15. NEW WORLD NECTAR-FEEDING VERTEBRATES
... of nonhermits have occurred in the Andean uplands (Bleiweiss 1998b). Hermits are found primarily in lowland tropical habitats of tropical America. Nonhermits occur in a wide variety of habitats throughout North, Central, and South America and the West Indies. The chiropteran family Phyllostomidae fi ...
... of nonhermits have occurred in the Andean uplands (Bleiweiss 1998b). Hermits are found primarily in lowland tropical habitats of tropical America. Nonhermits occur in a wide variety of habitats throughout North, Central, and South America and the West Indies. The chiropteran family Phyllostomidae fi ...
Influences of Trees on Abundance of Natural Enemies of Insect
... that feed on crop pests were more abundant at the edge of multi-row windbreaks than in the interior of the windbreak [Katayama, 1980]. In single-row elm windbreaks, most of the windbreak is edge; thus, carabid and staphylinid abundance should be relatively constant across the windbreak [Frye et aI., ...
... that feed on crop pests were more abundant at the edge of multi-row windbreaks than in the interior of the windbreak [Katayama, 1980]. In single-row elm windbreaks, most of the windbreak is edge; thus, carabid and staphylinid abundance should be relatively constant across the windbreak [Frye et aI., ...
Oecologia (1992) 92:58-64 ?-;- Oecologia ? Springer-Verlag 1992
... intuitive appeal because parasites are enormously diverse (perhaps half of all animal species are 1966]), and they often cause at least parasites [Dogiel moderate harm to their hosts. It is easy to visualize how an introduced pathogen could cause epidemic disease in only one or a few host species, c ...
... intuitive appeal because parasites are enormously diverse (perhaps half of all animal species are 1966]), and they often cause at least parasites [Dogiel moderate harm to their hosts. It is easy to visualize how an introduced pathogen could cause epidemic disease in only one or a few host species, c ...
Job Description for Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD) September
... Ecological research is often concerned with trophic interactions (“who eats whom”) and how these interactions change through time. Stable isotope analysis is a fundamental method in ecology because it allows tracking the food sources and the movements of an animal. However, recent research by the ho ...
... Ecological research is often concerned with trophic interactions (“who eats whom”) and how these interactions change through time. Stable isotope analysis is a fundamental method in ecology because it allows tracking the food sources and the movements of an animal. However, recent research by the ho ...
The Theory of Evolution
... 6, published "The Origin of Species" 7, trees that show how organisms are related 9. the earth is thought to be 4.5 __years old 10. the process by which new species are formed 12, industrial melanism was seen in this insect 13. type of bird on the galapagos islands 16, when a species dies out, it be ...
... 6, published "The Origin of Species" 7, trees that show how organisms are related 9. the earth is thought to be 4.5 __years old 10. the process by which new species are formed 12, industrial melanism was seen in this insect 13. type of bird on the galapagos islands 16, when a species dies out, it be ...
Section 28.1 Summary – pages 741 - 746
... • Before the new exoskeleton hardens, the animal puffs up as a result of increased _______ circulation to all parts of its body. • Thus, the new exoskeleton hardens in a ________ size, allowing some room for the animal to continue to grow. ...
... • Before the new exoskeleton hardens, the animal puffs up as a result of increased _______ circulation to all parts of its body. • Thus, the new exoskeleton hardens in a ________ size, allowing some room for the animal to continue to grow. ...
Butterflys - Moreton Bay Regional Council
... Lepidoptera and differ from other insects. For example, the adult typically has much-reduced mouth parts except for those parts associated with and forming the proboscis – a coiled tube used for sucking up water, nectar and other plant juices. The membranous wings are covered on both surfaces with o ...
... Lepidoptera and differ from other insects. For example, the adult typically has much-reduced mouth parts except for those parts associated with and forming the proboscis – a coiled tube used for sucking up water, nectar and other plant juices. The membranous wings are covered on both surfaces with o ...
