Emerging directions in the study of the ecology and evolution of
... The idea of plant-animal interaction networks was first proposed 150 years ago with the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, who wrote “I am tempted to give one more instance showing how plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relat ...
... The idea of plant-animal interaction networks was first proposed 150 years ago with the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, who wrote “I am tempted to give one more instance showing how plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relat ...
Reprint - Queen`s University Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
... previous results, however, because assumptions of sexual reproduction in earlier theory tended to lead to the conclusion that evolutionary branching within a single species did not occur, even in the face of disruptive selection (Slatkin 1980, Taylor and Day 1997). The recent theory of adaptive dyna ...
... previous results, however, because assumptions of sexual reproduction in earlier theory tended to lead to the conclusion that evolutionary branching within a single species did not occur, even in the face of disruptive selection (Slatkin 1980, Taylor and Day 1997). The recent theory of adaptive dyna ...
S51.2: Brood parasites: The advantages of being a different species
... 1997, and, Poulin 1998). However, if the brood parasite nestling is reared by foster parents of a different species, the risk of being infected is greatly reduced compared to non-brood parasitic nestlings. Thereby, the cost of infections is reduced just because the foster parent and the brood parasi ...
... 1997, and, Poulin 1998). However, if the brood parasite nestling is reared by foster parents of a different species, the risk of being infected is greatly reduced compared to non-brood parasitic nestlings. Thereby, the cost of infections is reduced just because the foster parent and the brood parasi ...
Flowering Patterns in a Seasonal Tropical Lowland Forest in
... Temperature is another variable capable of triggering flowering and affecting plant metabolism (Lyndon 1992). Changes in temperature are correlated with flowering events and other phenological cycles in many tropical environments (Ashton et al. 1988, Morellato et al 2000, Marques et al. 2004, Corlet ...
... Temperature is another variable capable of triggering flowering and affecting plant metabolism (Lyndon 1992). Changes in temperature are correlated with flowering events and other phenological cycles in many tropical environments (Ashton et al. 1988, Morellato et al 2000, Marques et al. 2004, Corlet ...
Parasites, diversity and the ecosystem.
... consequences of parasite removal for the community and energy flow in the ecosystem? What is the biomass of parasites within the ecosystem and how does this compare with other natural enemies? How do the parasites influence the flow of specific chemicals and minerals through the system? How do paras ...
... consequences of parasite removal for the community and energy flow in the ecosystem? What is the biomass of parasites within the ecosystem and how does this compare with other natural enemies? How do the parasites influence the flow of specific chemicals and minerals through the system? How do paras ...
Butterfly Breeding Guide
... subspecies of the New Zealand Red Admiral: Vanessa gonerilla gonerilla (kahukura) which is found on the New Zealand mainland and the Chatham Island Red Admiral, Bassaris gonerilla ida which is found only on the Chatham Islands. The endemic New Zealand Red Admiral resembles the European red admiral ( ...
... subspecies of the New Zealand Red Admiral: Vanessa gonerilla gonerilla (kahukura) which is found on the New Zealand mainland and the Chatham Island Red Admiral, Bassaris gonerilla ida which is found only on the Chatham Islands. The endemic New Zealand Red Admiral resembles the European red admiral ( ...
redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus L.
... light levels favor the accumulation of toxic nitrates in this species. Illness or death can result when animals ingest plants with high nitrate concentrations (Walsh 1993, Herbarium of the University of Georgia 2002, Costea et al. 2004). Wind-borne pollen can cause allergic reactions in people. Dome ...
... light levels favor the accumulation of toxic nitrates in this species. Illness or death can result when animals ingest plants with high nitrate concentrations (Walsh 1993, Herbarium of the University of Georgia 2002, Costea et al. 2004). Wind-borne pollen can cause allergic reactions in people. Dome ...
Slide 1
... 4. Ecoli bacteria live in the large intestines of humans. They receive nutrients from food wastes and produce MUTUALISM vitamin D which is absorbed by the host. 5. Strangler figs start when a bird or fruit bat drops a seed onto a live tree. Its roots grow quickly downward, choking the host tree and ...
... 4. Ecoli bacteria live in the large intestines of humans. They receive nutrients from food wastes and produce MUTUALISM vitamin D which is absorbed by the host. 5. Strangler figs start when a bird or fruit bat drops a seed onto a live tree. Its roots grow quickly downward, choking the host tree and ...
