Trait- and Density-Mediated Indirect Interactions Initiated by an
... (Power 1990; Silliman and Bertness 2002; Kurle et al. 2008; Schmitz 2008), have illustrated the profound roles that indirect effects can have in ecological systems. However, they have also set strong precedence in emphasizing predators and top-down effects in indirect interactions by focusing on pre ...
... (Power 1990; Silliman and Bertness 2002; Kurle et al. 2008; Schmitz 2008), have illustrated the profound roles that indirect effects can have in ecological systems. However, they have also set strong precedence in emphasizing predators and top-down effects in indirect interactions by focusing on pre ...
ARTHROPOD OBJECTIVES
... Understand the different adaptations found in insect appendages, including the honeybee. Describe the tracheal system of a typical insect, including the spiracle and valve. Know the excretory system used by insects. Describe the 2 main types of metamorphsis. Define all stages involved. Discuss the b ...
... Understand the different adaptations found in insect appendages, including the honeybee. Describe the tracheal system of a typical insect, including the spiracle and valve. Know the excretory system used by insects. Describe the 2 main types of metamorphsis. Define all stages involved. Discuss the b ...
The myriad consequences of hunting for vertebrates and plants in
... and the potential for compensatory change are expected to be greatest among closely related species. For example, overlap in diet among large arboreal frugivores was greatest among congeneric hornbills and among congeneric primates, intermediate among primates from different genera, and least among ...
... and the potential for compensatory change are expected to be greatest among closely related species. For example, overlap in diet among large arboreal frugivores was greatest among congeneric hornbills and among congeneric primates, intermediate among primates from different genera, and least among ...
Insect Orders - St. Lucie County Extension Office
... aquatic habitats, are often found on rocks or other substrates. Both the immatures and adults are an important fish food. Adults are common around water, especially in spring, when they may emerge in large numbers. Adult mayflies live only for one or two days. They do not feed during their adult lif ...
... aquatic habitats, are often found on rocks or other substrates. Both the immatures and adults are an important fish food. Adults are common around water, especially in spring, when they may emerge in large numbers. Adult mayflies live only for one or two days. They do not feed during their adult lif ...
2012-2013 Annual Report - Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve
... and President, and then to the Board of Trustees. Once the Board has decided on the most appropriate strategy, we will begin discussions with the many federal and state agencies with permitting jurisdiction. Another important step in helping to secure the preserve’s future has been the establishment ...
... and President, and then to the Board of Trustees. Once the Board has decided on the most appropriate strategy, we will begin discussions with the many federal and state agencies with permitting jurisdiction. Another important step in helping to secure the preserve’s future has been the establishment ...
here - Azuero Earth Project
... and the potential for compensatory change are expected to be greatest among closely related species. For example, overlap in diet among large arboreal frugivores was greatest among congeneric hornbills and among congeneric primates, intermediate among primates from different genera, and least among ...
... and the potential for compensatory change are expected to be greatest among closely related species. For example, overlap in diet among large arboreal frugivores was greatest among congeneric hornbills and among congeneric primates, intermediate among primates from different genera, and least among ...
Macroecological patterns of species richness in parasite assemblages
... our incomplete knowledge of the deep or recent history of most types of habitats. This is where the study of patterns in parasite species diversity across different host species can make an important contribution to macroecology. Host species within a taxonomic group are genealogically linked by com ...
... our incomplete knowledge of the deep or recent history of most types of habitats. This is where the study of patterns in parasite species diversity across different host species can make an important contribution to macroecology. Host species within a taxonomic group are genealogically linked by com ...
Oecologia (1994) 97:326-332 Springer-Verlag 1994 ORIGINAL PAPER
... and as such offer more complex than gut helminths, interactions among species. potential between species Our study concerns the relationship host. Over 170 of Plasmodium within their vertebrate Plasmodium (Schall 1990a), species have been described hosts are exploited and some vertebrate by two, thr ...
