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The effect of obligate hyperparasitoids on biological control: Differential
... if the invulnerable primary parasitoids can take advantage of reduced competition from affected species by increasing their contribution to total primary parasitism levels thereby mitigating effects of hyperparasitism on biological control. To investigate this question, populations of the diamondbac ...
... if the invulnerable primary parasitoids can take advantage of reduced competition from affected species by increasing their contribution to total primary parasitism levels thereby mitigating effects of hyperparasitism on biological control. To investigate this question, populations of the diamondbac ...
The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free
... studies of the effects of such biotic factors on parasite transmission from various parasitological and ecological research areas and classified the biotic effects that we identified into 6 types (Fig. 1). We only considered biotic effects acting on the free-living stages during the period between releas ...
... studies of the effects of such biotic factors on parasite transmission from various parasitological and ecological research areas and classified the biotic effects that we identified into 6 types (Fig. 1). We only considered biotic effects acting on the free-living stages during the period between releas ...
The Effect of Hydra on the Outcome of Competition Between
... matocysts have evolved many times in the Crustacea. Cyprid larvae of the barnacle Ba/anus crenatus do not elicit the discharge of nematocysts nor the mouth open ing response of Obelia dichotoma (Standing, 1976) al though larvae that are damaged are consumed. Numer ous copepod genera live in associat ...
... matocysts have evolved many times in the Crustacea. Cyprid larvae of the barnacle Ba/anus crenatus do not elicit the discharge of nematocysts nor the mouth open ing response of Obelia dichotoma (Standing, 1976) al though larvae that are damaged are consumed. Numer ous copepod genera live in associat ...
Invertebrates
... 1. What is the difference between a Protostome and a Deuterostome? What does this suggest about the relationships between animals? What group of animals is closest to Chordates? 2. Arthropods and Annelids were once thought to be closely related because they are both segmented. They have since been s ...
... 1. What is the difference between a Protostome and a Deuterostome? What does this suggest about the relationships between animals? What group of animals is closest to Chordates? 2. Arthropods and Annelids were once thought to be closely related because they are both segmented. They have since been s ...
Grasshoppers: Life Cycle, Damage Asessment and Management
... predators of grasshoppers. Many birds scratch up the egg cases, and have been credited with clearing from 5 to 150 acres of grasshopper pods. Birds, especially gulls and meadowlarks, are credited with stopping some infestations in the early part of the century. This is more likely to happen if a hab ...
... predators of grasshoppers. Many birds scratch up the egg cases, and have been credited with clearing from 5 to 150 acres of grasshopper pods. Birds, especially gulls and meadowlarks, are credited with stopping some infestations in the early part of the century. This is more likely to happen if a hab ...
Genetic features of a pollen-part mutation suggest an inhibitory role
... changed) lines and used for further analysis. Genetic analysis of the pollen SC mutant Pma1 Among the IC lines, we identified a plant (IC2094) carrying a dominant mutation only affecting the pollen-part function. Named Pma1, this line was classified as a true SC, since it set seed in C30% of pollina ...
... changed) lines and used for further analysis. Genetic analysis of the pollen SC mutant Pma1 Among the IC lines, we identified a plant (IC2094) carrying a dominant mutation only affecting the pollen-part function. Named Pma1, this line was classified as a true SC, since it set seed in C30% of pollina ...
tundra adaptations
... Similarly, arctic foxes have shorter ears than do desert kit foxes. Even lemmings are larger and have smaller ears and tails than do most other mouselike animals. Large body size and short appendages are adaptations that reduce heat loss and resist the cold. The amount of heat loss increases as the ...
... Similarly, arctic foxes have shorter ears than do desert kit foxes. Even lemmings are larger and have smaller ears and tails than do most other mouselike animals. Large body size and short appendages are adaptations that reduce heat loss and resist the cold. The amount of heat loss increases as the ...
Intraguild predation among plant pests
... intraguild predators will always exclude intraguild prey in environments with high productivity (Polis et al. 1989). Productivity is likely to be high in cropping systems, but the period of cropping is so short that equilibria may not be reached (Briggs and Borer 2005), i.e. intraguild prey may not ...
... intraguild predators will always exclude intraguild prey in environments with high productivity (Polis et al. 1989). Productivity is likely to be high in cropping systems, but the period of cropping is so short that equilibria may not be reached (Briggs and Borer 2005), i.e. intraguild prey may not ...
