How parasites affect interactions between competitors and predators
... been very well reviewed elsewhere (Chase et al. 2002; Bolker et al. 2003; van Veen et al. 2006). Because our aim is to examine how parasites influence interactions between other species, the interactions considered here necessarily involve three (or more) species and we ignore the large and importan ...
... been very well reviewed elsewhere (Chase et al. 2002; Bolker et al. 2003; van Veen et al. 2006). Because our aim is to examine how parasites influence interactions between other species, the interactions considered here necessarily involve three (or more) species and we ignore the large and importan ...
a review and synthesis1
... and Y tendencies resulted in the production of ill-adapted offspring could arise at B.” In other words, we are considering the early stages of speciation, with some ecological and (or) morphological differences having accrued between populations A and C. These two populations are still able to produ ...
... and Y tendencies resulted in the production of ill-adapted offspring could arise at B.” In other words, we are considering the early stages of speciation, with some ecological and (or) morphological differences having accrued between populations A and C. These two populations are still able to produ ...
Evolutionary food web model based on body masses gives realistic
... Even if a newly emerging species is slightly better adapted to the resources and therefore displaces a species of similar body mass, it has the same feeding preferences and hence the same function in the food web, leading to a very low species turnover without secondary extinctions [15]. The network ...
... Even if a newly emerging species is slightly better adapted to the resources and therefore displaces a species of similar body mass, it has the same feeding preferences and hence the same function in the food web, leading to a very low species turnover without secondary extinctions [15]. The network ...
The dynamical theory of coevolution
... complete. Progress on these ecological aspects of evolution will critically depend on properly addressing at least the following four requirements. 1. ¹he evolutionary process needs to be considered in a coevolutionary context. This amounts to allowing feedbacks to occur between the evolutionary dyn ...
... complete. Progress on these ecological aspects of evolution will critically depend on properly addressing at least the following four requirements. 1. ¹he evolutionary process needs to be considered in a coevolutionary context. This amounts to allowing feedbacks to occur between the evolutionary dyn ...
Local adaptation and ecological genetics of host
... between different hosts. We performed a quantitative genetic experiment of larval performance in three different populations of the alpine leaf beetle Oreina elongata reared on two of its main host plants. Due to differences in host availability, each population represents a distinctly different sel ...
... between different hosts. We performed a quantitative genetic experiment of larval performance in three different populations of the alpine leaf beetle Oreina elongata reared on two of its main host plants. Due to differences in host availability, each population represents a distinctly different sel ...
Unit IV Insects Aquatic Insects
... very little about them. These adaptable creatures are one of the most successful groups of organisms on earth representing more than 75% of all animals. They have been able to inhabit a wide range of places from the driest deserts to the highest mountaintops. ...
... very little about them. These adaptable creatures are one of the most successful groups of organisms on earth representing more than 75% of all animals. They have been able to inhabit a wide range of places from the driest deserts to the highest mountaintops. ...
Experimental evidence for fundamental, and not realized, niche
... unclear whether Cephalelus exhibit fundamental or realized niche partitioning (i.e. whether current interspecific interactions determine host use). In herbivorous insect systems, interspecific competition is often indirect (i.e. occurs through induced plant defences or through exploitative competiti ...
... unclear whether Cephalelus exhibit fundamental or realized niche partitioning (i.e. whether current interspecific interactions determine host use). In herbivorous insect systems, interspecific competition is often indirect (i.e. occurs through induced plant defences or through exploitative competiti ...
Honors Biology notes
... E. when we use biological resources (fishing, farming, hunting) we need to understand population growth in order to use them sustainably III. Community and ecosystem ecology - chap 37 A. definition of community and ecosystem B. relationships between species (examples and more info) 1. competition ...
... E. when we use biological resources (fishing, farming, hunting) we need to understand population growth in order to use them sustainably III. Community and ecosystem ecology - chap 37 A. definition of community and ecosystem B. relationships between species (examples and more info) 1. competition ...
Annelida - Segmented Worms Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
... A1634 to A1638], which is distinguished by its transparent foregut and greater than 15% uncorrected cytochrome oxidase I (COI) distance from all other Swima species. This new clade is not closely related to either of the two previously known pelagic cirratuliforms (2) and so represents a third and s ...
