Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior
... The idea that a parasite can modify the phenotype of its host, by either taking control of host behavior or changing the host’s appearance, may have first appeared in science fiction stories, but is now a well-established concept in the study of animal behavior. From the first empirical demonstratio ...
... The idea that a parasite can modify the phenotype of its host, by either taking control of host behavior or changing the host’s appearance, may have first appeared in science fiction stories, but is now a well-established concept in the study of animal behavior. From the first empirical demonstratio ...
Limiting Similarity Revisited
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Non-target effects of insect biocontrol agents and trends in host
... are discussed below individually because impacts vary spatially, temporally, or among non-target species. (a) Compsilura concinnata. This parasitoid, released in North America in 1905, was one species among a large group of parasitoids and predators introduced against the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispa ...
... are discussed below individually because impacts vary spatially, temporally, or among non-target species. (a) Compsilura concinnata. This parasitoid, released in North America in 1905, was one species among a large group of parasitoids and predators introduced against the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispa ...
Coexistence of two anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A
... Interspecific suppression of reproduction has been reported in two competing damselfishes (genus Dascyllus) which inhabit the same corals (Shpigel & Fishelson 1986) . The two species do not differ greatly in body size and behavior, and frequently interact with each other in the host corals . In each ...
... Interspecific suppression of reproduction has been reported in two competing damselfishes (genus Dascyllus) which inhabit the same corals (Shpigel & Fishelson 1986) . The two species do not differ greatly in body size and behavior, and frequently interact with each other in the host corals . In each ...
Ecological interactions drive evolutionary loss of traits
... The majority of trait loss research has focused on cases in which a change or shift in the environment has driven functional redundancy. However, trait loss can also occur despite a continued functional requirement of the phenotype. In this type of trait loss, the phenotypic function of the trait pe ...
... The majority of trait loss research has focused on cases in which a change or shift in the environment has driven functional redundancy. However, trait loss can also occur despite a continued functional requirement of the phenotype. In this type of trait loss, the phenotypic function of the trait pe ...
Ecological interactions drive evolutionary loss of traits.
... The majority of trait loss research has focused on cases in which a change or shift in the environment has driven functional redundancy. However, trait loss can also occur despite a continued functional requirement of the phenotype. In this type of trait loss, the phenotypic function of the trait pe ...
... The majority of trait loss research has focused on cases in which a change or shift in the environment has driven functional redundancy. However, trait loss can also occur despite a continued functional requirement of the phenotype. In this type of trait loss, the phenotypic function of the trait pe ...
The survival of moth larvae feeding on different plant species in
... The forests have experienced occasional large outbreaks for a long time, which is documented as far back as historical records go, since 1860 (Tenow 1972). Hence the resilience to the outbreaks should be high, but since these environments are very climate sensitive the outbreak severity has increase ...
... The forests have experienced occasional large outbreaks for a long time, which is documented as far back as historical records go, since 1860 (Tenow 1972). Hence the resilience to the outbreaks should be high, but since these environments are very climate sensitive the outbreak severity has increase ...
reprint - Anderson lab - University of Georgia
... 1997; Donohue et al. 2000; Etterson 2004; Hall and Willis 2006). More generally, though the abiotic and biotic environment clearly shapes adaptive landscapes, the ecological causes of selection are poorly known in most systems (Wade and Kalisz 1990; Kingsolver et al. 2012). Only manipulative experim ...
... 1997; Donohue et al. 2000; Etterson 2004; Hall and Willis 2006). More generally, though the abiotic and biotic environment clearly shapes adaptive landscapes, the ecological causes of selection are poorly known in most systems (Wade and Kalisz 1990; Kingsolver et al. 2012). Only manipulative experim ...
Aquatic Insect Ecology
... Neuroptera (spongillaflies), Heteroptera (aquatic and semiaquatic bugs), Coleoptera (water beetles), Diptera (aquatic flies and midges, especially Suborder Nematocera but some Brachycera), and Lepidoptera (aquatic caterpillars). All of these latter groups have important aquatic representatives as im ...
... Neuroptera (spongillaflies), Heteroptera (aquatic and semiaquatic bugs), Coleoptera (water beetles), Diptera (aquatic flies and midges, especially Suborder Nematocera but some Brachycera), and Lepidoptera (aquatic caterpillars). All of these latter groups have important aquatic representatives as im ...
