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Contributions to Evolution of reef-associated particular reference decapod 119-130 (2-3) (2003) The Publishing bv, Hague through time, with crustaceans to the Maastrichtian 72 Zoology, SPB Academic type area NL-5283 WB Boxtel, René+H.B. Fraaije Oertijdmuseum de Groene Poort, Bosscheweg 80, Keywords: Decapod evolution, K/T boundary, biostratigraphy crustacean Abstract prior result strata in of twenty some years the Maastrichtian type 1,200 generally small-sized The stratigraphical date from shown the For the first intensive collecting from is (Late Maastrichtian) time, decapod crustacean tools remains local on a are 1887a- 1886;Forir, 1981) suffer from lack of strati- a species are discussed. now turn control. A taxonomic revision of of most to out to regional scale. to 1854; den Binkhorst, van 1881; Pelseneer, 1889; Mulder, graphic these decapod assemblages 1857; Binkhorst remains. thirty-one species known Formation be useful biostratigraphic brachyuran by various authors (Bosquet, 1861; Noetling, of more than c, of the successive collection a anomuran and ranges Maastricht and five of area 1987 to Binkhorst, van The the Netherlands Since 1987, type species by Collins from the et al. 1993), Collins & et al. van al. et (1995). Maastrichtian described and discussed 2002), Fraaye a-c, out (1987), Feldmann al. (1991, al. carried new area were & Collins Introduction was by Fraaye (1990), Jagt et (1995), Fraaye (1996 Bakel (1998) and Jagt et (2000). Rigid collecting from six key sections (see Collins Brachyurans utilize a broad array of including deposit feeding, filter feeding types, feeding, seaweed grazing, scavenging and predation. They have been a major component from the played rine of many Late Jurassic an marine communities onwards and the important role in probably have evolution of ecosystems. Unfortunately, they described by paleontologists overlooked by biologists munities, especially their highest in the and in are are diversity (Zipser to their collections & Vermeij, factors and small relatively chance of being •986; Plotnick anomuran and et al., 1990). brachyuran frss than 10 species from sizes, com- 1978). possible mm. the often in due and therefore the overlooked in the grained sediments of the 18 probably is The field (Bishop, average size of crab remains in the fineMaastrichtian Almost all 168, fig. cades has resulted in well-documented, containing over Oertijdmuseum an the 1) during past two de- extensive, stratigraphically decapod, collection crustacean 1,200 specimens and housed de .Groene Poort, Boxtel (the at the Neth- erlands). frequently marine destruction after death, their apparent scarcity paleontological p. Carapace size and morphology through time where crabs reach tropics Apart from paleoecological 1995, only rarely also Recent ma- et al. decapod type area crustacean Maastricht Formation described Crab size is sure the thought (Vermeij, majority trolled to be related to predation of Mesozoic by predation crabs pressure was of occurring cephalopods. can pressure probably con- simultaneously evolving reef teleost fish (Vermeij, predation pres- 1978). The relatively small size of 1978) and co- Apart from size selection, also lead to avoidance strat- egies, i.e., strategies devised to minimize the risks of crabs, being predated age four upon. For strategies that play ing their evolution: 1 - a we may envis- continuous role dur- to hide and live in crevices; 120 2 - R.H.B. camouflage their 4 sediments; carapace; 3 swim in open - in the first Carapace morphology erally quadratic have been successful wards and have small size. The led the to acterized by time. The appear in other three Early the during due to antero-lateral Cretaceous spines. It global is crabs sea the Late more The more of clades have less leading 1996b). to et to and and stands new clades After followed ecological more leading to and phology fauna the ever cycles, perfectly diverse on matches more and filled, (in size, feeding strategy) decapod seen rapid the swim- as successfully were most of stable periods, in period, however, niches recent, more evolutionary pulses of such groups crabs. After each ming mor- crustacean earth. sea Cretaceous/Ccnozoic to level forced in to cides tory with peto Conse- of ‘species fall, newly retreat and predatory communities, To the put are type Maastrichtian summarized in of the type Maastrichtian Fig. lins compared all age (1983, rapid evolution of in probably had are 1. presently As the (1985: Recent, decapod crustacean most known. Studies used