Partitioning the effects of eco-evolutionary feedbacks on
... populations and subsequent feedbacks with the ecological dynamics can play a critical role in determining how ecosystems respond to perturbations. Previous work has explored how eco-evolutionary feedbacks affect community stability but this work has been limited to either small, specific communities ...
... populations and subsequent feedbacks with the ecological dynamics can play a critical role in determining how ecosystems respond to perturbations. Previous work has explored how eco-evolutionary feedbacks affect community stability but this work has been limited to either small, specific communities ...
through time, particular reference type area
... bryozoans, boring and encrusting bivalves, sessile gastropods and cirripedes. Member (units IVf-1 to ...
... bryozoans, boring and encrusting bivalves, sessile gastropods and cirripedes. Member (units IVf-1 to ...
Natural enemy interactions constrain pest control in complex
... insects only (∼0.8%), indicating that birds played a small direct role in pest control in landscapes with < 25% habitat. In contrast, between ground-dwellers and flying insects, interactions were neutral: combined effects of ground-dwellers and flying insects were not significantly different from the s ...
... insects only (∼0.8%), indicating that birds played a small direct role in pest control in landscapes with < 25% habitat. In contrast, between ground-dwellers and flying insects, interactions were neutral: combined effects of ground-dwellers and flying insects were not significantly different from the s ...
selective agents in the solution of the cryptic patterns of the
... melanism; and also in assessing the importance of predators as selective agents in the solution of the cryptic patterns of the Lepidoptera. The insect I chose for this work was the Peppered Moth, Biston betularia L., Se1idosemid, the most famous example of industrial melanism, and the first to be de ...
... melanism; and also in assessing the importance of predators as selective agents in the solution of the cryptic patterns of the Lepidoptera. The insect I chose for this work was the Peppered Moth, Biston betularia L., Se1idosemid, the most famous example of industrial melanism, and the first to be de ...
Non-Additive Effects of Genotypic Diversity Increase Floral
... altissima indirectly affect flower visitor abundance and richness through their direct effects on floral abundance. These results are some of the first to demonstrate that floral community phenotypes may vary in response to plant genotypic diversity. This represents an important advance as recent st ...
... altissima indirectly affect flower visitor abundance and richness through their direct effects on floral abundance. These results are some of the first to demonstrate that floral community phenotypes may vary in response to plant genotypic diversity. This represents an important advance as recent st ...
MOVING TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL FARMING
... Grain crops like wheat, rice and corn, which make up a large part of global human diets, are mostly pollinated by wind and are not affected by pollinating insects. However, yields of many other plant species either rely upon or benefit from cross-pollination by bees. In fact, animal pollination resu ...
... Grain crops like wheat, rice and corn, which make up a large part of global human diets, are mostly pollinated by wind and are not affected by pollinating insects. However, yields of many other plant species either rely upon or benefit from cross-pollination by bees. In fact, animal pollination resu ...
moving towards ecological farming
... Grain crops like wheat, rice and corn, which make up a large part of global human diets, are mostly pollinated by wind and are not affected by pollinating insects. However, yields of many other plant species either rely upon or benefit from cross-pollination by bees. In fact, animal pollination resu ...
... Grain crops like wheat, rice and corn, which make up a large part of global human diets, are mostly pollinated by wind and are not affected by pollinating insects. However, yields of many other plant species either rely upon or benefit from cross-pollination by bees. In fact, animal pollination resu ...
the reciprocal interaction of angiosperm evolution and tetrapod
... diversified and spread. Open, high-productivity vegetation was better exploited by large herbivores, which diversified, increasing generalized herbivory/disturbance that in turn created more habitat for r-selected angiosperms. ...
... diversified and spread. Open, high-productivity vegetation was better exploited by large herbivores, which diversified, increasing generalized herbivory/disturbance that in turn created more habitat for r-selected angiosperms. ...
A review of parasites in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii
... predation (Marcogliese, 2004). The actions of parasites on hosts may reduce the fitness of infected individuals relative ...
... predation (Marcogliese, 2004). The actions of parasites on hosts may reduce the fitness of infected individuals relative ...