... and as such offer more complex than gut helminths, interactions among species. potential between species Our study concerns the relationship host. Over 170 of Plasmodium within their vertebrate Plasmodium (Schall 1990a), species have been described hosts are exploited and some vertebrate by two, thr ...
(Part 2) The adaptationist program
... offspring than it would if it lacked that trait -Adaptations can be structural, behavioral or physiological. ...
... offspring than it would if it lacked that trait -Adaptations can be structural, behavioral or physiological. ...
Oviposition preference and life history traits in cactophilic Drosophila
... Abstract. Drosophila koepferae and D. buzzatii are two closely related cactophilic species inhabiting the arid lands of southern South America. Previous studies have shown that D. buzzatii breeds primarily on the necrotic cladodes of several Opuntia cacti and D. koepferae on the rotting stems of col ...
... Abstract. Drosophila koepferae and D. buzzatii are two closely related cactophilic species inhabiting the arid lands of southern South America. Previous studies have shown that D. buzzatii breeds primarily on the necrotic cladodes of several Opuntia cacti and D. koepferae on the rotting stems of col ...
Polyp
... – clearly more than one species – at least 16 different algal taxa – zooxanthellae found in closely related coral species not necessarily closely related themselves – zooxanthellae found in distantly related coral species may, in fact, be closely related – may have multiple species in same coral ...
... – clearly more than one species – at least 16 different algal taxa – zooxanthellae found in closely related coral species not necessarily closely related themselves – zooxanthellae found in distantly related coral species may, in fact, be closely related – may have multiple species in same coral ...
Why are there so many species in the tropics?
... Productivity For the last few decades, the main ecological explanation for the LDG has been that regions of high productivity have higher biodiversity because more species can obtain sufficient resources to maintain viable populations. This explanation is based on the well-documented pattern that te ...
... Productivity For the last few decades, the main ecological explanation for the LDG has been that regions of high productivity have higher biodiversity because more species can obtain sufficient resources to maintain viable populations. This explanation is based on the well-documented pattern that te ...
Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative
... ore than half of all species are likely to be those directly involved in plant/insect/parasitoid dynamics (1). Since insect parasitoids kill their hosts, they have profound effects on the population dynamics of their hosts (2). In this study, their hosts are caterpillars (larval Lepidoptera), which ...
... ore than half of all species are likely to be those directly involved in plant/insect/parasitoid dynamics (1). Since insect parasitoids kill their hosts, they have profound effects on the population dynamics of their hosts (2). In this study, their hosts are caterpillars (larval Lepidoptera), which ...
The Ecology of Mutualism
... instances of high phosphate levels the increased uptake caused by mycorrhizae can cause phosphate poisoning (42). Nutrient uptake by endozoic algae has been found in coral zooxanthellae, which take up ammoniafrom seawater (222), and in green hydra, whose bacterial symbionts increase uptake of phosph ...
... instances of high phosphate levels the increased uptake caused by mycorrhizae can cause phosphate poisoning (42). Nutrient uptake by endozoic algae has been found in coral zooxanthellae, which take up ammoniafrom seawater (222), and in green hydra, whose bacterial symbionts increase uptake of phosph ...
Apparent competition and insect community structure: towards a
... competition can structure communities of herbivorous insects. This is not a side show: herbivorous insects and the natural-enemy food chains based on them may include more than 50% of all described species, a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Early attempts to address this question were ...
... competition can structure communities of herbivorous insects. This is not a side show: herbivorous insects and the natural-enemy food chains based on them may include more than 50% of all described species, a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Early attempts to address this question were ...
Effects of Garden Attributes on Ant (Formicidae) Species Richness
... Species diversity in any landscape is influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors acting at different scales (Yitbarek et al., 2011). Identifying these factors will enable urban gardeners to enhance the diversity of desirable organisms via different management techniques that improve soil quality ...