1 From plants to communities - Biology Department | UNC Chapel Hill
... The accession of species into mixtures ................................................................................. 13 ...
... The accession of species into mixtures ................................................................................. 13 ...
adaptive radiation - College of Natural Resources
... innovations only set the stage for changes in diversity; they do not, by themselves, cause the change. Key innovations can occur over and over, such as heterospory in plants. They have been extensively implicated in the adaptive radiation of interacting species. For example, symbioses can be an “evo ...
... innovations only set the stage for changes in diversity; they do not, by themselves, cause the change. Key innovations can occur over and over, such as heterospory in plants. They have been extensively implicated in the adaptive radiation of interacting species. For example, symbioses can be an “evo ...
Report Specialization, Constraints, and Conflicting Interests in
... realized ‘‘links.’’ For instance, predators are specialized if they attack only a few prey species, and specialized flowers are those that are visited by few pollinator species only. This concept has been extended to measure the degree of specialization of entire networks (‘‘connectance’’), where as ...
... realized ‘‘links.’’ For instance, predators are specialized if they attack only a few prey species, and specialized flowers are those that are visited by few pollinator species only. This concept has been extended to measure the degree of specialization of entire networks (‘‘connectance’’), where as ...
1 From plants to communities
... periodically-shed exoskeleton that includes cellulose-like material, but there is sufficient protein ...
... periodically-shed exoskeleton that includes cellulose-like material, but there is sufficient protein ...
The state of knowledge about insect pollination in Norway
... examples of such highly specialized interactions. One is the globeflower (Trollius europaeus), which is pollinated by flies in the Chiastocheta genus (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), the females of which lay eggs in the ovaries of the flower. Another is the northern wolf ’s-bane (Aconitum lycoctonum), which ...
... examples of such highly specialized interactions. One is the globeflower (Trollius europaeus), which is pollinated by flies in the Chiastocheta genus (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), the females of which lay eggs in the ovaries of the flower. Another is the northern wolf ’s-bane (Aconitum lycoctonum), which ...
pdf file
... and other anti-herbivore defences, predators and parasitoids associated with each plant species may exercise ‘top–down’ control. Specialized herbivores appear to be less susceptible to predators in tropical forests (Dyer 1995), but tend to suffer higher parasitism rates (Gentry & Dyer 2002). Interpr ...
... and other anti-herbivore defences, predators and parasitoids associated with each plant species may exercise ‘top–down’ control. Specialized herbivores appear to be less susceptible to predators in tropical forests (Dyer 1995), but tend to suffer higher parasitism rates (Gentry & Dyer 2002). Interpr ...
Plant Invaders II - University of the District of Columbia
... (and other species) have, and continue to be, managed or eradicated in particular areas. So whether you’re removing invasive invasive plants on your own property, participating in larger abatement events, replacing invasive plants with native or non-invasive plants in your own landscape, spotting an ...
... (and other species) have, and continue to be, managed or eradicated in particular areas. So whether you’re removing invasive invasive plants on your own property, participating in larger abatement events, replacing invasive plants with native or non-invasive plants in your own landscape, spotting an ...
Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water
... calyx and corolla and from those with free petals to those with sympetalous connation. ...
... calyx and corolla and from those with free petals to those with sympetalous connation. ...
the role of selected animals in pollination and dispersal of
... Cynopterus brachyotis which feeds on fruits. This bat is considered a potential seed dispersal agent because it carries fruits to feeding roosts located 50-70 m away from the fruiting tree (Funakoshi & Zubaid 1997). Fruit remnants, intact seeds, chewed leaves and flowers have been found underneath s ...
... Cynopterus brachyotis which feeds on fruits. This bat is considered a potential seed dispersal agent because it carries fruits to feeding roosts located 50-70 m away from the fruiting tree (Funakoshi & Zubaid 1997). Fruit remnants, intact seeds, chewed leaves and flowers have been found underneath s ...
