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Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade
... Aviles et al. (2006) found no higher rejection rate by magpies when the UV spectrum was eliminated from Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs. But the coevolutionary process does not necessarily stop there. Brood parasites using more than one host species have been shown to evolve host-specific egg morphs (fema ...
... Aviles et al. (2006) found no higher rejection rate by magpies when the UV spectrum was eliminated from Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs. But the coevolutionary process does not necessarily stop there. Brood parasites using more than one host species have been shown to evolve host-specific egg morphs (fema ...
Chapter 15. - Invasive.Org
... human activity and dispersal by wind currents (Roque-Albelo and Causton, 1999). Damage by this sap feeding insect was first noticed in 1996, a particularly dry year. Since then, 62 native or endemic species have been recorded as host plants of I. purchasi. Sixteen of these species are listed as thre ...
... human activity and dispersal by wind currents (Roque-Albelo and Causton, 1999). Damage by this sap feeding insect was first noticed in 1996, a particularly dry year. Since then, 62 native or endemic species have been recorded as host plants of I. purchasi. Sixteen of these species are listed as thre ...
Bee diversity effects on pollination depend on functional
... Abstract. Biodiversity is important for many ecosystem processes. Global declines in pollinator diversity and abundance have been recognized, raising concerns about a pollination crisis of crops and wild plants. However, experimental evidence for effects of pollinator species diversity on plant repr ...
... Abstract. Biodiversity is important for many ecosystem processes. Global declines in pollinator diversity and abundance have been recognized, raising concerns about a pollination crisis of crops and wild plants. However, experimental evidence for effects of pollinator species diversity on plant repr ...
Journal of Tropical Ecology (2003) - Instituto de Biologia
... 19% and 22% of the honey baits, respectively. The two species together accounted for 35% of the ant–diaspore interactions recorded (197 out of 562; see Table 1). In general, these large ponerines individually removed diaspores (small- or medium-sized) distances up to 13 m. Large diaspores were usual ...
... 19% and 22% of the honey baits, respectively. The two species together accounted for 35% of the ant–diaspore interactions recorded (197 out of 562; see Table 1). In general, these large ponerines individually removed diaspores (small- or medium-sized) distances up to 13 m. Large diaspores were usual ...
Experimental Tests of the Dependence of Arthropod Diversity on Plant Diversity
... known families or genera, and enumerated. Field observations and a literature review (see Siemann 1997) were used to assign each species to one of four trophic categories. The parasite category included all species that were either parasitic in the adult stage or parasitic as larvae regardless of ad ...
... known families or genera, and enumerated. Field observations and a literature review (see Siemann 1997) were used to assign each species to one of four trophic categories. The parasite category included all species that were either parasitic in the adult stage or parasitic as larvae regardless of ad ...
4H Science Toolkit - Lost Ladybug Project
... Each aphid eats six plants. But now there is only one aphid left and therefore 9 - 6 = 3 plants are left. That's the First Part of Round One. 3. Now each animal has time to recruit more members or reproduce. You have one owl that does not reproduce or "recruit" (call in more owls) very fast, so repr ...
... Each aphid eats six plants. But now there is only one aphid left and therefore 9 - 6 = 3 plants are left. That's the First Part of Round One. 3. Now each animal has time to recruit more members or reproduce. You have one owl that does not reproduce or "recruit" (call in more owls) very fast, so repr ...
Factors Affecting the Social Behaviour of Crustaceans Living
... been described between several marine macro-invertebrate species and their crustacean symbionts (Castro, 1988). Furthermore, macro-invertebrates used as hosts by marine crustaceans present a wide range of sizes, morphologies, habitats, and may vary widely in their general biology and ecology. Depend ...
... been described between several marine macro-invertebrate species and their crustacean symbionts (Castro, 1988). Furthermore, macro-invertebrates used as hosts by marine crustaceans present a wide range of sizes, morphologies, habitats, and may vary widely in their general biology and ecology. Depend ...
Bumble Bee
... although they are somewhat darker with light bands on the abdomen. They also have different habits. Leafcutter bees are not aggressive and sting only when handled. Their sting is very mild, much less painful than that of honeybees or yellowjacket wasps. Leafcutter bees are solitary bees, meaning tha ...
