Competitive Ability and Species Coexistence: A `Plant`s
... resources to neighbors become more similar. The relationship among these three components of competitive ability however, has never been explicitly investigated. It is not difficult to imagine how, when two of these components are held constant, the third can fully account for differences in competi ...
... resources to neighbors become more similar. The relationship among these three components of competitive ability however, has never been explicitly investigated. It is not difficult to imagine how, when two of these components are held constant, the third can fully account for differences in competi ...
What role do birds play in dispersal of invasive plants? - SE-EPPC
... loosely coevolved mutualism. In this example, loosely coevolved means that most frugivores will eat many different fruits. Tight relationships between a specific fruit and frugivore are unusual, and are not known to occur for invasive plants. Indeed, widespread dispersal is successful for many exoti ...
... loosely coevolved mutualism. In this example, loosely coevolved means that most frugivores will eat many different fruits. Tight relationships between a specific fruit and frugivore are unusual, and are not known to occur for invasive plants. Indeed, widespread dispersal is successful for many exoti ...
INSECTS ON PLANTS: Diversity of Herbivore Assemblages Revisited
... Plant Traits and Local Assemblages Plant size and architecture affect the number of associated herbivore species (Strong et al. 1984). In some local studies, larger plant individuals (Cytrynowicz 1991) or species (Marquis 1991) were shown to support more herbivore species, whereas in other studies, ...
... Plant Traits and Local Assemblages Plant size and architecture affect the number of associated herbivore species (Strong et al. 1984). In some local studies, larger plant individuals (Cytrynowicz 1991) or species (Marquis 1991) were shown to support more herbivore species, whereas in other studies, ...
32 Protostome Animals
... (Figure 32.2a, page 726), matings can be arranged, the life cycle is completed in less than two weeks, and females lay a large number of eggs. These traits made fruit flies valuable subjects for breeding ...
... (Figure 32.2a, page 726), matings can be arranged, the life cycle is completed in less than two weeks, and females lay a large number of eggs. These traits made fruit flies valuable subjects for breeding ...
Case Study: black and white and spread all over Species
... Exploitation: parasitism • Parasitism = a relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) - For nourishment or some other benefit - The parasite harms, but doesn’t kill, the host • Some are free-living - Infrequent contact with their hosts - Ticks, sea lampreys - Brown headed ...
... Exploitation: parasitism • Parasitism = a relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) - For nourishment or some other benefit - The parasite harms, but doesn’t kill, the host • Some are free-living - Infrequent contact with their hosts - Ticks, sea lampreys - Brown headed ...
- Wiley Online Library
... conditions for 24 h (3–6 generations) to diminish the role of phenotypic plasticity, because of environmental or maternal effects, before measuring traits. Measurement of traits At the onset of the selection experiment, four traits of Colpoda were measured: cell size, cell speed, peak population den ...
... conditions for 24 h (3–6 generations) to diminish the role of phenotypic plasticity, because of environmental or maternal effects, before measuring traits. Measurement of traits At the onset of the selection experiment, four traits of Colpoda were measured: cell size, cell speed, peak population den ...
SCNPS Journal Fall 2012 - the South Carolina Native Plant Society!
... 5,000 year-old shell rings and Piedmont granite flatrocks, pass hundreds of carnivorous plants, travel back in time to visit a remnant of the vast savannas and prairies that dotted the Midlands and Upstate, and then continue into the cool ravines of Jocassee Gorges. All of this will soon be possible ...
... 5,000 year-old shell rings and Piedmont granite flatrocks, pass hundreds of carnivorous plants, travel back in time to visit a remnant of the vast savannas and prairies that dotted the Midlands and Upstate, and then continue into the cool ravines of Jocassee Gorges. All of this will soon be possible ...
Evolution and Systematics
... to find how modern life forms are related. Today, most systematists look for the evolutionary steps that led from ancient to modern forms of life. Those steps are called phylogeny, a term that means "the origin of groups." This chapter introduces all these ...
... to find how modern life forms are related. Today, most systematists look for the evolutionary steps that led from ancient to modern forms of life. Those steps are called phylogeny, a term that means "the origin of groups." This chapter introduces all these ...
