Aposematic Caterpillars: Life-Styles of the Warningly Colored and
... ria (Honda 1983; Damman 1986), or chemicals sequestered from their host plants (Duffey 1980; Blum 1983; Bowers 1990). Insects that are unpalatable are particularly interesting in that they not only use their bad taste or unpleasant odor as a defense, but they usually also advertise this defense to w ...
... ria (Honda 1983; Damman 1986), or chemicals sequestered from their host plants (Duffey 1980; Blum 1983; Bowers 1990). Insects that are unpalatable are particularly interesting in that they not only use their bad taste or unpleasant odor as a defense, but they usually also advertise this defense to w ...
The effects of landscape fragmentation on
... literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses explaining how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics. Landscape disturbance primarily influences three components of pollination interactions: pollinator density, movement, and plant dem ...
... literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses explaining how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics. Landscape disturbance primarily influences three components of pollination interactions: pollinator density, movement, and plant dem ...
Untangling the roles of parasites in food webs with
... ity are three-fold: (i) the goodness-of-fit for the model, formalized as an AUC statistic (see Supporting Information S2) on the observed predation links, which quantifies the ability of the model to correctly distinguish between observed predation links and observed non-feeding pairs; (ii) the fitt ...
... ity are three-fold: (i) the goodness-of-fit for the model, formalized as an AUC statistic (see Supporting Information S2) on the observed predation links, which quantifies the ability of the model to correctly distinguish between observed predation links and observed non-feeding pairs; (ii) the fitt ...
Eco07
... Coevolution is a type of community evolution. Coevolution is the joint evolution of two or more noninterbreeding species that have a close ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores, large organisms and their microorganism symbionts, or parasites and their hosts. Through reciprocal s ...
... Coevolution is a type of community evolution. Coevolution is the joint evolution of two or more noninterbreeding species that have a close ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores, large organisms and their microorganism symbionts, or parasites and their hosts. Through reciprocal s ...
Biological Conservation 141:601-609
... in size between parasitized and unparasitized nestlings in mass, tarsus, beak gape, beak length, or beak width (Table 3). In all cases, except beak depth, the 95% confidence intervals of the slopes include one. Beak depth is the only variable for which the 95% confidence intervals do not encompass a ...
... in size between parasitized and unparasitized nestlings in mass, tarsus, beak gape, beak length, or beak width (Table 3). In all cases, except beak depth, the 95% confidence intervals of the slopes include one. Beak depth is the only variable for which the 95% confidence intervals do not encompass a ...
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS: INCORPORATING INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION
... Matrices of two dipteran species representing linkage level partitioning among conspecifics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total niche width (TNW) partition into within-individual (WIC) and between-individual (BIC) components. . . . . . . . . . . . . Path diagram showing the relative eff ...
... Matrices of two dipteran species representing linkage level partitioning among conspecifics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total niche width (TNW) partition into within-individual (WIC) and between-individual (BIC) components. . . . . . . . . . . . . Path diagram showing the relative eff ...
QUESTION: Review
... • Coevolution = hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations - Has been called an “evolutionary arms race” - Each evolves new responses to the other - It may not be beneficial to the parasite to kill its host • Two types: a) Mutualistic Coevolution (+/+) = when coevolution o ...
... • Coevolution = hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations - Has been called an “evolutionary arms race” - Each evolves new responses to the other - It may not be beneficial to the parasite to kill its host • Two types: a) Mutualistic Coevolution (+/+) = when coevolution o ...
Mistletoe and Wildlife- a positive view of a parasite
... Their long association with native plants, on which they are dependent, suggests that the relationship is not one in which the mistletoe has complete dominance under natural conditions. For example, it is not unusual to find a mistletoe plant dead on a living tree, although the reasons for this (e.g ...
... Their long association with native plants, on which they are dependent, suggests that the relationship is not one in which the mistletoe has complete dominance under natural conditions. For example, it is not unusual to find a mistletoe plant dead on a living tree, although the reasons for this (e.g ...
