Ant-mediated seed dispersal - Scholar Press
... an emerging view that recognizes that only a few, specific ant species provide effective dispersal services (GOVE & al. 2007, NESS & al. 2009). We examined literature for this review that is focused on recent insights and ideas about myrmecochory. We started with papers that we deemed important beca ...
... an emerging view that recognizes that only a few, specific ant species provide effective dispersal services (GOVE & al. 2007, NESS & al. 2009). We examined literature for this review that is focused on recent insights and ideas about myrmecochory. We started with papers that we deemed important beca ...
Parasitoids of European Butterflies
... free-living and the larvae develop (whether solitarily or gregariously) by feeding on a single immature host which is killed as a result (cases of survival have occasionally been reported, especially involving Tachinidae). Some other organisms such as Mermithidae (Phylum Nematoda) have life-styles c ...
... free-living and the larvae develop (whether solitarily or gregariously) by feeding on a single immature host which is killed as a result (cases of survival have occasionally been reported, especially involving Tachinidae). Some other organisms such as Mermithidae (Phylum Nematoda) have life-styles c ...
Ecological Entomology - University of Denver
... physical and chemical defences, including stinging spines, while others are behaviourally and morphologically cryptic (Murphy et al., 2010). Taken together, these traits suggest that natural enemies have played an important role in their evolution. Indeed, limacodid caterpillars suffer high mortalit ...
... physical and chemical defences, including stinging spines, while others are behaviourally and morphologically cryptic (Murphy et al., 2010). Taken together, these traits suggest that natural enemies have played an important role in their evolution. Indeed, limacodid caterpillars suffer high mortalit ...
CTFS Proceedings 2007 - Center for Tropical Forest Science
... The CTFS-AA International Field Biology Course is an annual, graduate-level field course in tropical forest biology run by the Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum Asia Program (CTFS-AA; www.ctfs.si.edu) in collaboration with institutional partners in South and Southeast Asia. The C ...
... The CTFS-AA International Field Biology Course is an annual, graduate-level field course in tropical forest biology run by the Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum Asia Program (CTFS-AA; www.ctfs.si.edu) in collaboration with institutional partners in South and Southeast Asia. The C ...
Parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality
... (i.e. the more ‘exploratory’ fish) harboured significantly higher levels of infection with ‘blackspot’ (Neascus sp.), and significantly lower levels of infection with ‘white grub’ (Posthodiplostomum minimum) when compared with the population at large. One interpretation of these results is that natu ...
... (i.e. the more ‘exploratory’ fish) harboured significantly higher levels of infection with ‘blackspot’ (Neascus sp.), and significantly lower levels of infection with ‘white grub’ (Posthodiplostomum minimum) when compared with the population at large. One interpretation of these results is that natu ...
Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology
... approaches cope with all of the above issues (Adams 2008; Lajeunesse 2009). This is a promising approach which will help ecologists and evolutionary biologists improve our understanding of patterns of phenotypic selection. In this study we assessed the patterns of phenotypic selection on flowering p ...
... approaches cope with all of the above issues (Adams 2008; Lajeunesse 2009). This is a promising approach which will help ecologists and evolutionary biologists improve our understanding of patterns of phenotypic selection. In this study we assessed the patterns of phenotypic selection on flowering p ...
Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi - e
... due to pests reaches 20-30% in most crops, despite the substantial increase in the use of pesticides (about 500 thousand tons globally active ingredient) this is a symptom of the environmental crisis that affects the agriculture [2]. Other sources report that the losses in agricultural production wo ...
... due to pests reaches 20-30% in most crops, despite the substantial increase in the use of pesticides (about 500 thousand tons globally active ingredient) this is a symptom of the environmental crisis that affects the agriculture [2]. Other sources report that the losses in agricultural production wo ...
Protection by association: evidence for aposematic commensalism
... even but random distribution. Treatments were placed out in a random order with a minimum of 10 m between each group. To aid in the collection of groups after the experiments, a coloured golf tee was placed three paces to the north of each group. As an extra precaution, a brief note of the golf tee’ ...
... even but random distribution. Treatments were placed out in a random order with a minimum of 10 m between each group. To aid in the collection of groups after the experiments, a coloured golf tee was placed three paces to the north of each group. As an extra precaution, a brief note of the golf tee’ ...
feature theory and the two-step hypothesis of m ¨ullerian mimicry
... senses other than vision, such as olfaction and audition (Rowe and Guilford 2001). Considering a complex prey phenotype with components that are controlled by separate genetic loci, it is unlikely that large mutations would occur in two or more of these loci simultaneously and establish sufficient s ...
