book of abstracts as PDF
... and much larger part of the range from the Balkans to the arctic parts of Europe. We tested whether plants of different ploidy levels (and therefore reproduction modes) differ in their response to abiotic and biotic factors by estimating specific leaf area, foliar carbon and nitrogen content and the ...
... and much larger part of the range from the Balkans to the arctic parts of Europe. We tested whether plants of different ploidy levels (and therefore reproduction modes) differ in their response to abiotic and biotic factors by estimating specific leaf area, foliar carbon and nitrogen content and the ...
The Nematodes
... species is a classic sit-and-wait or "ambush" forager, standing on its tail in an upright position near the soil surface and attaching to passing hosts. Consequently, S. carpocapsae tends to be most effective when applied against highly mobile surface-adapted insects. Highly responsive to carbon dio ...
... species is a classic sit-and-wait or "ambush" forager, standing on its tail in an upright position near the soil surface and attaching to passing hosts. Consequently, S. carpocapsae tends to be most effective when applied against highly mobile surface-adapted insects. Highly responsive to carbon dio ...
population dynamics of two species of kleptoparasitic spiders
... host-parasite dynamics similar to A. flavescens. Accordingly, interspecific competition by A. flavescens may have shifted the dynamics of A. bonadea to earlier seasons. An alternative explanation is that the life cycle of A. bonadea in sub-tropical Okinawa is different from that of the temperate are ...
... host-parasite dynamics similar to A. flavescens. Accordingly, interspecific competition by A. flavescens may have shifted the dynamics of A. bonadea to earlier seasons. An alternative explanation is that the life cycle of A. bonadea in sub-tropical Okinawa is different from that of the temperate are ...
18.1 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms
... Roundworms reproduce sexually. Sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female adults. Fertilization takes place inside the female organism. Females lay huge numbers of eggs, sometimes as many as 100,000 per day! The eggs hatch into larvae, which develop into adults. Then the cycle repeats. ...
... Roundworms reproduce sexually. Sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female adults. Fertilization takes place inside the female organism. Females lay huge numbers of eggs, sometimes as many as 100,000 per day! The eggs hatch into larvae, which develop into adults. Then the cycle repeats. ...
uncorrected page proofs
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
Predators, parasitoids and pathogens: species richness, trophic
... received considerable attention, interactions among parasitoids and predators have been much more sporadically studied and it is not clear how mortality due to dierent types of consumers covary (Hawkins et al. 1997). How and where a herbivore feeds undoubtedly in¯uences its predators (Hawkins & Law ...
... received considerable attention, interactions among parasitoids and predators have been much more sporadically studied and it is not clear how mortality due to dierent types of consumers covary (Hawkins et al. 1997). How and where a herbivore feeds undoubtedly in¯uences its predators (Hawkins & Law ...
Phenological diversity in tropical forests
... Phenology is the study of the periodicity or timing of recurring biological events. What causes their timing with regard to biotic and abiotic forces, and how does this timing affect interrelation among phases of the same or different species? In the case of plants, phenological events involve flowe ...
... Phenology is the study of the periodicity or timing of recurring biological events. What causes their timing with regard to biotic and abiotic forces, and how does this timing affect interrelation among phases of the same or different species? In the case of plants, phenological events involve flowe ...
The emergence and promise of functional biogeography
... University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; eDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; gThe Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501; hThe iPlant C ...
... University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; eDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; gThe Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501; hThe iPlant C ...
Wootton 1994
... physically interact (e.g., consumption, territoriality, interference competition, pollination), and "indirect in- interpretation of results from experiments on species teractions" as those effects of one species on another pairs difficult (Bender et al. 1984). For example, species that do not involv ...
... physically interact (e.g., consumption, territoriality, interference competition, pollination), and "indirect in- interpretation of results from experiments on species teractions" as those effects of one species on another pairs difficult (Bender et al. 1984). For example, species that do not involv ...