Predicting Trophic Cascades in an Antagonistic
... This work benefitted from many hours of volunteer assistance. Fieldwork was assisted by Dan Erickson, Cody Foster, Nic Easley, Travis McDevitt-Galles, Ira Jackson and Jacob Godinez. The FSU biology discussion and seed-sorting group volunteered to help measure plant reproduction. Jorge Santiago-Blay ...
... This work benefitted from many hours of volunteer assistance. Fieldwork was assisted by Dan Erickson, Cody Foster, Nic Easley, Travis McDevitt-Galles, Ira Jackson and Jacob Godinez. The FSU biology discussion and seed-sorting group volunteered to help measure plant reproduction. Jorge Santiago-Blay ...
Adaptive resemblance: a unifying concept for
... included under the heading of ‘mimicry’, (2) there is a lack of unanimity regarding some of the concepts involved in discussing mimicry, and (3) there is no uniform theoretical base for an inclusive concept of mimicry (sensu lato). For the most part, the best documentation and most of the experiment ...
... included under the heading of ‘mimicry’, (2) there is a lack of unanimity regarding some of the concepts involved in discussing mimicry, and (3) there is no uniform theoretical base for an inclusive concept of mimicry (sensu lato). For the most part, the best documentation and most of the experiment ...
ecological and reproductive character displacement
... to identify on the basis of observational data alone. In two-species systems, the most commonly identified (i.e., classic) resulting pattern is greater phenotypic difference between species in sympatry than allopatry. We show that restricting studies to this pattern may exclude many instances of cha ...
... to identify on the basis of observational data alone. In two-species systems, the most commonly identified (i.e., classic) resulting pattern is greater phenotypic difference between species in sympatry than allopatry. We show that restricting studies to this pattern may exclude many instances of cha ...
Background - Sacramento - California State University
... accurately assessed is satisfied. Additionally, each patch may be linked by the dispersal of multiple interacting species. As for Leibold’s second requirement, it is assumed that different insect species will respond to processes at different spatial scales. This system was therefore appropriate for ...
... accurately assessed is satisfied. Additionally, each patch may be linked by the dispersal of multiple interacting species. As for Leibold’s second requirement, it is assumed that different insect species will respond to processes at different spatial scales. This system was therefore appropriate for ...
Evolving aphids: one genome-one organism insects or
... by microorganisms. In view of this assumption, the evolution of holobionts can occur by changes in the host genome and/or in any of the hosted microbial genome, and relies on the cooperation between the genomes within the holobiont, as much as on competition with other holobionts. Similarly, genetic ...
... by microorganisms. In view of this assumption, the evolution of holobionts can occur by changes in the host genome and/or in any of the hosted microbial genome, and relies on the cooperation between the genomes within the holobiont, as much as on competition with other holobionts. Similarly, genetic ...
PDF copy - Integrative Biology - University of California, Berkeley
... glide duration, and capacity to maneuver. Once in the air, gliding animals typically accelerate until the resultant of lift and drag forces acting on the organism equals the weight of the animal, producing a constant airspeed and glide angle (see Figure 1). Recent studies, however, have found that a ...
... glide duration, and capacity to maneuver. Once in the air, gliding animals typically accelerate until the resultant of lift and drag forces acting on the organism equals the weight of the animal, producing a constant airspeed and glide angle (see Figure 1). Recent studies, however, have found that a ...
The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw
... release of a latch mechanism and is triggered by long hairlike cuticular mechanoreceptors ("trigger hairs"). This trapjaw condition has evolved once each in the subfamilies Ponerinae (Anochetus and Odontomachus) and Formicinae (Myrmoteras), and at least twice in the subfamily Myrmicinae (tribe Dace ...
... release of a latch mechanism and is triggered by long hairlike cuticular mechanoreceptors ("trigger hairs"). This trapjaw condition has evolved once each in the subfamilies Ponerinae (Anochetus and Odontomachus) and Formicinae (Myrmoteras), and at least twice in the subfamily Myrmicinae (tribe Dace ...