Johnson et al. 2010 eating parasites
... structure [6–8], the ecological significance of parasite ingestion has rarely been considered, particularly when consumption does not lead to transmission. Here, we Glossary Biological control: the intentional introduction of predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce the population of a ‘pest’ sp ...
... structure [6–8], the ecological significance of parasite ingestion has rarely been considered, particularly when consumption does not lead to transmission. Here, we Glossary Biological control: the intentional introduction of predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce the population of a ‘pest’ sp ...
When parasites become prey - University of Colorado Boulder
... structure [6–8], the ecological significance of parasite ingestion has rarely been considered, particularly when consumption does not lead to transmission. Here, we Glossary Biological control: the intentional introduction of predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce the population of a ‘pest’ sp ...
... structure [6–8], the ecological significance of parasite ingestion has rarely been considered, particularly when consumption does not lead to transmission. Here, we Glossary Biological control: the intentional introduction of predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce the population of a ‘pest’ sp ...
Understanding the combined biodiversity benefits of the component
... cases, populations of animals and plants depend to a considerable extent upon the hedge itself as a place where they reside and maintain populations. In other cases, hedges may be seasonally important for animals whose breeding grounds lie far away. 1.4. In all cases, it is unlikely that a single co ...
... cases, populations of animals and plants depend to a considerable extent upon the hedge itself as a place where they reside and maintain populations. In other cases, hedges may be seasonally important for animals whose breeding grounds lie far away. 1.4. In all cases, it is unlikely that a single co ...
Character Convergence under Competition for Nutritionally
... (León and Tumpson 1975; Grover 1997). Adaptive evolution therefore should alter species’ traits so that essential resources are consumed in an optimal ratio matching nutritional requirements, leading to colimitation of fitness by all resources (Tilman 1982; Bloom et al. 1985; Abrams 1987a). Selecti ...
... (León and Tumpson 1975; Grover 1997). Adaptive evolution therefore should alter species’ traits so that essential resources are consumed in an optimal ratio matching nutritional requirements, leading to colimitation of fitness by all resources (Tilman 1982; Bloom et al. 1985; Abrams 1987a). Selecti ...
Consumption of Opuntias
... the trunks of platyopuntias using various materials (e.g., cladodes, twigs, dung, garbage). As there are no differences in the percentage of plants associated with packrat dens among different varieties (Table 7.3), differences in consumption must be attributed to the forage quality of the plants. The ...
... the trunks of platyopuntias using various materials (e.g., cladodes, twigs, dung, garbage). As there are no differences in the percentage of plants associated with packrat dens among different varieties (Table 7.3), differences in consumption must be attributed to the forage quality of the plants. The ...
FD is a package
... are specified (i.e. w is missing), a species-species Euclidean distance matrix is computed via dist. Otherwise, a Gower dissimilarity matrix is computed via gowdis. If x is a distance matrix, it is taken as is. When x is a single trait, species with NAs are first excluded to avoid NAs in the distanc ...
... are specified (i.e. w is missing), a species-species Euclidean distance matrix is computed via dist. Otherwise, a Gower dissimilarity matrix is computed via gowdis. If x is a distance matrix, it is taken as is. When x is a single trait, species with NAs are first excluded to avoid NAs in the distanc ...
Evolutionary Change in Continuous Reaction Norms
... among the genotypes. If multiple traits were examined in the same study, all available phenotypic data were collected. We recorded study species, species type (vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, or microbe), number of environments investigated, location of the study (field vs. controlled environments) ...
... among the genotypes. If multiple traits were examined in the same study, all available phenotypic data were collected. We recorded study species, species type (vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, or microbe), number of environments investigated, location of the study (field vs. controlled environments) ...
Evolutionary Change in Continuous Reaction Norms
... among the genotypes. If multiple traits were examined in the same study, all available phenotypic data were collected. We recorded study species, species type (vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, or microbe), number of environments investigated, location of the study (field vs. controlled environments) ...
... among the genotypes. If multiple traits were examined in the same study, all available phenotypic data were collected. We recorded study species, species type (vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, or microbe), number of environments investigated, location of the study (field vs. controlled environments) ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... are easy and quick to use, and seeds can be placed precisely at the sowing spot. However, there is a tendency to bury seeds too deep when using sowing sticks. They are thus mostly suitable for large seeds. Sowing depth should generally not be more than 2-3 times the diameter of the seed. Pre-germina ...