Nontoxic toxins: the energetics of coevolution
... tribute or non-tribute, used by a species depends in part on its productivity relative to other potential prey species in the same habitat. ‘The cost of‘a non-tribute defence to the prey species is not made available to the predator. Examples include toxicity (among animals but not always plants as ...
... tribute or non-tribute, used by a species depends in part on its productivity relative to other potential prey species in the same habitat. ‘The cost of‘a non-tribute defence to the prey species is not made available to the predator. Examples include toxicity (among animals but not always plants as ...
Germination and establishment of invasive and native Impatiens
... Europe. In the Czech Republic, it first colonized open riverbank habitats and more recently less humid and more shaded habitats where it comes in contact with two congeners, the native I. noli-tangere and earlier invader I. parviflora; both these species are likely to be affected by competition with ...
... Europe. In the Czech Republic, it first colonized open riverbank habitats and more recently less humid and more shaded habitats where it comes in contact with two congeners, the native I. noli-tangere and earlier invader I. parviflora; both these species are likely to be affected by competition with ...
Parasites, ecosystems and sustainability: an ecological and complex
... (2003) argue that theory and evidence both point to the pervasive contribution made by parasitism on polymorphism within populations and divergence between populations and species. They proposed various types of co-evolutionary interactions: for instance, a Host–parasite interaction can produce an e ...
... (2003) argue that theory and evidence both point to the pervasive contribution made by parasitism on polymorphism within populations and divergence between populations and species. They proposed various types of co-evolutionary interactions: for instance, a Host–parasite interaction can produce an e ...
Temporal Niche
... (apparent sequential peak production of six species in an Appalachian stream) ...
... (apparent sequential peak production of six species in an Appalachian stream) ...
Tropical Topics - Wet Tropics Management Authority
... Just as we expect grown children to leave home and produce their families at some distance from us, so also a parent tree strives to prevent its seedlings from growing up under its feet. It is better for the saplings to take their competition for soil nutrients, water and light elsewhere. Movement f ...
... Just as we expect grown children to leave home and produce their families at some distance from us, so also a parent tree strives to prevent its seedlings from growing up under its feet. It is better for the saplings to take their competition for soil nutrients, water and light elsewhere. Movement f ...
Biology 350: Microbial Diversity
... Dogma machinery. •Both are firmly integrated into host genome and biochemistry now. •Chloroplasts have much larger genome and many more genes than mitochondria (later symbiosis?). •Compare mitochondrion to bacterium (Rickettsia, in fact). •Note that ftsZ protein is involved in chloroplast division! ...
... Dogma machinery. •Both are firmly integrated into host genome and biochemistry now. •Chloroplasts have much larger genome and many more genes than mitochondria (later symbiosis?). •Compare mitochondrion to bacterium (Rickettsia, in fact). •Note that ftsZ protein is involved in chloroplast division! ...
Encyclopedia of Islands - Sample Chapter
... innovations only set the stage for changes in diversity; they do not, by themselves, cause the change. Key innovations can occur over and over, such as heterospory in plants. They have been extensively implicated in the adaptive radiation of interacting species. For example, symbioses can be an “evo ...
... innovations only set the stage for changes in diversity; they do not, by themselves, cause the change. Key innovations can occur over and over, such as heterospory in plants. They have been extensively implicated in the adaptive radiation of interacting species. For example, symbioses can be an “evo ...
Functional traits of grasses growing in open and shaded habitats
... the form and function of plants. Plants that thrive in the deep shade of the understory of a forest are expected to differ in several traits compared to those successful in open, well-lit habitats. Since photosynthesis is directly influenced by the amount of light leaves intercept, most comparative ...
... the form and function of plants. Plants that thrive in the deep shade of the understory of a forest are expected to differ in several traits compared to those successful in open, well-lit habitats. Since photosynthesis is directly influenced by the amount of light leaves intercept, most comparative ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.