Coextinction and Persistence of Dependent Species in a Changing
... Challenges in Documenting Coextinctions Dunn (2009) searched widely for credible examples of historical coextinctions and came up with a short list. Among the most cited examples of coextinction are parasites (particularly lice; Stork & Lyal 1993) of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and ...
... Challenges in Documenting Coextinctions Dunn (2009) searched widely for credible examples of historical coextinctions and came up with a short list. Among the most cited examples of coextinction are parasites (particularly lice; Stork & Lyal 1993) of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and ...
Introduction to Entomology - UNL, Go URL
... that vary greatly in form and complexity (Figure 4). They are primarily organs of smell, but can serve other functions such as sensing humidity levels, sound, flight air speed, taste, direction, and touch. • Mouthparts. The most remarkable and complicated structural feature of insects is the mouth. ...
... that vary greatly in form and complexity (Figure 4). They are primarily organs of smell, but can serve other functions such as sensing humidity levels, sound, flight air speed, taste, direction, and touch. • Mouthparts. The most remarkable and complicated structural feature of insects is the mouth. ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... or after the rainy period in the first year but did not follow such pattern in the second year (Fig. 2). Grasses contributed most of the biomass. The increase in dead shoot biomass occurred 2-3 months later and was greatest in winter, when annual plants had senesced. Both live shoot and dead shoot b ...
... or after the rainy period in the first year but did not follow such pattern in the second year (Fig. 2). Grasses contributed most of the biomass. The increase in dead shoot biomass occurred 2-3 months later and was greatest in winter, when annual plants had senesced. Both live shoot and dead shoot b ...
Larsen et al (2005) Ecol Letters pdf
... extinction proneness, low to high. A negative response–effect correlation (a2) could result in a saturating functional form (b2). For example, this could arise from rare species with small population size and correspondingly small functional contributions being the most extinction prone. A positive ...
... extinction proneness, low to high. A negative response–effect correlation (a2) could result in a saturating functional form (b2). For example, this could arise from rare species with small population size and correspondingly small functional contributions being the most extinction prone. A positive ...
Chemicals in Host-Parasitoid and Prey-Predator Relations
... Semiochemicals such as kairomones and synomones are involved in the process of host and prey location, acting as an important factor in the behavior of the searching predators and parasitoids. When hosts and prey are crop pests, they may be exposed to pesticides to reduce their populations. Often th ...
... Semiochemicals such as kairomones and synomones are involved in the process of host and prey location, acting as an important factor in the behavior of the searching predators and parasitoids. When hosts and prey are crop pests, they may be exposed to pesticides to reduce their populations. Often th ...
asymmetrical pollen success in ipomopsis
... forms. Pollen might not be deposited on heterospecific stigmas due to behavior of pollinators, or it might fail to fertilize heterospecific ovules. Even when interspecific pollen transfer occurs naturally and species are fully interfertile, the success of heterospecific (Carney et al., 1996; William ...
... forms. Pollen might not be deposited on heterospecific stigmas due to behavior of pollinators, or it might fail to fertilize heterospecific ovules. Even when interspecific pollen transfer occurs naturally and species are fully interfertile, the success of heterospecific (Carney et al., 1996; William ...
Predator-Prey
... defensive abilities among populations fits the predicted pattern for arms races between predator and prey. ...
... defensive abilities among populations fits the predicted pattern for arms races between predator and prey. ...
Integrating Concepts in Biology II
... detoxification enzyme, and the other is modification, through adaptation, of a target site. TABLE 20.3 shows that Tanzanian mosquitoes are more resistant to DDT than Gambian mosquitoes. When examined for the mechanism of resistance, it was found that some variants of the enzyme GST was found in grea ...
... detoxification enzyme, and the other is modification, through adaptation, of a target site. TABLE 20.3 shows that Tanzanian mosquitoes are more resistant to DDT than Gambian mosquitoes. When examined for the mechanism of resistance, it was found that some variants of the enzyme GST was found in grea ...
pdf. - Robert Colwell
... Challenges in Documenting Coextinctions Dunn (2009) searched widely for credible examples of historical coextinctions and came up with a short list. Among the most cited examples of coextinction are parasites (particularly lice; Stork & Lyal 1993) of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and ...