Albian, Texas), Hungary French regions majority is linked with and Polynesia) diverse of are Bishop Muller & ColMuller (1991: Upper Eocene, Flungary), Middle Miocene, crus- perspec- from similar environments. faunas represent the 1986: Lower servations benthic decapod some decapods reef-associated carbonates all as during (semi-iso- data for five other well-studied tive, faunal their The groups and others evolutionary patterns (1984: Austria), Guinot and (Lower Kimmeridgian, personal southern obGer- many). Brachyuran crab diversity increased in 1), implying the a brachyuran role in do strong evolutionary Late Jurassic onwards. tain the groups It is also played a For turnovers (Fraaye, and instance, clear that more cer- prominent than they and the Early Cretaceous, respectively. evolutionary (Fig. the Dynomenidae appeared during radiation time radiation from shallow marine ecosystems currently. Raninidae first stasis, with maximum and thus also affected crab evolution. taceans in the and ages (Taylor, have thrived effects upon the structure of all possibly of seem to lated) shallow-water habitats. of these in other preda- fish and gastropods These groups also periods of transgression diver- common. teleost groups, 1981). similar radiations two turn by periods crustacean The Late Cretaceous diversification of crabs coin- Further, crabs for crabs as decapod evolution 1987). during rapid very referred were polyphyletic origin faunas produced by this type 1996). the and 30 million year roughly linked leading seas. niches probably was strong competition, was ah, among isolated, extinction and faunal This are the Albian-Ceno- In isolated seas, recently been flocks’ (Yacobucci, mixing led (Haq periods transgressions. These by high evolved crab populations carapace Maastrichtian of crabs Jurassic, ecospace into existence. monophyletic event or latest Eocene, the Campanian-Maastrichtian, shallow, the their probable stands high characterized sification in the adaptive radiations the Eocene and Miocene quently, al., and with long coincidence that diversity diversification, mixing profound quadrupled mere level during are et swimming crabs wider than to their not Major explosive the in- max- the Ceno- during Recent are slower and stabilized a dominated. This model with time They an in shallow-water lived They appeared of increase in size and occurred show Mundlos, 1982). The (Fraaye, 1996a). During comparison ancestors. and Mesozoic but today are, of the largest swimming came through deep-water organisms. possess carapaces that manian, increase strong competition ancestors which of reef decapods through char- are diversity through time, with predominantly zoic, mainly The prosopids Evolution - strategies, which Cretaceous and Eocene (Forster & probably of the Late Cretaceous (Feldmann environments many ex- niches of the third group. examples are in size and Raninidae riods an ecological new considerable size a the during with with strongly elongate and burrowing Raninidae (frog crabs) size in on- relatively a seas evolved during the Cretaceous, probably 1996) Such crabs Jurassic diversification rapid 1985). The (Forster, ima of shelf area offered various transgression crease Late retained consistently vast is gen- group elongate. from the during pattern of redundant bioherms after the Callovian pansion and somewhat or burrow into loose - waters. Fraaije during Late Jurassic After the Late a rapid Cretaceous, Contributions Fig. to Zoology, I. Reef-associated 72 (2-3) decapod - crustacean 121 2003 faunas through time. 122 Fig. R.H.B. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of decapod crustacean they dramatically declined from the The to a same may hold true for the somewhat Raninidae lesser sequent niche from Eocene onwards. Calappidae, although extent. The possibly corresponds biotic radiation of genera decline of the to the synchronous clypeasteroid echinoids and sub- competition Other groups, such as and however, display a nidae from rapid evolutionary as do the Evolution cessful radiation in Ocypodidae and Pilumsuc- of reef decapods through however, is that of the Xanthidae. Having originated during the evolutionary adaptations resulted in the diverse time area. group, group of Early Cretaceous, brachyurans in by their far most reef-associated faunas. Decapod Cancridae, the Miocene onwards. The most - Maastrichtian type replacement. the Portunidae, Majidae, Leucosiidae, Parthenopidae and Grapsidae, post-Eocene times, Fraaije most & crustaceans are, and important food source for tion pressure hunting on crabs in the the 