Combinatorial functional diversity: an information theoretical approach
... t denote the number of traits. Every trait is a nominal variable with two states, coded by 0 and 1. For example, 0 may refer to a C3 plant while 1 to a C4 plant. Thus, the assemblage is described by the trait data matrix X containing t rows and s columns such that xij is the value of trait i for spe ...
... t denote the number of traits. Every trait is a nominal variable with two states, coded by 0 and 1. For example, 0 may refer to a C3 plant while 1 to a C4 plant. Thus, the assemblage is described by the trait data matrix X containing t rows and s columns such that xij is the value of trait i for spe ...
Sex allocation, pollen limitation and masting in whitebark pine
... more male cones? (iii) Is male and female cone production synchronous at the site level? (iv) Is female cone maturation higher in high male cone years? (v) Is among-tree synchrony of cone production greater for matured than initiated seed cones? Finally, we use the empirically estimated relationship ...
... more male cones? (iii) Is male and female cone production synchronous at the site level? (iv) Is female cone maturation higher in high male cone years? (v) Is among-tree synchrony of cone production greater for matured than initiated seed cones? Finally, we use the empirically estimated relationship ...
Trait-mediated assembly processes predict successional changes in
... differences can promote local diversity. Understanding these mechanisms requires that we simultaneously quantify their effects on demography and link these effects to community dynamics. Successional forests are ideal systems for testing assembly theory because they exhibit rapid community assembly. ...
... differences can promote local diversity. Understanding these mechanisms requires that we simultaneously quantify their effects on demography and link these effects to community dynamics. Successional forests are ideal systems for testing assembly theory because they exhibit rapid community assembly. ...
An Invasive Species Reduces Aquatic Insect Flux to Terrestrial Food
... terrestrial food webs (e.g. Nakano et al. 1999). These subsidies provide essential nutrients and energy; especially in systems where autochonous primary productivity is low, such as heavily shaded headwater streams (Vannote et al. 1980). Many terrestrial food webs also depend on the energy subsidies ...
... terrestrial food webs (e.g. Nakano et al. 1999). These subsidies provide essential nutrients and energy; especially in systems where autochonous primary productivity is low, such as heavily shaded headwater streams (Vannote et al. 1980). Many terrestrial food webs also depend on the energy subsidies ...
Salinized rivers: degraded systems or new habitats for salt
... Nevertheless, disregarding salinity, riverine environments differ from saline environments in many ways, so that colonizing saline-adapted species will need to cope with other aspects of river life, including unidirectional flow, greater variability in dissolved oxygen, pH, ionic proportions and wat ...
... Nevertheless, disregarding salinity, riverine environments differ from saline environments in many ways, so that colonizing saline-adapted species will need to cope with other aspects of river life, including unidirectional flow, greater variability in dissolved oxygen, pH, ionic proportions and wat ...
Host-plant species modifies the diet of an omnivore feeding on three
... Hence, the effect of omnivores on the population dynamics of their herbivorous prey hinges on the differential effect of plant quality on the omnivore consumption of plant tissue, herbivores and natural enemies of the herbivores (Venzon et al. 2001). In this article, we study the effect of host-plan ...
... Hence, the effect of omnivores on the population dynamics of their herbivorous prey hinges on the differential effect of plant quality on the omnivore consumption of plant tissue, herbivores and natural enemies of the herbivores (Venzon et al. 2001). In this article, we study the effect of host-plan ...
mesquite seeds, bruchid beetles, and
... in the latter, images and ideas remain themselves eternally, while it is the whole idea of evolution that identities melt into each other as they do in a ni ghtmare 11 • G. K. Chesterton The Ball and The Cross ...
... in the latter, images and ideas remain themselves eternally, while it is the whole idea of evolution that identities melt into each other as they do in a ni ghtmare 11 • G. K. Chesterton The Ball and The Cross ...
Get cached PDF
... consequence would be that insect outbreaks (i.e. drastic increases in insect density) should be more frequent in managed systems, such as forest plantations and crop fields, than in natural and more diverse systems. The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima is a major insect pest in plantations of the w ...