Fitness and physiology in a variable environment
... success of species with different traits under multiple environmental conditions can clarify the role of plant physiology in determining community composition (Ackerly et al. 2000; McGill et al. 2006). This link between physiological traits and demographic performance is an important, yet poorly und ...
... success of species with different traits under multiple environmental conditions can clarify the role of plant physiology in determining community composition (Ackerly et al. 2000; McGill et al. 2006). This link between physiological traits and demographic performance is an important, yet poorly und ...
Thinking Critically about Evolutionary Theory
... Part I: The Creation vs. Evolution Debate Creationism vs. Evolutionism There are those who support the idea of a divine creation of the world, and those who support biological evolution. Emotionally charged battles between these two groups have been going on ever since Darwin published his Origin of ...
... Part I: The Creation vs. Evolution Debate Creationism vs. Evolutionism There are those who support the idea of a divine creation of the world, and those who support biological evolution. Emotionally charged battles between these two groups have been going on ever since Darwin published his Origin of ...
2005ecology
... August. All sedentary insects on the plants were counted and identified to species in the field where possible. Individuals that were not readily identifiable were collected for identification. Arthropods were only considered to be herbivores if they were observed feeding on the plant or were known ...
... August. All sedentary insects on the plants were counted and identified to species in the field where possible. Individuals that were not readily identifiable were collected for identification. Arthropods were only considered to be herbivores if they were observed feeding on the plant or were known ...
Monday - Houston ISD
... adaptations that allow specific functions, such as gills in fish, hollow bones in birds, or xylem in plants. ...
... adaptations that allow specific functions, such as gills in fish, hollow bones in birds, or xylem in plants. ...
Evolutionary diversification, coevolution between populations and
... other locally, although their similar tolerances of environmental conditions might lead to closer association when viewed at broader environmental scales (15, 16). Although these developments are closely allied with earlier ideas about the niche, they also reflect the dual nature of the niche emphasi ...
... other locally, although their similar tolerances of environmental conditions might lead to closer association when viewed at broader environmental scales (15, 16). Although these developments are closely allied with earlier ideas about the niche, they also reflect the dual nature of the niche emphasi ...
Landscaping for Wildlife Butterflies
... in the butterfly garden, you can see them basking in the sun. Butterflies fly at their very best when the air temperatures range from seventy-five to ninety degrees. The reason for this is that they do not have to stop and warm their wings. If the winds are cooler, you will often see many butterflie ...
... in the butterfly garden, you can see them basking in the sun. Butterflies fly at their very best when the air temperatures range from seventy-five to ninety degrees. The reason for this is that they do not have to stop and warm their wings. If the winds are cooler, you will often see many butterflie ...
Hawai`i Landscape Plant Pest Guide: Sucking Insects
... active dispersal stage; once settled and feeding, most immature soft scales (“nymphs”) are still capable of limited movement, while mature females are primarily sedentary once feeding and ovipositing begin. • Female soft scales are always wingless; adult males, when present, can be winged or wingle ...
... active dispersal stage; once settled and feeding, most immature soft scales (“nymphs”) are still capable of limited movement, while mature females are primarily sedentary once feeding and ovipositing begin. • Female soft scales are always wingless; adult males, when present, can be winged or wingle ...
Impact of prescribed burning on endophytic insect
... Abstract. Prescribed burning currently is used to preserve endemicity of plant communities in remnant tallgrass prairies. Although some types of arthropods benefit from changes in plant communities brought about by burning, other species that are endemic to prairies may be threatened. Because they i ...
... Abstract. Prescribed burning currently is used to preserve endemicity of plant communities in remnant tallgrass prairies. Although some types of arthropods benefit from changes in plant communities brought about by burning, other species that are endemic to prairies may be threatened. Because they i ...
The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants
... will be in flower throughout the growing season, there is a tendency for peaks of flowering to occur. In wet tropical forests flower production may coincide with peaks of irradiance (Wright & Van Schaik 1994). In the seasonally dry tropical forests flowering is often concentrated in the transition f ...
... will be in flower throughout the growing season, there is a tendency for peaks of flowering to occur. In wet tropical forests flower production may coincide with peaks of irradiance (Wright & Van Schaik 1994). In the seasonally dry tropical forests flowering is often concentrated in the transition f ...