1997). The preda- by relatively fast swimming ammonites such Sphenodiscus were, cephalopods (Fraaye Jager, 1996; Jager & Fraaye, and probably as Placenticeras and Campanian and Maastrichtian Contributions to Zoology, (2-3) 72 2003 - 123 era which ary some apparently do of them in For deposits. The possibly a occur classification and possible evolutionary of Glyptodynomene in younger and subsequent is uncertain at the offspring extinction bound- the K/T cross Stephanometopon two genera, Aulacopodia, generic moment. not reality may Graptocarcinus and correspond to seems to niche-displacement by the apparently better adapt- ed Dromiopsis 1996b). (Fraaye, spp. Of the fifteen genera known from the Danian of Denmark and Sweden, 3. Fig. Number of for the Middle Danian may have led xanthids decapod to crustacean of Fakse new the introduction of the and abundant food In the Maastrichtian (central Poland) of mens more Scaphites as a less chambers, regular are The known chyuran unscathed, day, in & pers. in their body decapod 1996; Fraaye, of the body crus- and the the result evolved adaptations, relatively breaking and (Taylor, 1981; Zipser development of & crushing mol- Vermeij, 1978) larvae. teleplanic Such long planktonic larval phase is known tropical Recent representatives 1997). but is cham- (Vermeij, ranges type of all genera presented area are anomuran rare or absent in taxa a in of these families, inhabiting cooler seas 1978). area, ten do not extend be- survives Paguristes, studied crusta- for instance here) and partly because of effort. and Sweden lesser to Leptoides decapod outcrops (as Except for the fauna of (Collins & Jakobsen, 1994), degree those from Greenland (Collins 1992), Argentina (Feldmann and Antarctica (Feldmann et ah, Therefore, overall poor it is to be Percentages shown sen members in show a Fig. the their ‘mobile homes’, are plotted and Meers- Paguridae (hermit crabs) increased an empty diversity, di- availability of shells. In gastropod the Emael Member, the Raninidae and Calappidae dominate. In the Nekum and Meerssen members, the Calappidae remain important component come a more or whereas the less constant, Raninidae be- proportionally less dominant. The Callianas- 1993), gen- families Emael, Nekum and 4. From the base of the Emael rectly correlated with but ten for the clear increase in number and the the in the diversity area decapod Member up section, sidae is the control. for separately ah, biostratigraphic expected that of Maastriehtian type et crustacean data base for the Danian is rather meager, with Substrate and decapod and bra- poorly known, partly because few accessible Rasmussen, decapod feeding Calappidae, are comm.). of which, of collection 1995) paired, have two, Cretachlorodius and region a probably speci- of boundary, whereas thirteen pass this and Denmark and to and Xanthidae predatory boundary faunas of the luscan shells this interval, ten one relatively luck crossing Recent 3. and ization of the chelae for place stratigraphic cean faunas are rather the of their in of the K/T valley gave rise to Recent forms. Danian m Fig. The successful Vistula River genera known to date from this appear yond the K/T of Fakse, shown in are during the Late Cretaceous, especially the special- Fig. 2. Of the twenty-three Ihis 1994). Percentages 1996). punctures present in the Maastrichtian first the Cre- (Westermann, constrictus same am- in known from the Upper Cretaceous of USA (N.H. Landman, m planktonic high percentage (Radwahski, Identical holes in the bers in Jakobsen, appear based upon field observations, Carpiliidae 1997). & (Collins swimming crabs found assumed to be the result of tacean attacks taceous ten first of faunal elements in the Middle Danian of persistance spp. Hoploscaphites or swimming 1996a, source of the very percentages In 1991; Fraaye, (Bishop, monites such and (Denmark). their turn these well-adapted a species rapidly commonest group decline in the nommids reached their ber and overlying member. Tory- acme rapidly declined Member, probably as a in the Nekum Member, in in the Nekum Memthe lower Meerssen result of competition with 124 R.H.B. 4. Fig. Percentages presumably the for decapod crustacean families efficient swimmers more the Xanthidae (Fraaye, 1997); some in the three amongst of these latter Fraaije highest members Dynomenidae and Flomolidae display the same trend The Tethyan as (Fraaye, pagurids going up-section 1996a). from the Nekum to the Meerssen members. The Galatheidae and Car- pi I iidae make their first Member (Fig. 5), but families. sive in the Meerssen appearance are far outnumbered by other Within the interval decapod assemblages follows five studied, may be succes- recognised, as sen diversity (Fig. dead shell material grew spectrum by a was an up increase section. The accumulation) as (ecologiin benthic ‘taphonomic feed- Kidwell & Jablonski (1983). The predominantly Meers- Accumulations of markedly referred to et Meerssen mem- ah, 1980; Voigt, 1981). 