Forecasting pollination declines through DNA barcoding
... question (e.g. Kremen et al., 2002; Gomez et al., 2007; Davila et al., 2012). Meta-analysis indicates that specialization is generally risky; plants visited by many pollinators (> 5 species) are less pollen limited than those visited by few (1–5) species (Knight et al., 2005). The effects of pollin ...
... question (e.g. Kremen et al., 2002; Gomez et al., 2007; Davila et al., 2012). Meta-analysis indicates that specialization is generally risky; plants visited by many pollinators (> 5 species) are less pollen limited than those visited by few (1–5) species (Knight et al., 2005). The effects of pollin ...
Coevolutionary Dynamics and the Conservation of Mutualisms
... in the absence of mutualists). Box 16.3 provides details of one such specialized mutualism. Note that the degree of specificity is not necessarily symmetrical within a mutualism. For instance, many orchid species can be pollinated by a single species of orchid bee, whereas these bee species visit man ...
... in the absence of mutualists). Box 16.3 provides details of one such specialized mutualism. Note that the degree of specificity is not necessarily symmetrical within a mutualism. For instance, many orchid species can be pollinated by a single species of orchid bee, whereas these bee species visit man ...
Brave New World: the epistatic foundations of natives adapting to
... a result. Strong initial population growth should also be important in creating a demographic buffer so that colonies may survive transient circumstances to which they are least pre-adapted (e.g., environmental episodes or life cycle vulnerabilities). It will also be important in multiplying benefic ...
... a result. Strong initial population growth should also be important in creating a demographic buffer so that colonies may survive transient circumstances to which they are least pre-adapted (e.g., environmental episodes or life cycle vulnerabilities). It will also be important in multiplying benefic ...
Test "Title" - Smithsonian Institution
... seed habit. A. "Traditional" view, in which all major variations on vascular plant life history are projected as steps in trend toward increasing enlargement and protection of the female gametophyte. Exosporic heterospory is a phase between homospory and endosporic heterospory largely due to the bel ...
... seed habit. A. "Traditional" view, in which all major variations on vascular plant life history are projected as steps in trend toward increasing enlargement and protection of the female gametophyte. Exosporic heterospory is a phase between homospory and endosporic heterospory largely due to the bel ...
Print this article - Scholar Science Journals
... 1600 Km in length running parallel to the West cost of Peninsular India from the river Tapti to Kanyakumari, the southern tip of peninsular India. Western Ghats is one of the 33 recognized ecologically sensitive zones in the World, which is a home to 1500 flowering plants, at least 84 amphibian spec ...
... 1600 Km in length running parallel to the West cost of Peninsular India from the river Tapti to Kanyakumari, the southern tip of peninsular India. Western Ghats is one of the 33 recognized ecologically sensitive zones in the World, which is a home to 1500 flowering plants, at least 84 amphibian spec ...
BMC Ecology perennials Erica Spotswood
... was no response [5,20]. Timing, then, may be a key in determining how well a plant copes with herbivory [11]. Meristem removal was more harmful to the reproductive output of Phlox and Rosa than leaf removal alone (Figures 4a & 4b). With meristem removal, Phlox had fewer flowers than in the control a ...
... was no response [5,20]. Timing, then, may be a key in determining how well a plant copes with herbivory [11]. Meristem removal was more harmful to the reproductive output of Phlox and Rosa than leaf removal alone (Figures 4a & 4b). With meristem removal, Phlox had fewer flowers than in the control a ...
00introduction - Faculty Support Site
... The purpose of this short section is to provide some background information about insects and their near relatives for those who may not be trained as invertebrate biologists or entomologists. I offer an apology in advance to those who may be a specialist on one or more groups of arthropods. [It is ...
... The purpose of this short section is to provide some background information about insects and their near relatives for those who may not be trained as invertebrate biologists or entomologists. I offer an apology in advance to those who may be a specialist on one or more groups of arthropods. [It is ...
Jakub Horák: Introduction to Forest Protection Chapter 8: Beneficial
... In the case of predators is also questionable if the species is obligate (like Cleridae), facultative predator (like some click beetles (Elateridae) larvae are predators, while adults not) or opportunistic predators (like flat bark beetles (Cucujidae)). Very good example is forest ants (Formicidae). ...
... In the case of predators is also questionable if the species is obligate (like Cleridae), facultative predator (like some click beetles (Elateridae) larvae are predators, while adults not) or opportunistic predators (like flat bark beetles (Cucujidae)). Very good example is forest ants (Formicidae). ...
Native Plants As Habitat For Wildlife
... The amazing variety of living things that are the foundation of life is disappearing. Past and current practices including habitat destruction and fragmentation, pollution, and over harvesting have disturbed ecosystems and ecosystem services. Human activity has been changing ecosystems for thousands ...
... The amazing variety of living things that are the foundation of life is disappearing. Past and current practices including habitat destruction and fragmentation, pollution, and over harvesting have disturbed ecosystems and ecosystem services. Human activity has been changing ecosystems for thousands ...
MG Training Entomology 2008
... Common Name: Garden Centipedes • Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs • Closely related to insects – 5 segmented head – Labium similar to insects – Bead like antennae ...
... Common Name: Garden Centipedes • Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs • Closely related to insects – 5 segmented head – Labium similar to insects – Bead like antennae ...
Katie`s lecture slides
... • Environmental influence: Productivity – High Productivity, where competition is important, more rapid trait convergence (Grime 2007) – High productivity, greater potential for priority effects, more divergence (Chase 2003, Fukami and Lee 2006) • Lower species pool at low productivity = convergence ...