... Species diversity in any landscape is influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors acting at different scales (Yitbarek et al., 2011). Identifying these factors will enable urban gardeners to enhance the diversity of desirable organisms via different management techniques that improve soil quality ...
Ants of Fraser Island
... one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom. There are at least 15000 species worldwide and probably around 6000 species in Australia. A survey of only 16 sites on Fraser Island in 2004 found 254 species of ants present and it is likely that a more thorough survey would see the list rival t ...
... one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom. There are at least 15000 species worldwide and probably around 6000 species in Australia. A survey of only 16 sites on Fraser Island in 2004 found 254 species of ants present and it is likely that a more thorough survey would see the list rival t ...
Body size, trophic level, and the use of fish as transmission routes by parasites.
... associated with their trophic level and vulnerability, and possibly also with how many parasites they harbour. Since predators are larger than their prey, body sizes of species within a food web tend to increase with increasing trophic level (Cohen et al. 1993). Host body size has also long been con ...
... associated with their trophic level and vulnerability, and possibly also with how many parasites they harbour. Since predators are larger than their prey, body sizes of species within a food web tend to increase with increasing trophic level (Cohen et al. 1993). Host body size has also long been con ...
Preston and Johnson 2010
... Figure 4: Parasite-mediated competition facilitates species coexistence. (A) Malarial parasites (Plasmodium azurophilum) in the white blood cells of a lizard; (B) Anolis wattsi; and (C) Anolis gingivinus. Malaria has greater negative effects on the competitively dominant A. gingivinus, allowing A. w ...
... Figure 4: Parasite-mediated competition facilitates species coexistence. (A) Malarial parasites (Plasmodium azurophilum) in the white blood cells of a lizard; (B) Anolis wattsi; and (C) Anolis gingivinus. Malaria has greater negative effects on the competitively dominant A. gingivinus, allowing A. w ...
1 Theories
... (1970) had similar ideas, writing that “the ecosystem … is … the basic selectional unit of evolution. ...
... (1970) had similar ideas, writing that “the ecosystem … is … the basic selectional unit of evolution. ...
2001cjb
... Newmarket, Ontario, in which we experimentally excluded vertebrate and terrestrial insect seed predators from seeds of 43 native and exotic old-field plants. Protection from vertebrates significantly increased recovery of seeds; vertebrate exclusion produced higher recovery than controls for 30 of t ...
... Newmarket, Ontario, in which we experimentally excluded vertebrate and terrestrial insect seed predators from seeds of 43 native and exotic old-field plants. Protection from vertebrates significantly increased recovery of seeds; vertebrate exclusion produced higher recovery than controls for 30 of t ...
Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and
... test may be inappropriate. Furthermore, there is a distinction between the definition of a concept and the specific test used to measure its effects empirically (e.g. competition is not defined based on a particular test). Niche conservatism in a species or clade may be most apparent when contrasted ...
... test may be inappropriate. Furthermore, there is a distinction between the definition of a concept and the specific test used to measure its effects empirically (e.g. competition is not defined based on a particular test). Niche conservatism in a species or clade may be most apparent when contrasted ...
Are the metabolomic responses to folivory of closely related plant
... plants than to the coevolution of the plant–insect interaction, suggesting that several aspects of the defensive phenotypes should converge in closely related plant species. Herbivores, however, may play a more crucial role in constraining the final expression of genotypes compared to other evolutio ...
... plants than to the coevolution of the plant–insect interaction, suggesting that several aspects of the defensive phenotypes should converge in closely related plant species. Herbivores, however, may play a more crucial role in constraining the final expression of genotypes compared to other evolutio ...
Ch. 24: The Origin of Species
... species of plants, the flowers often have distinct appearances that attract different pollinators. These 2 species of monkey flower differ greatly in shape & color, therefore cross-pollination does not happen. AP Biology ...
... species of plants, the flowers often have distinct appearances that attract different pollinators. These 2 species of monkey flower differ greatly in shape & color, therefore cross-pollination does not happen. AP Biology ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.