... consequence would be that insect outbreaks (i.e. drastic increases in insect density) should be more frequent in managed systems, such as forest plantations and crop fields, than in natural and more diverse systems. The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima is a major insect pest in plantations of the w ...
Crop Domestication and Its Impact on Naturally Selected Trophic
... domesticated crop phenotypes are likely to be ecologically novel with respect to species within higher trophic levels. A key question, then, is to understand how domestication has shaped plant traits and how, in turn, these plant traits may influence species interactions in agriculture. No previous r ...
... domesticated crop phenotypes are likely to be ecologically novel with respect to species within higher trophic levels. A key question, then, is to understand how domestication has shaped plant traits and how, in turn, these plant traits may influence species interactions in agriculture. No previous r ...
Document
... Natural History Museum London, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK University College London, Department of Genetics, WC1E 6BT, London, UK ...
... Natural History Museum London, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK University College London, Department of Genetics, WC1E 6BT, London, UK ...
Interspecific Interactions in Phytophagous Insects: Competition
... bivorous insects consisted mainly of observational studies of resource parti tioning (e.g. 108, 143, 147, 179, 184). The rationale for such studies stemmed from classical competition theory, which predicted that two species could not occupy the same niche and coexist, and that coexistence could be ...
... bivorous insects consisted mainly of observational studies of resource parti tioning (e.g. 108, 143, 147, 179, 184). The rationale for such studies stemmed from classical competition theory, which predicted that two species could not occupy the same niche and coexist, and that coexistence could be ...
Squirrels as predators
... while minimizing the probability of injury. Sciurid rodents, many of them facultative and opportunistic predators, are not morphologically specialized for this role and should therefore possess a wide variety of adaptive attack behaviors. As discussed below, one of these behaviors observed in tree s ...
... while minimizing the probability of injury. Sciurid rodents, many of them facultative and opportunistic predators, are not morphologically specialized for this role and should therefore possess a wide variety of adaptive attack behaviors. As discussed below, one of these behaviors observed in tree s ...
Butterfly Insect Parasitoid Fauna
... habitats and thus at this point these data cannot be used to generalize even hypothetically about parasitoid-host systems under natural conditions. Despite this lack of basic ecological knowledge, there has been an increase in the use of non-native parasitoids as biological controls of pest insects ...
... habitats and thus at this point these data cannot be used to generalize even hypothetically about parasitoid-host systems under natural conditions. Despite this lack of basic ecological knowledge, there has been an increase in the use of non-native parasitoids as biological controls of pest insects ...
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Eastern Mountain
... no obvious means of long-distance dispersal. Seed longevity in the soil is not documented but is probably limited to a few years based on other Geum species. Seeds are easily germinated in cultivation following cold treatment. Vegetative reproduction occurs by stout rhizomes that produce new rosette ...
... no obvious means of long-distance dispersal. Seed longevity in the soil is not documented but is probably limited to a few years based on other Geum species. Seeds are easily germinated in cultivation following cold treatment. Vegetative reproduction occurs by stout rhizomes that produce new rosette ...
Order Aquatic Coleoptera
... Unlike the Hemiptera, the larvae of Coleoptera are morphologically and behaviourally different from the adults, and their diversity is high. In temperate regions, beetles from most major groups commonly exhibit univoltine life cycles. However, multivoltinism is, as might be expected, more common in ...
... Unlike the Hemiptera, the larvae of Coleoptera are morphologically and behaviourally different from the adults, and their diversity is high. In temperate regions, beetles from most major groups commonly exhibit univoltine life cycles. However, multivoltinism is, as might be expected, more common in ...
Consulta: creatorFacets:"Sazima,Ivan" Registros recuperados: 37
... Several bird species feed on a variety of external parasites and epibionts, organic debris, dead and wounded tissue, clots and blood, and secretions from the body of other vertebrates (hosts or clients). We present an overview of so called cleaner birds from the Neotropics based on field records, li ...
... Several bird species feed on a variety of external parasites and epibionts, organic debris, dead and wounded tissue, clots and blood, and secretions from the body of other vertebrates (hosts or clients). We present an overview of so called cleaner birds from the Neotropics based on field records, li ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.