... although they are somewhat darker with light bands on the abdomen. They also have different habits. Leafcutter bees are not aggressive and sting only when handled. Their sting is very mild, much less painful than that of honeybees or yellowjacket wasps. Leafcutter bees are solitary bees, meaning tha ...
Scaling-up Trait Variation from Individuals to Ecosystems
... they contribute to a better understanding of how trait variation effects scale up from individuals to ecosystems. ...
... they contribute to a better understanding of how trait variation effects scale up from individuals to ecosystems. ...
PDF file
... 1983). On the basis of historical and phylogenetic effects, the current belief is that seeddispersers are neither strongly selecting any fruit traits nor promoting evolutionary radiation (Herrera, 1985). It is still plausible, however, that selection pressures of fleshy-fruited plants on the seed-di ...
... 1983). On the basis of historical and phylogenetic effects, the current belief is that seeddispersers are neither strongly selecting any fruit traits nor promoting evolutionary radiation (Herrera, 1985). It is still plausible, however, that selection pressures of fleshy-fruited plants on the seed-di ...
EOC notecard review - week of 03.28.16.notebook
... Monday EOC Looping Review 1) Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's theory of evolution? a. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. b. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. c. The number of offspring is not related to fitnes ...
... Monday EOC Looping Review 1) Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's theory of evolution? a. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. b. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. c. The number of offspring is not related to fitnes ...
Chapter 28
... movement of legs and wings. (That's why many insects can still walk or flap their wings after their heads are cut off!) Where many body segments have fused together, as in insects, there are several ganglia for each major body part. Arthropods have simple sense organs such as statocysts and chemical ...
... movement of legs and wings. (That's why many insects can still walk or flap their wings after their heads are cut off!) Where many body segments have fused together, as in insects, there are several ganglia for each major body part. Arthropods have simple sense organs such as statocysts and chemical ...
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?
... Before discussing the results, several data limitations need to be acknowledged. First, regrettably, the number of empirical studies relevant to this subject is limited. In an effort to identify all studies relevant to our topic, we made an extensive literature search using a variety of keywords (e. ...
... Before discussing the results, several data limitations need to be acknowledged. First, regrettably, the number of empirical studies relevant to this subject is limited. In an effort to identify all studies relevant to our topic, we made an extensive literature search using a variety of keywords (e. ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Effects in Pitcher Plant
... Since indirect effects play such an important role in ecological interactions, they should also play a role in evolution (Wootton 1994, Miller and Travis 1996). Miller and Travis (1996) considered indirect effects as evolutionary forces and concluded that the manner in which indirect effects influe ...
... Since indirect effects play such an important role in ecological interactions, they should also play a role in evolution (Wootton 1994, Miller and Travis 1996). Miller and Travis (1996) considered indirect effects as evolutionary forces and concluded that the manner in which indirect effects influe ...
Insect Anatomy
... Insects’ eyes are a fascinating part of their body. Insects can see colors that we cannot, because they can see ultraviolet light. This enables them to find pollen and nectar on flowers more easily. Insect eyes are called compound eyes, because each of the two large “eyes” is really made up of many ...
... Insects’ eyes are a fascinating part of their body. Insects can see colors that we cannot, because they can see ultraviolet light. This enables them to find pollen and nectar on flowers more easily. Insect eyes are called compound eyes, because each of the two large “eyes” is really made up of many ...
Johnson and Hartson 2009 host variation
... Johnson et al. 2001a). This approach ensured that cercarial exposure coincided with early limb development and maximized the likelihood of a malformation response. We conducted parasite exposures with treefrogs and toads concurrently to ensure experimental conditions (e.g. parasites, temperatures, e ...
... Johnson et al. 2001a). This approach ensured that cercarial exposure coincided with early limb development and maximized the likelihood of a malformation response. We conducted parasite exposures with treefrogs and toads concurrently to ensure experimental conditions (e.g. parasites, temperatures, e ...
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?
... Before discussing the results, several data limitations need to be acknowledged. First, regrettably, the number of empirical studies relevant to this subject is limited. In an effort to identify all studies relevant to our topic, we made an extensive literature search using a variety of keywords (e. ...
