![Rapid evolution in crop-weed hybrids under artificial selection for](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003564761_1-a3c36d8559391adfcb2a6e2795f4796c-300x300.png)
Rapid evolution in crop-weed hybrids under artificial selection for
... more, there is evidence that hybridization plays a significant role in the evolution of some weedy or invasive species (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000; Arnold 2004). Ellstrand and Schierenbeck (2000) documented 28 examples of weedy, hybrid-derived taxa and suggested that their invasiveness may be a ...
... more, there is evidence that hybridization plays a significant role in the evolution of some weedy or invasive species (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000; Arnold 2004). Ellstrand and Schierenbeck (2000) documented 28 examples of weedy, hybrid-derived taxa and suggested that their invasiveness may be a ...
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) as one of the most important insects
... in the genus Dactylopius which can be used to produce cochineal extract, but they are extremely difficult to distinguish from D. coccus, even for expert taxonomists, and the latter scientific name (and the use of the term "cochineal insect") is therefore commonly used when one is actually referring ...
... in the genus Dactylopius which can be used to produce cochineal extract, but they are extremely difficult to distinguish from D. coccus, even for expert taxonomists, and the latter scientific name (and the use of the term "cochineal insect") is therefore commonly used when one is actually referring ...
Intra- and interspecific competition among helminth parasites
... or may keep growing and reach maturity while still inside the amphipod, a strategy known as progenesis (Poulin and Cribb, 2002). Worms that reach maturity in the crustacean intermediate host reproduce by selfing and lay eggs in the amphipod’s body cavity (Holton, 1984a; Poulin, 2001). Eggs produced b ...
... or may keep growing and reach maturity while still inside the amphipod, a strategy known as progenesis (Poulin and Cribb, 2002). Worms that reach maturity in the crustacean intermediate host reproduce by selfing and lay eggs in the amphipod’s body cavity (Holton, 1984a; Poulin, 2001). Eggs produced b ...
Animals as Seed Dispersers
... diameter. This would increase the diversity of frugivores able to eat the fruits with relatively large seed mass. At the other end of the spectrum, many fruits have very small seeds. Usually these are borne as multiple-seeded fruits, such as strawberries (Fragaria), blackberries (Rubus) and mulberri ...
... diameter. This would increase the diversity of frugivores able to eat the fruits with relatively large seed mass. At the other end of the spectrum, many fruits have very small seeds. Usually these are borne as multiple-seeded fruits, such as strawberries (Fragaria), blackberries (Rubus) and mulberri ...
Allocating CSR plant functional types: the use of leaf
... and early, prolonged reproductive development (R). Crucially, this triangle is also evident if only small numbers of leaf traits are used, so long as traits reflect key components ...
... and early, prolonged reproductive development (R). Crucially, this triangle is also evident if only small numbers of leaf traits are used, so long as traits reflect key components ...
Molluscan Studies - Oxford Academic
... living in animal burrows can move actively using their muscular feet (e.g. Yonge, 1951; Goto, Hamamura & Kato, 2011). However, A. coralliophila is firmly attached to the substrate, embedded in the burrow wall by cementation. This suggests that the burrow of N. jousseaumei is a very stable environment ...
... living in animal burrows can move actively using their muscular feet (e.g. Yonge, 1951; Goto, Hamamura & Kato, 2011). However, A. coralliophila is firmly attached to the substrate, embedded in the burrow wall by cementation. This suggests that the burrow of N. jousseaumei is a very stable environment ...
animal mutualistic interactions
... and explain a conceptual framework for defining ecological effects in plant–animal mutualisms. We give recommendations for measuring interaction strength from data collected in field studies based on a proposed approach for the assessment of interaction strength in plant–animal mutualisms. This appr ...
... and explain a conceptual framework for defining ecological effects in plant–animal mutualisms. We give recommendations for measuring interaction strength from data collected in field studies based on a proposed approach for the assessment of interaction strength in plant–animal mutualisms. This appr ...
Risktaking and the evolution of mechanisms for rapid escape from
... risk that individuals take when confronted with potential predators, we can expect evolution of underlying physiological and morphological mechanisms underpinning such anti-predator behaviour. For example, bird species with high basal metabolic rates for their body size have relatively longer FID in ...
... risk that individuals take when confronted with potential predators, we can expect evolution of underlying physiological and morphological mechanisms underpinning such anti-predator behaviour. For example, bird species with high basal metabolic rates for their body size have relatively longer FID in ...