Diet selection exhibited by juvenile and adult lifestages of the
... omnivory (Agustí and Cohen 2000). However, this study suggested that although both species are more adapted for herbivory than carnivory, L. hesperus “might be more suited as a predator than L. lineolaris.” Moreover, it was determined that survival of L. hesperus on insect-free alfalfa was poor and ...
... omnivory (Agustí and Cohen 2000). However, this study suggested that although both species are more adapted for herbivory than carnivory, L. hesperus “might be more suited as a predator than L. lineolaris.” Moreover, it was determined that survival of L. hesperus on insect-free alfalfa was poor and ...
indirect facilitation: evidence and predictions from a riparian
... are particularly rare (Miller 1994, Callaway and Pennings 1998). This may be attributed to the prevalence of strong direct interactions among plants (Goldberg and Barton 1992), yet it is precisely these potent direct interactions that lead to strong indirect effects among competitors (Davidson 1985) ...
... are particularly rare (Miller 1994, Callaway and Pennings 1998). This may be attributed to the prevalence of strong direct interactions among plants (Goldberg and Barton 1992), yet it is precisely these potent direct interactions that lead to strong indirect effects among competitors (Davidson 1985) ...
Conflicts over host manipulation between different parasites and
... evolutionary interests of each of the parasites involved. For example, it can occur between parasites with different transmission strategies (e.g. trophic transmission vs. reproduction within the current host or vertical transmission), different specific interests (e.g. different subsequent hosts) a ...
... evolutionary interests of each of the parasites involved. For example, it can occur between parasites with different transmission strategies (e.g. trophic transmission vs. reproduction within the current host or vertical transmission), different specific interests (e.g. different subsequent hosts) a ...
Collecting and Preserving Insects and Arachnids
... published. Biologists who study the diversity of animals and discover new species give them scientific names, which are published with descriptions of these new species in scientific journals and books. The author of the name is cited after the species name as follows: Musca domestica Linnaeus. Some ...
... published. Biologists who study the diversity of animals and discover new species give them scientific names, which are published with descriptions of these new species in scientific journals and books. The author of the name is cited after the species name as follows: Musca domestica Linnaeus. Some ...
Behavioral changes, ecological niches and adaptive diversification
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
Functional traits, convergent evolution, and periodic tables of niches
... ecological complexity. One way to deal with ecological complexity is to adopt an approach similar to the one employed in chemistry. In the same way, elements can have different isotopes (varying atomic masses, but with essentially the same chemical properties), a niche category could have phenotypic ...
... ecological complexity. One way to deal with ecological complexity is to adopt an approach similar to the one employed in chemistry. In the same way, elements can have different isotopes (varying atomic masses, but with essentially the same chemical properties), a niche category could have phenotypic ...
Plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insects: mechanisms
... induced resistance) and then we address those mechanisms promoting positive interactions (facilitation via induced susceptibility). In several cases of interspecific interaction, the precise mechanism of plant mediation is indeed known. However, much of the mechanistic work on induced resistance, es ...
... induced resistance) and then we address those mechanisms promoting positive interactions (facilitation via induced susceptibility). In several cases of interspecific interaction, the precise mechanism of plant mediation is indeed known. However, much of the mechanistic work on induced resistance, es ...
View PDF - U.W.-Madison Botany
... (Williams, 2002). What was the sequence of steps involved in this transition? What particular ecological conditions and selective forces favored these steps? Here, we first contrast sticky traps as found in Drosera with snap-traps as occur uniquely in Aldrovanda and Dionaea. Although sticky traps an ...
... (Williams, 2002). What was the sequence of steps involved in this transition? What particular ecological conditions and selective forces favored these steps? Here, we first contrast sticky traps as found in Drosera with snap-traps as occur uniquely in Aldrovanda and Dionaea. Although sticky traps an ...
The behavioral ecology of amblypygids
... of them returning after only one (Beck & Görke 1974; Hebets et al. 2014a). Their successful homing in the face of physical displacement demonstrates that path integration is not critical for nightly homing. It is important to note, however, that path integration may nonetheless be important in estab ...