1981), fora- (Voigt, 1981) and calcareous algae communities erosion within the preservation its distinctive and, are and other if they forms of associated biotope, they stand a high chance 1975). (Brasier, ability Sea is grass no- influence the character of to sediment substrate. The dense plant growth reduced current velocities, whereas the faunal filter feeders, e.g., Protocallianassa faujasi, of live/dead interactions cal consequences of shell communities 6). area. rhizomes stabilised the accumulated sediments. In- linked with intimately type during deposition of the bryozoans as channeling probably calappid/dynomenid of substrate from escape the members is back’ grass raninid/diogenid/calappid diversity increase between the Emael and entire sea (II) (V) the (Brasier, 1975). Sediments which accumulate around table for (IV) calappid/xanthid/raninid The such minifera (Sprechmann, raninid callianassid/calappid/torynommid in the colonisation of small grasses enabled sea (I) (III) 1978; Felder (Liebau, epizoans of (in ascending order): Formation Maastricht uppermost Emael, Nekum and lower bers represent of the time of reef decapods through of seagrass fields currence The invaders Evolution - soft-bottom change dwelling com- thrived in the nutrient-enriched sediments around sea grasses, plant making material (Sven dead hard parts use et of things such of the decaying facili- grass-epibionts sea tated the colonization of other sponges, corals, as ah, 2001). The accumulated epizoans such as fungi, brachiopods, serpulids, lunulitiform bryozoans, boring and encrusting bivalves, sessile gastropods and cirripedes. Member (units IVf-1 to -4) the lower Meerssen finally munity in the lower Emael Member (and underly- led ing members), vertically and laterally alternating with hard grounds to the firm dwelling communities members, was ground and shell-gravel in the Nekum and Meerssen probably triggered by the mass oc- to (Voigt, the In this colonization development of small-sized bioherms, 1974; van fillings (Zijlstra, den Elsen, 1985) 1995). Cavities in and relief in- hardgrounds Contributions Fig. 5. Decapod to Zoology, 72 (2-3) crustacean species range - 125 2003 chart in the Maastrichtian type area. R.H.B. 126 Fig. 6. Major palaeoenvironmental played an systems The important role in as refugia ber and size of Kudla, on of holes own Maastrichtian type (Voigt, and eco- 1959). crevices positively correlated with the in num- decapod crabs and shrimps (Reaka- 1990). These decapod their the Late Maastrichtian and domiciles number and size reef substrates is factors in crustaceans each prey and each others’ juveniles, forcing Fraaije area - which Evolution of reef influenced the larvae inshore at (caused to settle in larger by decapod sizes. decapods through crustacean communities, deeper habitats and migrate The infrequent availability storm disturbance and occupation competitors) of holes and adult-juvenile interactions tion of over was decapod time. time by predatory probably important in the evolucrustaceans in reef communities Contributions to Zoology, Abele (1974, ber of 2003 - 127 habitat is a num- function of the a complexity (= number of substrates) of that habitat The also (2-3) 1982) documented that the decapods in structural 72 author same concluded that similar numbers of (Abele, 1976, habitats comparable 1982) support decapods, regardless of size of the overall available to this species pool. Referring fragility of decapod trast to out some ticular raninids preserved best groups suited in situ, hypothesis, the habitat of the Middle Danian fauna preservation be attributed further to the low most closely approximates that of the Nekum Member in the Maastricht of occurrence Raniliformis baltica in The area. both settings the of high pH decapod remains crustacean organic of the warm-water ronment, which would buffer A second bloom of Raninoides well. as The crab fauna also points to the environmental similarities between the Nekum and ferences in Geulhem material from the Gronsveld and members in servation backed The comm.). the the Maastricht area, by crinoid data (J.W.M. Jagt, most depositional environment of a substantial ture, indicated