... senses other than vision, such as olfaction and audition (Rowe and Guilford 2001). Considering a complex prey phenotype with components that are controlled by separate genetic loci, it is unlikely that large mutations would occur in two or more of these loci simultaneously and establish sufficient s ...
COMMON TRAIL INSECTS OF BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK by
... part of the southem portion of the Ouachita Trough, which extended northeastward as far as Oklahoma and Arkansas, and was covered by a deep sea (Maxwell 1968, Moore 1989). For millions of years, sediment washed down from the continent to the north and was deposited into the trough. During the Pennsy ...
... part of the southem portion of the Ouachita Trough, which extended northeastward as far as Oklahoma and Arkansas, and was covered by a deep sea (Maxwell 1968, Moore 1989). For millions of years, sediment washed down from the continent to the north and was deposited into the trough. During the Pennsy ...
Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size
... If the insects had hit on a plan for driving air through their tissues instead of letting it soak in, they might have become as large as lobsters, though other considerations would have prevented them from becoming as large as man. (Haldane 1926) ...
... If the insects had hit on a plan for driving air through their tissues instead of letting it soak in, they might have become as large as lobsters, though other considerations would have prevented them from becoming as large as man. (Haldane 1926) ...
Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys
... Tompkins & Begon 1999), they are still often disregarded unless clinical symptoms are widely documented in the population and are seen to be a major cause of mortality (Holmes 1982; Tompkins et al. 2002a). This is a fallacy – low visibility of disease need not indicate low importance. Since the earl ...
... Tompkins & Begon 1999), they are still often disregarded unless clinical symptoms are widely documented in the population and are seen to be a major cause of mortality (Holmes 1982; Tompkins et al. 2002a). This is a fallacy – low visibility of disease need not indicate low importance. Since the earl ...
Centaurea solstitialis Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle ( ) in the Salmon River
... were not viable. Therefore, although all seeds in the seedhead were removed and tallied, we identified only the undamaged, fully formed seeds as being viable. The estimated effects of the seedhead insects were based on the mean number and viability of seeds that we found in the seedhead samples from ...
... were not viable. Therefore, although all seeds in the seedhead were removed and tallied, we identified only the undamaged, fully formed seeds as being viable. The estimated effects of the seedhead insects were based on the mean number and viability of seeds that we found in the seedhead samples from ...
Lepidoptera! - Spark Innovations
... stung by a wasp you would probably avoid all flying insects which resemble the brightly-colored yellow and black wasp. If you were a bird and certain types of butterflies gave you a serious belly-ache after eating them, you would probably avoid eating all butterflies resembling that type. It’s just ...
... stung by a wasp you would probably avoid all flying insects which resemble the brightly-colored yellow and black wasp. If you were a bird and certain types of butterflies gave you a serious belly-ache after eating them, you would probably avoid eating all butterflies resembling that type. It’s just ...
Conservation Assessment of Satyrium polingi organensis - bison-m
... taxa all utilize shrubby (and mostly evergreen) oaks. Other oak species are used by nominate SP elsewhere, and those same oaks are present on WSMR or SANWR. Year 2 Action Item: Investigate other oak species as potential larval host plants for SPO. Predation and parasitism also tend to occur primaril ...
... taxa all utilize shrubby (and mostly evergreen) oaks. Other oak species are used by nominate SP elsewhere, and those same oaks are present on WSMR or SANWR. Year 2 Action Item: Investigate other oak species as potential larval host plants for SPO. Predation and parasitism also tend to occur primaril ...
Ants for—and as—Wildlife
... most of the weight of an ant is digestible protein; a fist-sized serving (100 grams) can contain as much as 500-600 calories of energy and many crucial amino acids and micronutrients (Bukkens 1997). If bears and woodpeckers can get up to a third of their daily energy intake from ants, why can’t we? ...
... most of the weight of an ant is digestible protein; a fist-sized serving (100 grams) can contain as much as 500-600 calories of energy and many crucial amino acids and micronutrients (Bukkens 1997). If bears and woodpeckers can get up to a third of their daily energy intake from ants, why can’t we? ...
Full-Text PDF
... patrolling ants have attracted many social parasites that heavily impact the ant society fitness [24]. It is uncertain when these associations exactly arose, although there is evidence that they are evolutionarily ancient phenomena [25]. Peculiar traits of ants as eusocial organisms therefore allowe ...