... are easy and quick to use, and seeds can be placed precisely at the sowing spot. However, there is a tendency to bury seeds too deep when using sowing sticks. They are thus mostly suitable for large seeds. Sowing depth should generally not be more than 2-3 times the diameter of the seed. Pre-germina ...
Hominid-Carnivore Coevolution and Invasion
... species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species are seen to diverge in one or more morphological, ecological, or behavioral traits to effect more even partitioning of resources and reduce levels of interspecific competition. Character ...
... species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species are seen to diverge in one or more morphological, ecological, or behavioral traits to effect more even partitioning of resources and reduce levels of interspecific competition. Character ...
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISK TO POPULATIONS OF A
... the testing. The preference and performance tests that form the host specificity evaluation compare insect response to a phylogenetically centrifugal series of plant species (McEvoy 1996, Thomas and Willis 1998, Schaffner 2001). Relative performance of individuals in these tests is used to define th ...
... the testing. The preference and performance tests that form the host specificity evaluation compare insect response to a phylogenetically centrifugal series of plant species (McEvoy 1996, Thomas and Willis 1998, Schaffner 2001). Relative performance of individuals in these tests is used to define th ...
Rove Beetles of the World, Staphylinidae - EDIS
... of the Pacific coast of the US and Canada. It is conceivable that Polyobus spp. (Aleocharinae) do the same for Espeletia spp. (Asteraceae) in the northern Andes of South America. Charoxus spp. (Aleocharinae) have a different, yet highly specialized obligate relationship with plants—the adults are at ...
... of the Pacific coast of the US and Canada. It is conceivable that Polyobus spp. (Aleocharinae) do the same for Espeletia spp. (Asteraceae) in the northern Andes of South America. Charoxus spp. (Aleocharinae) have a different, yet highly specialized obligate relationship with plants—the adults are at ...
1 FAOyieke FOREWARD This manual provides detailed instructions
... or living insect the ocelli are usually easily located. You will find one on each side near the bases of the antennae and the third one in a median groove on the “face” or frons of the insect. The main sclerites of the head are as follows: Vertex, the top of the head; frons, the face below and betwe ...
... or living insect the ocelli are usually easily located. You will find one on each side near the bases of the antennae and the third one in a median groove on the “face” or frons of the insect. The main sclerites of the head are as follows: Vertex, the top of the head; frons, the face below and betwe ...
Interpreting evolutionary diagrams: When topology and process
... area that is typically poorly taught and woefully underrepresented in the research literature. This is the topic we examine in the present research. Understanding macroevolution implies understanding evolutionary history. Hypotheses about evolutionary history are generally depicted in phylogenetic d ...
... area that is typically poorly taught and woefully underrepresented in the research literature. This is the topic we examine in the present research. Understanding macroevolution implies understanding evolutionary history. Hypotheses about evolutionary history are generally depicted in phylogenetic d ...
Losos_Seeing - Harvard University
... effect—i.e., that is, a relationship between degree of phylogenetic relatedness and degree of phenotypic similarity—was found in different taxa and types of characters (Freckleton et al., 2002; Blomberg et al., 2003). Regardless of its exact frequency, lack of phylogenetic effect is widely reported ...
... effect—i.e., that is, a relationship between degree of phylogenetic relatedness and degree of phenotypic similarity—was found in different taxa and types of characters (Freckleton et al., 2002; Blomberg et al., 2003). Regardless of its exact frequency, lack of phylogenetic effect is widely reported ...
Significance and extent of secondary seed dispersal by predatory
... predatory birds act as generalized secondary dispersal vectors in the Canaries by documenting the wide variety of plant species involved in this multi-step ecological process, (ii) the biogeographical range of the plant species implicated, (iii) the inter-island variation of the secondary dispersal ...
... predatory birds act as generalized secondary dispersal vectors in the Canaries by documenting the wide variety of plant species involved in this multi-step ecological process, (ii) the biogeographical range of the plant species implicated, (iii) the inter-island variation of the secondary dispersal ...
Ruane, L. G. and K. Donohue. 2007. Environmental effects on pollen
... Postpollination mechanisms of reproductive isolation can critically influence the amount of gene flow between hybridizing species. While much evidence exists for genetically based pollen–pistil incompatibility, we show that environmental variation also influences the postpollination performance of h ...
... Postpollination mechanisms of reproductive isolation can critically influence the amount of gene flow between hybridizing species. While much evidence exists for genetically based pollen–pistil incompatibility, we show that environmental variation also influences the postpollination performance of h ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.