The peppered moth: a black and white story after all
... and butterflies". It became more difficult to justify basic studies of natural selection; people were beginning to be interested in the wrinkles and exceptions as well. My colleague Steve Jones (1982) epitomised this phase of the peppered moth story with a commentary entitled "More to melanism than ...
... and butterflies". It became more difficult to justify basic studies of natural selection; people were beginning to be interested in the wrinkles and exceptions as well. My colleague Steve Jones (1982) epitomised this phase of the peppered moth story with a commentary entitled "More to melanism than ...
insects_friends_and_foes_revised_6-30-11doc
... Some changes in ecosystems occur slowly and others occur rapidly. Changes can affect life forms, including humans. Humans impact ecosystems in both positive and negative ways. Humans can help improve the health of ecosystems so that they provide habitats for plants and animals and resources for huma ...
... Some changes in ecosystems occur slowly and others occur rapidly. Changes can affect life forms, including humans. Humans impact ecosystems in both positive and negative ways. Humans can help improve the health of ecosystems so that they provide habitats for plants and animals and resources for huma ...
parasitism food web module
... apparent competition, b food chain trophic cascade, c exploitative competition, and d (+,−) indirect interactions. N1, N2, and N3 are species densities. Solid lines show direct interactions between consumer and resource species; arrows point from the resource to consumer species. Dashed lines with d ...
... apparent competition, b food chain trophic cascade, c exploitative competition, and d (+,−) indirect interactions. N1, N2, and N3 are species densities. Solid lines show direct interactions between consumer and resource species; arrows point from the resource to consumer species. Dashed lines with d ...
Test 2 Ch 3 and 4.2 - Kenton County Schools
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
Chapter 36 – Communities and Ecosystems
... 1. Medicine – e.g. rosy periwinkle for cancer (Fig. 38.1) 2. Direct consumption – agriculture, wood etc. 3. Regulation of environment – waste disposal, climate control. b. Causes of loss/extinction i. Habitat destruction – number 1 cause – 73% of all extinctions 1. Global warming – alters biosphere ...
... 1. Medicine – e.g. rosy periwinkle for cancer (Fig. 38.1) 2. Direct consumption – agriculture, wood etc. 3. Regulation of environment – waste disposal, climate control. b. Causes of loss/extinction i. Habitat destruction – number 1 cause – 73% of all extinctions 1. Global warming – alters biosphere ...
Common Insects - The Nunavut Bilingual Education Society
... spiders are included in this book, they will be discussed in a separate section. Classes are further divided into orders, families, genera, and species. Each grouping becomes more specific until you end up with only one species. The language used to classify all living things is Latin. Specific inse ...
... spiders are included in this book, they will be discussed in a separate section. Classes are further divided into orders, families, genera, and species. Each grouping becomes more specific until you end up with only one species. The language used to classify all living things is Latin. Specific inse ...
Chapter 26: Arthropods
... arthropods have gills, like those shown in Figure 26.6, that function in the same way as the gills in mollusks. All terrestrial arthropod body tissues need to be near airways to obtain oxygen. Terrestrial arthropods depend on respiratory systems rather than circulatory systems to carry oxygen to cel ...
... arthropods have gills, like those shown in Figure 26.6, that function in the same way as the gills in mollusks. All terrestrial arthropod body tissues need to be near airways to obtain oxygen. Terrestrial arthropods depend on respiratory systems rather than circulatory systems to carry oxygen to cel ...
effects of gypsy moth outbreaks on north american woodpeckers
... paper maps that were scanned and compiled in a GIS format by AML. Defoliations from 2000 to 2008 were recorded and archived directly into a GIS (Liebhold et al. 1997). For each year, we compiled all cases in which gypsy moth defoliation occurred within the range of one or both surveys (estimated to ...
... paper maps that were scanned and compiled in a GIS format by AML. Defoliations from 2000 to 2008 were recorded and archived directly into a GIS (Liebhold et al. 1997). For each year, we compiled all cases in which gypsy moth defoliation occurred within the range of one or both surveys (estimated to ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.