... A1634 to A1638], which is distinguished by its transparent foregut and greater than 15% uncorrected cytochrome oxidase I (COI) distance from all other Swima species. This new clade is not closely related to either of the two previously known pelagic cirratuliforms (2) and so represents a third and s ...
20
... Studies have been conducted in Trinidad since 1982, where the availability of lants, insects, and the facilities of the Commonwealth Institute of Bio ogical Control provide the necessary combination for the required studies and host range tests. Field data were collected from 40 sites, most of them ...
... Studies have been conducted in Trinidad since 1982, where the availability of lants, insects, and the facilities of the Commonwealth Institute of Bio ogical Control provide the necessary combination for the required studies and host range tests. Field data were collected from 40 sites, most of them ...
114 Evolutionary Diversification of Alpine Ginger Reflects Ancient
... geological events in the studied region. They proposed that the contrasting distribution patterns in Cautleya and Roscoea have been affected not only by the geological history of the region, but also the differences in their morphology and life history, especially the dispersal ability of seeds. Fur ...
... geological events in the studied region. They proposed that the contrasting distribution patterns in Cautleya and Roscoea have been affected not only by the geological history of the region, but also the differences in their morphology and life history, especially the dispersal ability of seeds. Fur ...
Evolutionary responses to conditionality in species
... mutualisms predict ecological stress-ameliorating interactions will be mutualistic at sites more limited by stress only. Note that relationships between limiting stresses and benefits are likely to be nonlinear, and benefits will taper off at extreme stress values (Malkinson and Tielbörger, 2010; H ...
... mutualisms predict ecological stress-ameliorating interactions will be mutualistic at sites more limited by stress only. Note that relationships between limiting stresses and benefits are likely to be nonlinear, and benefits will taper off at extreme stress values (Malkinson and Tielbörger, 2010; H ...
Marine Ecology 2008, Lecture 5 july 10 final pred-parasite
... (are they ½ responsible? Completely responsible?) - are other factors important? - do predators keep prey populations below K? (If predators keep prey populations below K then we have no reason to believe completion is important because resources would not be limiting) - if predators are so efficien ...
... (are they ½ responsible? Completely responsible?) - are other factors important? - do predators keep prey populations below K? (If predators keep prey populations below K then we have no reason to believe completion is important because resources would not be limiting) - if predators are so efficien ...
Jenny Rempel -- The Evolution of Flightlessness in Galápagos Insects
... Darwin’s hypothesis was entirely correct (L’Heritier et al. 1937, cited Roff 1990: 399). As is hopefully obvious, however, L’Heritier’s study does not even begin to address the question of island insect flightlessness. The primary problem with L’Heritier’s study is one that afflicts Darwin’s entire ...
... Darwin’s hypothesis was entirely correct (L’Heritier et al. 1937, cited Roff 1990: 399). As is hopefully obvious, however, L’Heritier’s study does not even begin to address the question of island insect flightlessness. The primary problem with L’Heritier’s study is one that afflicts Darwin’s entire ...
Cactoblastis
... • Prickly pear from Brazil was introduced to Australia with the first white settlers in the 1700s in order to establish a cochineal dye industry • By the early 1900s, prickly pear had overrun large parts of Queensland and New South Wales – 30 million acres in Queensland were completely covered. • in ...
... • Prickly pear from Brazil was introduced to Australia with the first white settlers in the 1700s in order to establish a cochineal dye industry • By the early 1900s, prickly pear had overrun large parts of Queensland and New South Wales – 30 million acres in Queensland were completely covered. • in ...
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of communities and ecosystems
... The coupled evolution and population dynamics of three species in general requires a dynamic model with a minimum of six equations. This usually suggests a number of parameters large enough for a totally comprehensive understanding of all the possible dynamics to be out of the question. Nevertheless ...
... The coupled evolution and population dynamics of three species in general requires a dynamic model with a minimum of six equations. This usually suggests a number of parameters large enough for a totally comprehensive understanding of all the possible dynamics to be out of the question. Nevertheless ...
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of communities and Ecosystems
... The coupled evolution and population dynamics of three species in general requires a dynamic model with a minimum of six equations. This usually suggests a number of parameters large enough for a totally comprehensive understanding of all the possible dynamics to be out of the question. Nevertheless ...