... of them returning after only one (Beck & Görke 1974; Hebets et al. 2014a). Their successful homing in the face of physical displacement demonstrates that path integration is not critical for nightly homing. It is important to note, however, that path integration may nonetheless be important in estab ...
stability of terrestrial ecosystems as to pest organisms
... possibility to spread seeds on the unlimited distance and secure a comfortable media for germination of seeds. Probably, evolutionary advantage of this trait consists also in the fact that the herbivores consume a specialized tissue (fruit parenchima), whereas the seeds bearing hereditary informatio ...
... possibility to spread seeds on the unlimited distance and secure a comfortable media for germination of seeds. Probably, evolutionary advantage of this trait consists also in the fact that the herbivores consume a specialized tissue (fruit parenchima), whereas the seeds bearing hereditary informatio ...
Myrmecophily in beetles (Coleoptera): evolutionary patterns and
... myrmecophily for this article, the term is restricted to species whose livelihoods rely on some aspect of the social structure of colonies, without returning obvious benefits. This covers burdensome social parasites (excluding socially parasitic ants) and extends to scavenging nest dwellers, saproph ...
... myrmecophily for this article, the term is restricted to species whose livelihoods rely on some aspect of the social structure of colonies, without returning obvious benefits. This covers burdensome social parasites (excluding socially parasitic ants) and extends to scavenging nest dwellers, saproph ...
International Conference on Holobionts-abstractspdf
... symbiosis. Recent years have seen advances in our understanding of these symbioses, which are presented here. Studying the diversity of symbionts in different mussel species, we discovered that symbioses were much more diverse than previously thought, including bacteria with unusual lifestyles (such ...
... symbiosis. Recent years have seen advances in our understanding of these symbioses, which are presented here. Studying the diversity of symbionts in different mussel species, we discovered that symbioses were much more diverse than previously thought, including bacteria with unusual lifestyles (such ...
The evolution of Müllerian mimicry | SpringerLink
... Do predators need to learn to avoid unpalatable prey? As Müller immediately recognised (Müller 1878), his theory rests on there being a degree of learnt avoidance of unpalatable prey—if all avoidance were innate then there would be no predators to educate. While there does appear to be some evidence ...
... Do predators need to learn to avoid unpalatable prey? As Müller immediately recognised (Müller 1878), his theory rests on there being a degree of learnt avoidance of unpalatable prey—if all avoidance were innate then there would be no predators to educate. While there does appear to be some evidence ...
Verbascum thapsus Recent Advances in Research REVIEW ARTICLE
... vulnerary, analgesic, antihistaminic, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, bacteristat, cardiodepressant, oestrogenic, fungicide, hypnotic and sedative (Lucas, 1969; Harris, 1972; Null and Null, 1972; Grieve, 1981). The demulcent and emollient properties come from the polysaccharide mucilage and gums ...
... vulnerary, analgesic, antihistaminic, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, bacteristat, cardiodepressant, oestrogenic, fungicide, hypnotic and sedative (Lucas, 1969; Harris, 1972; Null and Null, 1972; Grieve, 1981). The demulcent and emollient properties come from the polysaccharide mucilage and gums ...
THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITES IN RESPONSE TO TOLERANCE
... 1A). The transmission rate will also be correspondingly higher (Fig. 1E). The relationship between tolerance, r, and the ES replication rate, «* T , is illustrated in Figure 2A. The level of virulence, a, experienced by infected hosts is always reduced when a tolerant genotype becomes fixed in the p ...
... 1A). The transmission rate will also be correspondingly higher (Fig. 1E). The relationship between tolerance, r, and the ES replication rate, «* T , is illustrated in Figure 2A. The level of virulence, a, experienced by infected hosts is always reduced when a tolerant genotype becomes fixed in the p ...
A study of secondary seed predation and dispersal in Bornean Peat
... 1992b) and by fruiting phenology and fruit characteristics (Jordano 2000). The potential importance of higher predation pressure close to the parent tree can be complicated by several factors. Insects are suggested to have a small range within which they predate and, as such, dispersal will allow th ...
... 1992b) and by fruiting phenology and fruit characteristics (Jordano 2000). The potential importance of higher predation pressure close to the parent tree can be complicated by several factors. Insects are suggested to have a small range within which they predate and, as such, dispersal will allow th ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.