Education_LeadersGuide-Spring... - AC Archive Home
... eaters in the Arctic food web, that means, essentially, that dinner is served. The process of spring green-‐up drives all the other spring processes in the Arctic. The first plants to eme ...
... eaters in the Arctic food web, that means, essentially, that dinner is served. The process of spring green-‐up drives all the other spring processes in the Arctic. The first plants to eme ...
How do seagrasses grow and spread?
... in annual Z. marina populations developing at the intertidal zone. The reproductive effort of seagrasses can be highly variable between years and among populations, and episodic mass flowering can occur in connection to climatic extremes, such as the massive flowering of Posidonia oceanica in connec ...
... in annual Z. marina populations developing at the intertidal zone. The reproductive effort of seagrasses can be highly variable between years and among populations, and episodic mass flowering can occur in connection to climatic extremes, such as the massive flowering of Posidonia oceanica in connec ...
Link - University of Minnesota Duluth
... perhaps due to their lack of coevolutionary history with the invader. These disturbances have altered the dynamics of canopy gaps, coarse woody debris, biogeochemical cycling, and ecological interactions among organisms in terrestrial and aquatic systems, with consequent effects on forest compositio ...
... perhaps due to their lack of coevolutionary history with the invader. These disturbances have altered the dynamics of canopy gaps, coarse woody debris, biogeochemical cycling, and ecological interactions among organisms in terrestrial and aquatic systems, with consequent effects on forest compositio ...
Geraniamania - San Diego Geranium Society
... Jean and I are looking forward to seeing you all and drying off. At this writing we are in the middle of another four day storm. Jack Ohmstede/President ...
... Jean and I are looking forward to seeing you all and drying off. At this writing we are in the middle of another four day storm. Jack Ohmstede/President ...
More than a meal integrating nonfeeding interactions into food webs
... information provides some general examples for these functions func, but their exact shape will depend on the biology of the species. For trophic interactions, three types of functional responses have been defined (Holling 1959) – similar functions may be defined for nontrophic interactions but requ ...
... information provides some general examples for these functions func, but their exact shape will depend on the biology of the species. For trophic interactions, three types of functional responses have been defined (Holling 1959) – similar functions may be defined for nontrophic interactions but requ ...
More than a meal integrating nonfeeding interactions into food webs
... information provides some general examples for these functions func, but their exact shape will depend on the biology of the species. For trophic interactions, three types of functional responses have been defined (Holling 1959) – similar functions may be defined for nontrophic interactions but requ ...
... information provides some general examples for these functions func, but their exact shape will depend on the biology of the species. For trophic interactions, three types of functional responses have been defined (Holling 1959) – similar functions may be defined for nontrophic interactions but requ ...
Evolutionary branching and sympatric speciation
... substantiate this claim in a more systematic way, our goal in this paper is to demonstrate the phenomenon of evolutionary branching in a number of classical models covering a wide range of ecological interactions. In Section 2, we review evolutionary branching in single-species models for symmetric ...
... substantiate this claim in a more systematic way, our goal in this paper is to demonstrate the phenomenon of evolutionary branching in a number of classical models covering a wide range of ecological interactions. In Section 2, we review evolutionary branching in single-species models for symmetric ...
The Role of Infectious Diseases in Marine Communities M
... Coral reefs, with myriad colorful fishes and invertebrates, are a prime example. Although parasites are less visible and less appealing, they are a part of biodiversity. Overall, 40% of known metazoan species are parasitic (Rohde 2005). But a lack of sampling for parasites means that 40% is probably ...
... Coral reefs, with myriad colorful fishes and invertebrates, are a prime example. Although parasites are less visible and less appealing, they are a part of biodiversity. Overall, 40% of known metazoan species are parasitic (Rohde 2005). But a lack of sampling for parasites means that 40% is probably ...
Predicting novel herbivoreplant interactions
... introduced herbivore and a suite of potential hosts, but these laboratory trials do not always reflect what later happens in the field (Simberloff and Stiling 1996). This has prompted a call for better predictive methods that incorporate a more mechanistic understanding of novel plant–herbivore interac ...