Experimental test of plant defence evolution in four species using
... Kingdom, where we excluded rabbits from 38 grassland plots for <1–34 years. To assess the evolutionary impacts of rabbits on plant defence traits, we collected seeds from plots containing the following perennial species: Anthoxanthum odoratum (Poaceae), Festuca rubra ssp. rubra (Poaceae), Holcus lan ...
... Kingdom, where we excluded rabbits from 38 grassland plots for <1–34 years. To assess the evolutionary impacts of rabbits on plant defence traits, we collected seeds from plots containing the following perennial species: Anthoxanthum odoratum (Poaceae), Festuca rubra ssp. rubra (Poaceae), Holcus lan ...
Activity (Teacher Verison) PDF
... There are more than 800 species of Hawaiian Drosophila. They are a premier example of adaptive radiation. Drosophila species now occupy a range of habitats. Different species feed on different food items, including rotting fruit and leaves, tree sap, and fungi. About 100 of the Hawaiian Drosop ...
... There are more than 800 species of Hawaiian Drosophila. They are a premier example of adaptive radiation. Drosophila species now occupy a range of habitats. Different species feed on different food items, including rotting fruit and leaves, tree sap, and fungi. About 100 of the Hawaiian Drosop ...
The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and
... rarely infecting ticks. The resulting expectation, the Dilution Effect hypothesis, is decreasing infection prevalence in the tick population with increasing host diversity. The Dilution Effect might not be a ‘‘pure’’ diversity effect (1), but could result from the observed correlations among vertebr ...
... rarely infecting ticks. The resulting expectation, the Dilution Effect hypothesis, is decreasing infection prevalence in the tick population with increasing host diversity. The Dilution Effect might not be a ‘‘pure’’ diversity effect (1), but could result from the observed correlations among vertebr ...
Nevada`s Bioregions
... and animals found there than they are to the overall climate. What it is not: – Not a biome. Several bioregions may exist within a simgle biome. • Area is much smaller than a biome – Not an ecosystem. Several ecosystems may exist within a single bioregion. • Area is larger than a single ...
... and animals found there than they are to the overall climate. What it is not: – Not a biome. Several bioregions may exist within a simgle biome. • Area is much smaller than a biome – Not an ecosystem. Several ecosystems may exist within a single bioregion. • Area is larger than a single ...
VERTEBRATES Vertebrates are members of the larger phylum
... • Hinge Joints - A hinge joint can only move in one direction – up or down. The knee and elbow are hinge joints • Pivot Joints - The pivot joint allows rotation. Your wrist and the attachment of the head is called the spinal chord are pivot joints. This is why you can turn your head. • Ball-and-Sock ...
... • Hinge Joints - A hinge joint can only move in one direction – up or down. The knee and elbow are hinge joints • Pivot Joints - The pivot joint allows rotation. Your wrist and the attachment of the head is called the spinal chord are pivot joints. This is why you can turn your head. • Ball-and-Sock ...
1369-1376
... Strauss (2011) demonstrated in an experimental test that most species germinate well at conspecific and congeneric sites and less well at confamilial and distant relative sites. This pattern is reversed later, as in terms of survival most species performed better when grown with distant than with cl ...
... Strauss (2011) demonstrated in an experimental test that most species germinate well at conspecific and congeneric sites and less well at confamilial and distant relative sites. This pattern is reversed later, as in terms of survival most species performed better when grown with distant than with cl ...
APOSEMA TISM AND MIMICRY IN CATERPILLARS Aposematic
... for mates or for oviposition plants; because conspicuousness is part of their lifestyle, aposematic coloration, legitimately advertising distastefulness, may be of tremendous benefit in avoiding attacks, particularly if there are specific patterns or colors that are innately avoided by predators (e. ...
... for mates or for oviposition plants; because conspicuousness is part of their lifestyle, aposematic coloration, legitimately advertising distastefulness, may be of tremendous benefit in avoiding attacks, particularly if there are specific patterns or colors that are innately avoided by predators (e. ...
Asymmetric specialization
... species is highly asymmetric, as most specialists do not have specialized interaction partners (Fig. 1b and c). Therefore, the answer to our first question (i.e., Is asymmetric specialization common in pollination systems?) appears to be ‘‘yes.’’ Is the observed asymmetric specialization different f ...
... species is highly asymmetric, as most specialists do not have specialized interaction partners (Fig. 1b and c). Therefore, the answer to our first question (i.e., Is asymmetric specialization common in pollination systems?) appears to be ‘‘yes.’’ Is the observed asymmetric specialization different f ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.