... Challenges in Documenting Coextinctions Dunn (2009) searched widely for credible examples of historical coextinctions and came up with a short list. Among the most cited examples of coextinction are parasites (particularly lice; Stork & Lyal 1993) of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and ...
Centipede, Giant (S)
... centipedes have a lifespan of about 1-3 years, while others may have up to 5-6 years (Animal Diversity, 2004). An introduction of species such as mongooses and snakes in the inhabitant countries (e.g. Trinidad), can cause the population of wild centipedes to decrease. However, by application of pest ...
... centipedes have a lifespan of about 1-3 years, while others may have up to 5-6 years (Animal Diversity, 2004). An introduction of species such as mongooses and snakes in the inhabitant countries (e.g. Trinidad), can cause the population of wild centipedes to decrease. However, by application of pest ...
Abundance, Diversity, and Activity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
... improvement (Lyford 1963, Petal 1978). Their effects are remarkable when they reach extremely high populations. Ant populations often are relatively stable among the seasons and years. Their abundance and stability make ants one of the most important groups of insects in ecosystems. Ant societies ar ...
... improvement (Lyford 1963, Petal 1978). Their effects are remarkable when they reach extremely high populations. Ant populations often are relatively stable among the seasons and years. Their abundance and stability make ants one of the most important groups of insects in ecosystems. Ant societies ar ...
this PDF file - Florida Online Journals
... within-species vulnerabilities to anthropogenic changes to the environment. For example, the peppered moth (Biston betularia) demonstrates how genetic polymorphisms in color, form and associated resting surface preferences can lead to color form-specific responses to human-induced changes to the env ...
... within-species vulnerabilities to anthropogenic changes to the environment. For example, the peppered moth (Biston betularia) demonstrates how genetic polymorphisms in color, form and associated resting surface preferences can lead to color form-specific responses to human-induced changes to the env ...
An anatomy of interactions among species in a seasonal world
... (i.e. species 1 biomass plotted against species 2 biomass) graphically and numerically, we found that each of the four interaction types showed characteristic patterns (‘‘fingerprints’’) in phase space. All the four interaction types could be distinguished, even though their time trajectories were s ...
... (i.e. species 1 biomass plotted against species 2 biomass) graphically and numerically, we found that each of the four interaction types showed characteristic patterns (‘‘fingerprints’’) in phase space. All the four interaction types could be distinguished, even though their time trajectories were s ...
Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in
... songbirds, can be superimposed on another pulsed resource: outbreaks of forest lepidopterans, such as the winter moth (Operophthera brumata). In years of high caterpillar abundance, rates of predation on songbird nests are reduced via two pathways. First, nesting birds with a good food supply spend ...
... songbirds, can be superimposed on another pulsed resource: outbreaks of forest lepidopterans, such as the winter moth (Operophthera brumata). In years of high caterpillar abundance, rates of predation on songbird nests are reduced via two pathways. First, nesting birds with a good food supply spend ...
Realized tolerance to nectar robbing
... understood, how plants cope with floral damage is less well explored. Here the concept of tolerance, typically studied within the context of plant defence to foliar herbivores and pathogens, is extended to floral damage. Variation in tolerance to floral damage is examined, together with some of the ...
... understood, how plants cope with floral damage is less well explored. Here the concept of tolerance, typically studied within the context of plant defence to foliar herbivores and pathogens, is extended to floral damage. Variation in tolerance to floral damage is examined, together with some of the ...
Guide to - Duke Farms
... in openings such as road edges, old fields, and borders of forest stands, where the sunlight is not limiting for them. During winter, birds and mammals find shelter between branches and foliage of shrubs and vines. Their succulent berries offer a variety of long-lasting food sources for wildlife fro ...
... in openings such as road edges, old fields, and borders of forest stands, where the sunlight is not limiting for them. During winter, birds and mammals find shelter between branches and foliage of shrubs and vines. Their succulent berries offer a variety of long-lasting food sources for wildlife fro ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.