... The coupled evolution and population dynamics of three species in general requires a dynamic model with a minimum of six equations. This usually suggests a number of parameters large enough for a totally comprehensive understanding of all the possible dynamics to be out of the question. Nevertheless ...
PII: S0020-7519(01) - University of Otago
... several populations of freshwater and brackish water fish belonging to different species, and (2) determine whether these associations are influenced by fish size and by whether the parasite species also share other hosts in their life cycle. All the helminth species considered here use the study fi ...
... several populations of freshwater and brackish water fish belonging to different species, and (2) determine whether these associations are influenced by fish size and by whether the parasite species also share other hosts in their life cycle. All the helminth species considered here use the study fi ...
Introduction
... One common adaptation is camouflage. Both predators and prey utilize this particular feature in a way that is beneficial. Prey use it to hide from predators, while predators can use it to disguise their presence before going in for a kill. While we generally only think about how the environmen ...
... One common adaptation is camouflage. Both predators and prey utilize this particular feature in a way that is beneficial. Prey use it to hide from predators, while predators can use it to disguise their presence before going in for a kill. While we generally only think about how the environmen ...
Inter and Intraspecificity of Chemical Communication
... mark. The semiochemicals are divided into two major groups depending on whether the interactions are interspecific (allelochemics) or intraspecific (pheromones). However, these terms should not be considered as mutually exclusive since one particular product may be defined to act in one or more spec ...
... mark. The semiochemicals are divided into two major groups depending on whether the interactions are interspecific (allelochemics) or intraspecific (pheromones). However, these terms should not be considered as mutually exclusive since one particular product may be defined to act in one or more spec ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Trait matching between interacting partners has been identified for a variety of organisms. Plant corolla length and pollinator proboscis length is a classic example (Kritsky 1991). However, most pollinators are quite generalists, and while species may have specialized morphology, it does not prevent ...
... Trait matching between interacting partners has been identified for a variety of organisms. Plant corolla length and pollinator proboscis length is a classic example (Kritsky 1991). However, most pollinators are quite generalists, and while species may have specialized morphology, it does not prevent ...
MUTUALISM AS RECIPROCAL EXPLOITATION: AFRICAN PLANT
... For each focal tree identified, we performed a number of measurements. First, we arbitrarily chose two branches at a height of ;1.5 m, one on the south side of the canopy and one on the north. An observer wearing a leather glove then grasped the branch tip and raked the first 15 cm of the branch three ...
... For each focal tree identified, we performed a number of measurements. First, we arbitrarily chose two branches at a height of ;1.5 m, one on the south side of the canopy and one on the north. An observer wearing a leather glove then grasped the branch tip and raked the first 15 cm of the branch three ...
Hawaii`s Terrestrial Ecosystesms: Preservation
... Alien species feed directly on native plants or their products, thus competing with native herbivores and affecting host plants. Alien predators and parasites critically reduce the populations of many native species and seriously deplete the food resources of native predators. Some immigrant species ...
... Alien species feed directly on native plants or their products, thus competing with native herbivores and affecting host plants. Alien predators and parasites critically reduce the populations of many native species and seriously deplete the food resources of native predators. Some immigrant species ...
Weak and variable relationships between environmental severity
... et al. 2004; Seabloom et al. 2005). In particular, increasing competition may lead to spatial segregation between species, whilst beneficial interspecific interactions may lead to species aggregation. As a corollary, if the SGH is correct, the fine-scale spatial arrangement of species should shift f ...
... et al. 2004; Seabloom et al. 2005). In particular, increasing competition may lead to spatial segregation between species, whilst beneficial interspecific interactions may lead to species aggregation. As a corollary, if the SGH is correct, the fine-scale spatial arrangement of species should shift f ...
A complex adaptive systems approach
... (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive growth, i.e., zero net growth isoclines) such that species with this trait would come to dominate the community in a stable environment. In many experiments an initial sampling effect was evident because of the way the experiment was set ...
... (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive growth, i.e., zero net growth isoclines) such that species with this trait would come to dominate the community in a stable environment. In many experiments an initial sampling effect was evident because of the way the experiment was set ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.