2. Structure and Function 2.1 External Anatomy 10 2.1.1 Integument
... The wings of insects are unique structures not found in other organisms. The wing of a bird or a bat is a modified foreleg, whereas the insect wing is an outgrowth of the body wall. Wings have no muscles attached inside them. Wings, giving the power of flight, are one of the most important reasons f ...
... The wings of insects are unique structures not found in other organisms. The wing of a bird or a bat is a modified foreleg, whereas the insect wing is an outgrowth of the body wall. Wings have no muscles attached inside them. Wings, giving the power of flight, are one of the most important reasons f ...
Traitbased tests of coexistence mechanisms
... about which coexistence mechanisms are most important in a given community and how they act on functional trait variation. For example, N deposition could cause dramatic decreases in diversity if resource partitioning is the key coexistence mechanism, but might have a minimal effect if coexistence i ...
... about which coexistence mechanisms are most important in a given community and how they act on functional trait variation. For example, N deposition could cause dramatic decreases in diversity if resource partitioning is the key coexistence mechanism, but might have a minimal effect if coexistence i ...
Argentum luminaria in the Past
... During the next several days your research group will develop a Darwinian explanation for variations in seed traits for three populations of a made-up plant species. You will do this using data on the plants, as well as data about two species of insects that feed on the plant’s seeds. As you develop ...
... During the next several days your research group will develop a Darwinian explanation for variations in seed traits for three populations of a made-up plant species. You will do this using data on the plants, as well as data about two species of insects that feed on the plant’s seeds. As you develop ...
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE BROWN
... Hergenrader (1962) noted several instances of cowbird eggs near meadowlark nests in Nebraska which suggested to him that the meadowlark is sometimes successful in expelling the eggs from the nest. I recorded no instances of cowbird eggs that had been removed from meadowlark nests. No adaptations tha ...
... Hergenrader (1962) noted several instances of cowbird eggs near meadowlark nests in Nebraska which suggested to him that the meadowlark is sometimes successful in expelling the eggs from the nest. I recorded no instances of cowbird eggs that had been removed from meadowlark nests. No adaptations tha ...
A hierarchical framework to investigate epiphyte assemblages
... structure (Cascante-Marı́n et al. 2008), or the mechanisms behind change in time, e.g., succession (Ibisch 1996). The essence of their existence, the nonparasitic growth on other plants, highlights a unique feature of epiphytes: they depend on a living organism with varying physical and chemical cha ...
... structure (Cascante-Marı́n et al. 2008), or the mechanisms behind change in time, e.g., succession (Ibisch 1996). The essence of their existence, the nonparasitic growth on other plants, highlights a unique feature of epiphytes: they depend on a living organism with varying physical and chemical cha ...
Effects of Insect Herbivory on Plant Architecture, Flowering
... seeds (Boieiro et al. 2012) and affecting the host plant fitness greatly through the additive effects of herbivory (Irwin and Brody 2011). Understanding effects of insect herbivores on host plant fitness is of fundamental significance for the evolutionary biology and ecology of plant-animal interac ...
... seeds (Boieiro et al. 2012) and affecting the host plant fitness greatly through the additive effects of herbivory (Irwin and Brody 2011). Understanding effects of insect herbivores on host plant fitness is of fundamental significance for the evolutionary biology and ecology of plant-animal interac ...
as a PDF
... damage. For instance, ant defenders sometimes consume aphids rather than protecting them from natural enemies (Offenberg, 2001), while some coevolved seed dispersers consistently destroy a significant proportion of seeds (Vander Wall, 1994). ‘‘Exploiters,’’ opportunists that benefit from the commodi ...
... damage. For instance, ant defenders sometimes consume aphids rather than protecting them from natural enemies (Offenberg, 2001), while some coevolved seed dispersers consistently destroy a significant proportion of seeds (Vander Wall, 1994). ‘‘Exploiters,’’ opportunists that benefit from the commodi ...
The Evolutionary Ecology of Carnivorous Plants
... biology, including cost-benefit analysis of resource use and allocation, demographic trends, and population forecasting. These cost-benefit analyses also suggest ways to test hypotheses regarding coexistence of plant species in resource-limited environments. Most carnivorous plants are pollinated by ...
