...
... microcosm requires particular biological traits. Invasion of this nursery by parasitic fig wasps is correspondingly facilitated by certain biological features. The figure illustrates some of the many ways in which a non-pollinating fig wasp can exploit the mutualism between figs and fig wasps, and t ...
The Conservation and Ecology of Carnivorous Plants
... worldwide by searching peer-reviewed literature, and found data on the threats to 48 species of carnivorous plants from nine genera. The most common threat was habitat loss from agriculture, followed by the collection of wild plants, pollution, and natural systems modifications. As I found in Chapte ...
... worldwide by searching peer-reviewed literature, and found data on the threats to 48 species of carnivorous plants from nine genera. The most common threat was habitat loss from agriculture, followed by the collection of wild plants, pollution, and natural systems modifications. As I found in Chapte ...
Biogeomorphic Impacts of Invasive Species
... Geomorphological and biological processes are often tightly linked. Many organisms have significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organism ...
... Geomorphological and biological processes are often tightly linked. Many organisms have significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organism ...
Downloaded - University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
... Geomorphological and biological processes are often tightly linked. Many organisms have significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organis ...
... Geomorphological and biological processes are often tightly linked. Many organisms have significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organis ...
Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural communities
... combination of a set of specifically selected traits, such as those that incorporate different ecological strategies (e.g. Grime 2001, Westoby 1998) or ad hoc defined response groups. The characterization of functional diversity in terms of several traits could be applied also when we know that vari ...
... combination of a set of specifically selected traits, such as those that incorporate different ecological strategies (e.g. Grime 2001, Westoby 1998) or ad hoc defined response groups. The characterization of functional diversity in terms of several traits could be applied also when we know that vari ...
Reciprocal Trophic Interactions and Transmission of Blood Parasites
... Culex territans larvae are found sympatrically with, and adults of C. territans have been recorded to feed on, all four aforementioned species of frogs [5,10,22]. However, the presence of C. territans larvae highly correlates only with the presence of green frogs. In the early spring, at temperature ...
... Culex territans larvae are found sympatrically with, and adults of C. territans have been recorded to feed on, all four aforementioned species of frogs [5,10,22]. However, the presence of C. territans larvae highly correlates only with the presence of green frogs. In the early spring, at temperature ...
Beetles of the World Beetles of the World
... third of the entire body weight. Studies have found that beetles use their horns in surprising ways. Science today has pretty good idea of what needs to happen for legs to become longer or wings to become wider. But scientists are still baffled how animals develop a completely new body part. Studyin ...
... third of the entire body weight. Studies have found that beetles use their horns in surprising ways. Science today has pretty good idea of what needs to happen for legs to become longer or wings to become wider. But scientists are still baffled how animals develop a completely new body part. Studyin ...
The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Obligate Mutualism
... for this. Extinct frugivores were no doubt critical in cleaning and dispersing tambalacoque and other endemic Mauritian forest tree seeds. We emphasize that several endemic primary forest trees of Mauritius now ...
... for this. Extinct frugivores were no doubt critical in cleaning and dispersing tambalacoque and other endemic Mauritian forest tree seeds. We emphasize that several endemic primary forest trees of Mauritius now ...
Interactions Between Entomopathogenic Fungi and Other
... Direct Infection of Non-target Insects by Entomopathogeni c Fungi Entomopathogeni c fungi may reduce non-target insect population s by directly infecting them. However, many entomopathogeni c fungi appear to have a limited host range and are speci® c to single orders of arthropod hosts. In general, ...
... Direct Infection of Non-target Insects by Entomopathogeni c Fungi Entomopathogeni c fungi may reduce non-target insect population s by directly infecting them. However, many entomopathogeni c fungi appear to have a limited host range and are speci® c to single orders of arthropod hosts. In general, ...
Conservatism of responses to environmental change is rare under
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores
... in the average pest burden on plants as predator density increases. The latter effect of resource partitioning raises an important point: the predicted effects of predator–predator interactions on pest suppression depend upon the number of pest species within the production system. For example, if t ...
... in the average pest burden on plants as predator density increases. The latter effect of resource partitioning raises an important point: the predicted effects of predator–predator interactions on pest suppression depend upon the number of pest species within the production system. For example, if t ...
CRP-SAFE for Karner Blue Butterflies
... Along with the goal of expanding Karner blue populations, CRP-SAFE benefits numerous natural resources by reducing soil loss and sedimentation, improving surface and groundwater quality, and enhancing habitat for beneficial insects and wildlife. Many of the insects that would use this habitat are fo ...
... Along with the goal of expanding Karner blue populations, CRP-SAFE benefits numerous natural resources by reducing soil loss and sedimentation, improving surface and groundwater quality, and enhancing habitat for beneficial insects and wildlife. Many of the insects that would use this habitat are fo ...
Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation Caused by
... y in a resident population x. Here x may be a multidimensional vector, either because the trait under study has more than one component or because there are more than one species involved. Evolutionary dynamics then follow selection gradients determined by derivatives of the invasion fitness functio ...
... y in a resident population x. Here x may be a multidimensional vector, either because the trait under study has more than one component or because there are more than one species involved. Evolutionary dynamics then follow selection gradients determined by derivatives of the invasion fitness functio ...
Trophic interactions and population structure of the large blue
... occasionally by several species of ants to highly specific and obligate associations in which a larva is always tended by ants, often by only a single species (Fiedler 1998; Pierce et al. 2002). However, in some lycaenid species the mutualistic relationship with ants evolved to a predatory (Thomas a ...