... patrolling ants have attracted many social parasites that heavily impact the ant society fitness [24]. It is uncertain when these associations exactly arose, although there is evidence that they are evolutionarily ancient phenomena [25]. Peculiar traits of ants as eusocial organisms therefore allowe ...
predation risk affects relative strength of top-down
... Insight into the mechanism underlying the relative susceptibility of the various sap-feeders to spider predation was gained by determining their behavioral responses to an advancing artificial spider. The escape responses of the five sap-feeders (P. marginata, P. dolus, D. penedetecta, S. aestuarium ...
... Insight into the mechanism underlying the relative susceptibility of the various sap-feeders to spider predation was gained by determining their behavioral responses to an advancing artificial spider. The escape responses of the five sap-feeders (P. marginata, P. dolus, D. penedetecta, S. aestuarium ...
prey community
... communities. Although T. pyriformis selection was constrained in the presence of the intraguild predator, T. vorax, T. pyriformis selection led to evolution of specialised prey defence strategies in the presence of C. paramecium or A. polyphaga. At the ecological level, adapted prey populations were ...
... communities. Although T. pyriformis selection was constrained in the presence of the intraguild predator, T. vorax, T. pyriformis selection led to evolution of specialised prey defence strategies in the presence of C. paramecium or A. polyphaga. At the ecological level, adapted prey populations were ...
adult and larva of moths of pennsylvania
... collectors. The remaining moths are collectively referred to a "microlepidoptera" which are small, confusingly similar and very difficult to identify and therefore not readily added to a collection. Their importance, though, as economic pests to human societies and their biological valuable in the s ...
... collectors. The remaining moths are collectively referred to a "microlepidoptera" which are small, confusingly similar and very difficult to identify and therefore not readily added to a collection. Their importance, though, as economic pests to human societies and their biological valuable in the s ...
Are Tree Species Diversity and Genotypic Diversity Effects on Insect
... abundance and diversity because of increased availability of refuges and diversity of resources (“Enemies Hypothesis”) [24, 25], and this is expected to drive greater predation rates and thus reductions in herbivore abundance. The effects of omnivores and predators on herbivores may in turn depend u ...
... abundance and diversity because of increased availability of refuges and diversity of resources (“Enemies Hypothesis”) [24, 25], and this is expected to drive greater predation rates and thus reductions in herbivore abundance. The effects of omnivores and predators on herbivores may in turn depend u ...
Feeding by lepidopteran larvae is dangerous
... some parasitoids may be more tolerant of toxins than previously thought, and in some cases parasitoids sequester chemicals from their hosts (Duffey et al., 1986; Gauld and Bolton, 1991; Rossini et al., 2000; Bowers, 2003). In summary, several different classes of allelochemicals are sequestered by h ...
... some parasitoids may be more tolerant of toxins than previously thought, and in some cases parasitoids sequester chemicals from their hosts (Duffey et al., 1986; Gauld and Bolton, 1991; Rossini et al., 2000; Bowers, 2003). In summary, several different classes of allelochemicals are sequestered by h ...
Development and distribution of predators and parasitoids during
... Thanasimus spp. were present only in moderate numbers and mainly in the first year. It is conspicuous that the density of predators in the first year of investigation was approx. 8 times higher than in the second year. Among the parasitic groups, Pteromalidae reached the highest numbers. The genus Rop ...
... Thanasimus spp. were present only in moderate numbers and mainly in the first year. It is conspicuous that the density of predators in the first year of investigation was approx. 8 times higher than in the second year. Among the parasitic groups, Pteromalidae reached the highest numbers. The genus Rop ...
Leaf ties as colonization sites for forest arthropods
... other leaf-tying species and by non-tying inquilines (herbivores, scavengers, predators, and parasitoids) is extremely common, resulting in sequential occupation by an array of arthropods over the course of a season (Lill, 2004). Previous work in this system showed that the presence of leaf ties on ...
... other leaf-tying species and by non-tying inquilines (herbivores, scavengers, predators, and parasitoids) is extremely common, resulting in sequential occupation by an array of arthropods over the course of a season (Lill, 2004). Previous work in this system showed that the presence of leaf ties on ...
toxic moths: source of a truly safe delicacy - e
... phaegea was acyanogenic, and we could not detect any other toxic compounds in this insect with our LC-MS procedure. However, Rothschild et al. (1984) previously reported that Syntomis spp. contain pyrazines as deterrent compounds, and the ingluvies of S. phaegea that we collected tasted bad to us, s ...
... phaegea was acyanogenic, and we could not detect any other toxic compounds in this insect with our LC-MS procedure. However, Rothschild et al. (1984) previously reported that Syntomis spp. contain pyrazines as deterrent compounds, and the ingluvies of S. phaegea that we collected tasted bad to us, s ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.