... biology, including cost-benefit analysis of resource use and allocation, demographic trends, and population forecasting. These cost-benefit analyses also suggest ways to test hypotheses regarding coexistence of plant species in resource-limited environments. Most carnivorous plants are pollinated by ...
Growth Rings in the Roots of Temperate Forbs are Robust Annual
... decade (e.g., Dietz and Ullmann, 1997, 1998; Dietz and Fattorini, 2002; Dietz and von Arx, 2005; von Arx and Dietz, 2005). The anatomical basis of annual growth increments (hereafter referred to as “annual rings”) in the roots of forbs is the formation of earlywood vessels with large lumina in sprin ...
... decade (e.g., Dietz and Ullmann, 1997, 1998; Dietz and Fattorini, 2002; Dietz and von Arx, 2005; von Arx and Dietz, 2005). The anatomical basis of annual growth increments (hereafter referred to as “annual rings”) in the roots of forbs is the formation of earlywood vessels with large lumina in sprin ...
using experimental evolution to investigate geographic range limits
... would use experimental evolution beyond the species range to identify traits that evolve under “quasinatural” selection (Kassen 2002) and to assess the fitness costs of adaptation to the marginal environment. The base population for such an experimental evolution approach could again be a sample fro ...
... would use experimental evolution beyond the species range to identify traits that evolve under “quasinatural” selection (Kassen 2002) and to assess the fitness costs of adaptation to the marginal environment. The base population for such an experimental evolution approach could again be a sample fro ...
ground and tiger beetles - Department of Entomology
... produce one generation per year. After finding a suitable site, females will singly deposit between 30 and 600 oval eggs within the soil or in the layer of plant residues on the soil surface. Protected egg sites are very important because young larvae have limited mobility for finding food and their ...
... produce one generation per year. After finding a suitable site, females will singly deposit between 30 and 600 oval eggs within the soil or in the layer of plant residues on the soil surface. Protected egg sites are very important because young larvae have limited mobility for finding food and their ...
using experimental evolution to investigate
... would use experimental evolution beyond the species range to identify traits that evolve under “quasinatural” selection (Kassen 2002) and to assess the fitness costs of adaptation to the marginal environment. The base population for such an experimental evolution approach could again be a sample fro ...
... would use experimental evolution beyond the species range to identify traits that evolve under “quasinatural” selection (Kassen 2002) and to assess the fitness costs of adaptation to the marginal environment. The base population for such an experimental evolution approach could again be a sample fro ...
Nutrient Availability Affects Flowering Rate but has Limited Influence
... flowers displayed by the nutrient-deprived group (p < .005). Herbivory by Exyra semicrocea also showed a marginally significant negative effect on the tallest pitchers per ramet. Since nitrogen is primarily stored by pitchers and allocated to new growth in the following growing season, the predictiv ...
... flowers displayed by the nutrient-deprived group (p < .005). Herbivory by Exyra semicrocea also showed a marginally significant negative effect on the tallest pitchers per ramet. Since nitrogen is primarily stored by pitchers and allocated to new growth in the following growing season, the predictiv ...
Ecology, Second Edition
... their growth, survival, or reproduction. 243 Competition for Resources 243 ...
... their growth, survival, or reproduction. 243 Competition for Resources 243 ...
This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may
... the fish—should either increase or decrease in abundance due to environmental changes, this would impinge on the transmission of the parasite and consequently on its abundance in the hosts. The simplest way in which invasive predatory species can affect parasites is by consuming the parasite’s host. ...
... the fish—should either increase or decrease in abundance due to environmental changes, this would impinge on the transmission of the parasite and consequently on its abundance in the hosts. The simplest way in which invasive predatory species can affect parasites is by consuming the parasite’s host. ...
Interaction webs in arctic ecosystems: Determinants of arctic
... (60 birds, including rare visitors, and 7 mammals including the polar bear Ursus maritimus; Wirta et al. 2016). Importantly, the occurrence of vertebrates is registered in detail, whereas the arthropods are substantially undersampled. Yet, the diversity of for instance midges (Chironomidae) apparent ...
... (60 birds, including rare visitors, and 7 mammals including the polar bear Ursus maritimus; Wirta et al. 2016). Importantly, the occurrence of vertebrates is registered in detail, whereas the arthropods are substantially undersampled. Yet, the diversity of for instance midges (Chironomidae) apparent ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.