by the drastic all bottom-dwelling the Nekum and drop in tempera- decline of bioherms fossil started 1986). This the groups, with possible exception of echinoids (Felder, den Elsen, pers. important difference between Geulhem members is and ob- an 1981; van drop of temperature already in the upper half of the Meerssen Member (sections IVf-5 and -6) where decapod remains extremely are rare or crustacean absent. fected in morphology bers, shows this species striking comparison Valkenburg and tus are the ing members, whereas in mented smaller the Nekum and highly occurs. sculp- underly- Meerssen Member sized and but morphotype and of Eumorphocorystes only known from significantly More partially et are ah, work ontogenetic under or a orna- specimens needed to determine whether these different photypes to mem- depth within the type Maastrichtian. Thus far, large-sized specimens in dif- to have been the least af- by changes in substrate ornamented ak, 1988). et quadrispinosus lower Meerssen Member, without carapace and depositional envi- produced by soft-tissue decay (Plotnick ronment may content the effects of acids Den- depositional the and Meerssen envi- similar par- evolutionary rela- mark) a in amongst (Danian of Limburg [Geulhem Member] and might suggest con- Naturally, the excellent area. of Fakse (Denmark) are tionships within the Emael, Nekum members in the type and crabs, document to in fragments, would rule Therefore, reworking. any crustacean carapaces, of their claw are mor- phylogenetic (van Bakel way). Zijlstra (1995) documented storm-induced sedimentation ates. The cross and ot cycles in the type Maastrichtian carbon- highest degree of sedimentary, e.g., trough Acknowledgements beds, channels, spillover and tempestite sheets, taphonomic features, the e.g., serpulid Pyrgolopon bioclasts, indicating high parallel orientation and elongated other I wish for deposits, ber (sections that occur in the middle Meerssen Mem- This is supported by of preservation potential the near-uniform carapaces in the Hinte prepared position is the 1951). The successive change orphology (ornament and & convexity) many most crabs in carapace within the van Raniliformis and Eumorphocorystes (Fraaye Bakel, °f such a 1998) is indicative of depositional environment bonarily significant period G. and Boreal der Zwaan of this improvement to figures. This van Meulenkarap (Utrecht) is a paper. contribution to T. IGCP Cretaceous’. References Abele in Abele ing the persistence over of time. an evolu- The extreme LG. 1974. marine LG. 1976, and Species habitats. EG. Science 1982. JT 14: 107-110. 192: of decapod Verh. 241-304. 1857. crustaceans 156-161. in coral-associated fluctuat- decapod 461-463. Biogeography. van. Tuffkreide. 55: environments: Biology of Crustacea : Binkhorst diversity Ecology Comparative species richness constant crus-taceans. Abele genera the and J. ‘upside-down’ stable in high-energy environments in m Jagt (Maastricht), pro- high. storm-generated beds °f the Meerssen Member. This (Schafer, J.W.M. to Schram (Amsterdam) (1986) showed by storm-induced burial is relatively Position F. project 362, ‘Tethyan IVf-3 and -4). Norris amongst crabs the duced thank their suggestions leading energy and storm-genervan ated to (Utrecht), Neue naturhist. In: Bliss DE New York: Krebse Ver. aus (ed.). Academic der Preuss. The Press. Maestrichter Rheinl. Westf. R.H.B. 128 Binkhorst den van Gasteropodes suivie du Limbourg, de Crustaces desinees GA. GA. Glen 1986. Heck KL GA. Hist. 20: planches from the Lower Texas. Trans. 27-55. of North and biogeogra- America. In: Gore 111-142. biogeography: 1991. occidenlalis Xanthosia Xanthosia spinosa, species, new and 1985, Bishop, late Cretaceous crabs two the Pierre Shale of the Western Interior. J. Biol. 11: RM, Les Crustaces In: Verhandelingen uitgegeven Limbourg. fossiles du Terrain belast met het vervaardigen eener kaart en Forir H. de la [10-137]. 1887a. MD. 1975. of history JSH, Fraaye ceous anomurans RUB, and JWM. Jagt Ann. la deel: Decapoda) Sweden. SL. distribution 40: of the Bull. 1994. of Danian 1887c. 1995. A the Fossil Mizunami decrits 1889. H. JMH van kalkstenen in de 1-27 Late 162: het 1981. Krijt van of the genera of PJ, Mus. Danian of Felder het WM. A179: of Denmark Blom. groeve 21: In: in Natuurhist. The 26th Int. 1980. Upper van Fcldmann van het en Staalduinen Geologische RM, Jagt JWM, Tshudy trichtian isopod and 74: uit 201- decapod The type area and 118-162. Boven-Krijt en aangrenzende (eds). van Toe- Nederland'. van Dienst. 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