... occasionally by several species of ants to highly specific and obligate associations in which a larva is always tended by ants, often by only a single species (Fiedler 1998; Pierce et al. 2002). However, in some lycaenid species the mutualistic relationship with ants evolved to a predatory (Thomas a ...
myrmecophile insecta associated with some ant
... species of ants associated with that termite; Monomorium pharaonis L.; Cataglyphis bicolor Fabr.; and Camponotus maculatus v.aegyptiacus Emery. Most of the myrmecophilous mites are phoretic, scavengers, parasites or predator organisms other than the host ant. Some ants feed on these mites, the speci ...
... species of ants associated with that termite; Monomorium pharaonis L.; Cataglyphis bicolor Fabr.; and Camponotus maculatus v.aegyptiacus Emery. Most of the myrmecophilous mites are phoretic, scavengers, parasites or predator organisms other than the host ant. Some ants feed on these mites, the speci ...
Interspecific Competition and Speciation in
... met for interspecific competition to be a potential contributor to ecological speciation. First, with respect to the scenario for competitive speciation depicted in Fig. 1, the resource space in habitat 1 must be large enough to allow for both species 1 and 2 to persist. Second, the resources in hab ...
... met for interspecific competition to be a potential contributor to ecological speciation. First, with respect to the scenario for competitive speciation depicted in Fig. 1, the resource space in habitat 1 must be large enough to allow for both species 1 and 2 to persist. Second, the resources in hab ...
Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait
... and ease of measurement. Despite its foundational importance, the practical difficulty of documenting trait–fitness relationships means that we cannot use this as a practical criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are beli ...
... and ease of measurement. Despite its foundational importance, the practical difficulty of documenting trait–fitness relationships means that we cannot use this as a practical criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are beli ...
Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait‑based plant ecology
... and ease of measurement. Despite its foundational importance, the practical difficulty of documenting trait–fitness relationships means that we cannot use this as a practical criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are beli ...
... and ease of measurement. Despite its foundational importance, the practical difficulty of documenting trait–fitness relationships means that we cannot use this as a practical criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are beli ...
Seasonal change in defensive coloration in a shieldbug Aleksandra I Johansen
... (Wagner 1956) with the exception of the Italian island Sicily where the shieldbugs change colour from yellow to orange. Sweden is the northern part of this range and the pale brown colour and the change in coloration in the adults (fig. 1) has to my knowledge only been described in Swedish populatio ...
... (Wagner 1956) with the exception of the Italian island Sicily where the shieldbugs change colour from yellow to orange. Sweden is the northern part of this range and the pale brown colour and the change in coloration in the adults (fig. 1) has to my knowledge only been described in Swedish populatio ...
Parasites in Marine Food Webs - Western Washington University
... How Many Parasites Are There? Whether or not parasites are important for species interactions hinges, to a degree, on their contribution to marine biodiversity. Parasites are ubiquitous in examined hosts (Dobson et al. 2008). Unfortunately, few marine species have been examined for parasites. Of the ...
... How Many Parasites Are There? Whether or not parasites are important for species interactions hinges, to a degree, on their contribution to marine biodiversity. Parasites are ubiquitous in examined hosts (Dobson et al. 2008). Unfortunately, few marine species have been examined for parasites. Of the ...
Biological Control Introductions in Hawaii: 1890 to 1985
... importation of any plant or animal from other geographical areas into Hawaii. It was only since 1890 that biological control procedures were established through authorization by the reigning government of Hawaii. ...
... importation of any plant or animal from other geographical areas into Hawaii. It was only since 1890 that biological control procedures were established through authorization by the reigning government of Hawaii. ...
Drivers of host plant shifts in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica
... major component of their defensive secretion (salicylaldehyde) from the salicyl glycosides (SGs; i.e. salicin and salicortin) of their host plants (Pasteels et al., 1990). Advantages of this specialisation are clear: escape from competition with generalist herbivores that are not adapted to use SG-r ...
... major component of their defensive secretion (salicylaldehyde) from the salicyl glycosides (SGs; i.e. salicin and salicortin) of their host plants (Pasteels et al., 1990). Advantages of this specialisation are clear: escape from competition with generalist herbivores that are not adapted to use SG-r ...
ASSEMBLAGES: Evidence from the Fossil Record
... perturbation (Holling 1973). A stable system must be understood in terms of a range of variation around some equilibrium point. Related to stability is “persistence,” an empirical measure of how long a system remains unchanged according to some defined measures of its state. “Resilience” is the rate ...
... perturbation (Holling 1973). A stable system must be understood in terms of a range of variation around some equilibrium point. Related to stability is “persistence,” an empirical measure of how long a system remains unchanged according to some defined measures of its state. “Resilience” is the rate ...
ASSEMBLAGES: Evidence from the Fossil Record
... perturbation (Holling 1973). A stable system must be understood in terms of a range of variation around some equilibrium point. Related to stability is “persistence,” an empirical measure of how long a system remains unchanged according to some defined measures of its state. “Resilience” is the rate ...
... perturbation (Holling 1973). A stable system must be understood in terms of a range of variation around some equilibrium point. Related to stability is “persistence,” an empirical measure of how long a system remains unchanged according to some defined measures of its state. “Resilience” is the rate ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.