... Before discussing the results, several data limitations need to be acknowledged. First, regrettably, the number of empirical studies relevant to this subject is limited. In an effort to identify all studies relevant to our topic, we made an extensive literature search using a variety of keywords (e. ...
What is a Katydid?
... Females lay their eggs in rows on their preferred host plant; eggs are oval in shape. Katydids are paurometabolous (incomplete metamorphosis) in which juvenile molts (instars) look like miniature versions of adults, and do not acquire reproductive ability or wings until the final molt (Capinera et a ...
... Females lay their eggs in rows on their preferred host plant; eggs are oval in shape. Katydids are paurometabolous (incomplete metamorphosis) in which juvenile molts (instars) look like miniature versions of adults, and do not acquire reproductive ability or wings until the final molt (Capinera et a ...
Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants
... for example, N-fixing invasive shrubs (Hughes & Denslow 2005) or herbs (Carino & Daehler 2002) increase soil nitrogen availability, which then benefits other non-native species. Similarly, intraspecific facilitation can occur when adult invasive plants provide favourable abiotic conditions for offsprin ...
... for example, N-fixing invasive shrubs (Hughes & Denslow 2005) or herbs (Carino & Daehler 2002) increase soil nitrogen availability, which then benefits other non-native species. Similarly, intraspecific facilitation can occur when adult invasive plants provide favourable abiotic conditions for offsprin ...
Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes
... as to eventually alter patterns of nectar variation at the community level. In other words, it is not known whether communitywide nectar variations in natural plant communities bear some discernible ‘yeast signature’ in addition to the variation generated by individual- and species-specific differen ...
... as to eventually alter patterns of nectar variation at the community level. In other words, it is not known whether communitywide nectar variations in natural plant communities bear some discernible ‘yeast signature’ in addition to the variation generated by individual- and species-specific differen ...
Spillover of functionally important organisms between managed and
... on a variety of ecosystem functions (McCoy et al., 2009), the mechanisms that determine how different habitats affect one another are still poorly understood. Examples of interconnected habitats include the importance of resource spillover from marine environments in determining community compositio ...
... on a variety of ecosystem functions (McCoy et al., 2009), the mechanisms that determine how different habitats affect one another are still poorly understood. Examples of interconnected habitats include the importance of resource spillover from marine environments in determining community compositio ...
Mesquite fact sheet - Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
... pods annually, to as much as 367 kg. In terms of seed production, this equates to about 140 000 seeds at the lower range, and millions of seeds for very large trees growing under favourable environmental conditions. Several mesquite species are known to be selfincompatible, which means they require ...
... pods annually, to as much as 367 kg. In terms of seed production, this equates to about 140 000 seeds at the lower range, and millions of seeds for very large trees growing under favourable environmental conditions. Several mesquite species are known to be selfincompatible, which means they require ...
Population and Evolutionary Dynamics based on Predator
... Evolutionary and ecological dynamics have usually been thought to influence each other asymmetrically. Evolutionary changes are usually a consequence of the environment while they occur over timescales that are too long to affect the dynamics of population size in the short term (Schoener, 2011). Th ...
... Evolutionary and ecological dynamics have usually been thought to influence each other asymmetrically. Evolutionary changes are usually a consequence of the environment while they occur over timescales that are too long to affect the dynamics of population size in the short term (Schoener, 2011). Th ...
pdf
... The first deals with the occurrence of sites safe from predators. To estimate the probability that predators did not detect an exclosure (that it was located in a safe site), we used the experimental block as sampling unit. We consider that predators detected a block if at least one seed of any of t ...
... The first deals with the occurrence of sites safe from predators. To estimate the probability that predators did not detect an exclosure (that it was located in a safe site), we used the experimental block as sampling unit. We consider that predators detected a block if at least one seed of any of t ...
the evolution of plant functional variation: traits, spectra, and strategies
... taxa. However, for a heritable trait that has functional consequences (which surely includes all the traits we are discussing in this article), remaining unchanged over evolutionary time unambiguously signals that natural selection is holding it stationary. Indeed, such traits may be predicted to be ...
... taxa. However, for a heritable trait that has functional consequences (which surely includes all the traits we are discussing in this article), remaining unchanged over evolutionary time unambiguously signals that natural selection is holding it stationary. Indeed, such traits may be predicted to be ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.