... introduced herbivore and a suite of potential hosts, but these laboratory trials do not always reflect what later happens in the field (Simberloff and Stiling 1996). This has prompted a call for better predictive methods that incorporate a more mechanistic understanding of novel plant–herbivore interac ...
Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic
... from real mutualistic communities (Bascompte et al. 2006a). The empirical data show realistic ranges for parameter values of each structural property, but the parameter values may be confounded by one another, as any biological mechanism responsible for one structure (e.g. nestedness, degree distrib ...
... from real mutualistic communities (Bascompte et al. 2006a). The empirical data show realistic ranges for parameter values of each structural property, but the parameter values may be confounded by one another, as any biological mechanism responsible for one structure (e.g. nestedness, degree distrib ...
Evolution of hematophagous habit in Triatominae
... Amphibolus (Harpactorinae) genera and re-describe this species as Amphibolus venator (Klug) in Harpactorinae. bIncludes Rhodnius montenegrensis sp. Described by Da Rosa et al. (2012) for the state of Rondônia in Brazil. cFormerly described as Triatoma matsunoi (Fernández-Loayza) (Galvão et al. 2003) ...
... Amphibolus (Harpactorinae) genera and re-describe this species as Amphibolus venator (Klug) in Harpactorinae. bIncludes Rhodnius montenegrensis sp. Described by Da Rosa et al. (2012) for the state of Rondônia in Brazil. cFormerly described as Triatoma matsunoi (Fernández-Loayza) (Galvão et al. 2003) ...
On the association between Myrmarachne spp.Salticidaeand ants*
... taken from dark colonies ofOecophylla in the Congo. M. legon has an entirely black body apart from white hairs medially just behind the eyes, a few pale hairs on the abdomen, and white patches laterally on the carapace just behind the posterior eyes (Fig. 6). In the active spider these white patches ...
... taken from dark colonies ofOecophylla in the Congo. M. legon has an entirely black body apart from white hairs medially just behind the eyes, a few pale hairs on the abdomen, and white patches laterally on the carapace just behind the posterior eyes (Fig. 6). In the active spider these white patches ...
Long live the Red Queen? Examining environmental influences on
... The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that antagonistic coevolution between parasites and their hosts is responsible for the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction. It suggests that frequency-dependent selection by parasites against common host genotypes prevents asexual clones capitalising on ...
... The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that antagonistic coevolution between parasites and their hosts is responsible for the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction. It suggests that frequency-dependent selection by parasites against common host genotypes prevents asexual clones capitalising on ...
Ecology of Herbivorous Arthropods in Urban Landscapes
... (111). When their natural enemies are lacking, ...
... (111). When their natural enemies are lacking, ...
A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a figfig wasp
... associated with F. carica prey mostly on pollinators (Schatz & Hossaert-Mckey 2003), whilst on other fig species, ants also prey on NPFWs or disturb NPFW oviposition behaviour when the wasps are on the outer surface of figs (Compton & Robertson 1988; Schatz et al. 2006; Harrison 2013). Both (lethal) ...
... associated with F. carica prey mostly on pollinators (Schatz & Hossaert-Mckey 2003), whilst on other fig species, ants also prey on NPFWs or disturb NPFW oviposition behaviour when the wasps are on the outer surface of figs (Compton & Robertson 1988; Schatz et al. 2006; Harrison 2013). Both (lethal) ...
How to be a fig wasp parasite on the fig–fig wasp
... microcosm requires particular biological traits. Invasion of this nursery by parasitic fig wasps is correspondingly facilitated by certain biological features. The figure illustrates some of the many ways in which a non-pollinating fig wasp can exploit the mutualism between figs and fig wasps, and t ...
... microcosm requires particular biological traits. Invasion of this nursery by parasitic fig wasps is correspondingly facilitated by certain biological features. The figure illustrates some of the many ways in which a non-pollinating fig wasp can exploit the mutualism between figs and fig wasps, and t ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.