... • Environmental influence: Productivity – High Productivity, where competition is important, more rapid trait convergence (Grime 2007) – High productivity, greater potential for priority effects, more divergence (Chase 2003, Fukami and Lee 2006) • Lower species pool at low productivity = convergence ...
HEMIPTERA - Yale University
... first account of ambush bugs (Phymatidae) preying on North American Lepidoptera. Subsequently, Fales (1976) added 14 observations and suggested that this phenomenon may occur more frequently than realized. I have made several field observations of invertebrate predators preying on Lepidoptera and ha ...
... first account of ambush bugs (Phymatidae) preying on North American Lepidoptera. Subsequently, Fales (1976) added 14 observations and suggested that this phenomenon may occur more frequently than realized. I have made several field observations of invertebrate predators preying on Lepidoptera and ha ...
Does camouflage work?
... experiments this pattern has been found in several other moth species as well. Natural selection highlights how much the environment affects living organisms. It has been shown that it can change the features of a species over a long period of time. Natural selection in recent times has been demonst ...
... experiments this pattern has been found in several other moth species as well. Natural selection highlights how much the environment affects living organisms. It has been shown that it can change the features of a species over a long period of time. Natural selection in recent times has been demonst ...
Floral adaptation and diversification under pollen limitation
... viable embryos than maternal resource capacity to develop seeds. Under PL, a female’s success is limited by mating opportunities, like male success, rather than by her capacity to produce seeds, so that the pollination environment determines the nature of selection on floral traits. As a result, PL ...
... viable embryos than maternal resource capacity to develop seeds. Under PL, a female’s success is limited by mating opportunities, like male success, rather than by her capacity to produce seeds, so that the pollination environment determines the nature of selection on floral traits. As a result, PL ...
Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size
... Box 1. The first two dichotomies The number of victims attacked combined with the fitness consequences to the victim of a successful attack enables us to separate typical parasitism, predation and parasitoidism. If we create a 2×2 table from these two dichotomies (Table I), we find an empty category ...
... Box 1. The first two dichotomies The number of victims attacked combined with the fitness consequences to the victim of a successful attack enables us to separate typical parasitism, predation and parasitoidism. If we create a 2×2 table from these two dichotomies (Table I), we find an empty category ...
A Review of Host-Parasite Relationships
... Furthermore, parasites have been known to evolve in response to the defense mechanisms of their hosts. As a consequence of their host defenses, some parasites evolve adaptations that are specific to a particular host taxon, specializing to the point where they infect only a single species. Such para ...
... Furthermore, parasites have been known to evolve in response to the defense mechanisms of their hosts. As a consequence of their host defenses, some parasites evolve adaptations that are specific to a particular host taxon, specializing to the point where they infect only a single species. Such para ...
Conservation puzzle: Endangered hyacinth macaw
... which is of special importance because hyacinth macaws do not place their nests close to each other. The minimum distance between two neighbouring breeding pairs is 30 m, even though suitable nesting holes were occasionally close to each other, sometimes in the same tree (NMRG unpubl. data). Althoug ...
... which is of special importance because hyacinth macaws do not place their nests close to each other. The minimum distance between two neighbouring breeding pairs is 30 m, even though suitable nesting holes were occasionally close to each other, sometimes in the same tree (NMRG unpubl. data). Althoug ...
Insect communities and biotic interactions on
... We evaluate existing evidence for alternative hypotheses on the effects of fragmentation with special emphasis on insects of calcareous grasslands. Species richness of butterflies in general and the proportion of monophagous species in particular increase with fragment size. Habitat fragmentation disr ...
... We evaluate existing evidence for alternative hypotheses on the effects of fragmentation with special emphasis on insects of calcareous grasslands. Species richness of butterflies in general and the proportion of monophagous species in particular increase with fragment size. Habitat fragmentation disr ...
When can two plant species facilitate each other`s pollination?
... pollinator visitation to a focal species, but not whether increased pollination will elevate the growth rate or prolong the persistence of the focal population. In this paper, we define pollination facilitation as an increase in the population growth rate of one species caused by an increase in poll ...
... pollinator visitation to a focal species, but not whether increased pollination will elevate the growth rate or prolong the persistence of the focal population. In this paper, we define pollination facilitation as an increase in the population growth rate of one species caused by an increase in poll ...
Section 2 notes
... If an area is too hot and dry, or too cold for too long, most amphibians cannot survive. ...
... If an area is too hot and dry, or too cold for too long, most amphibians cannot survive. ...
2016 EVENET Symposium
... virus populations (L. Becks ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adaptation from standing genetic variation the future of marine animals in a rapidly changing world? (P. De Wit ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Host-parasite coevolution in variable temperature environments (A. Duncan ) . . . . . ...
... virus populations (L. Becks ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adaptation from standing genetic variation the future of marine animals in a rapidly changing world? (P. De Wit ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Host-parasite coevolution in variable temperature environments (A. Duncan ) . . . . . ...
Fremontodendron californicum
... • 2) Do ants protect seeds from rodent predation by moving them from under shrubs to open areas? – Use seed trays placed in pairs – Place at canopy edge, 0.5 m, 1 m away in open – Put seeds with elaiosomes in one tray, without in other of each pair – Compare seed removal. ...
... • 2) Do ants protect seeds from rodent predation by moving them from under shrubs to open areas? – Use seed trays placed in pairs – Place at canopy edge, 0.5 m, 1 m away in open – Put seeds with elaiosomes in one tray, without in other of each pair – Compare seed removal. ...
The Diversity and Impacts of Alien Species
... group for the great majority of parasitoids obtained (many of them with broad host ranges within that order), appeared severe. As many earlier workers had noted, a broad host range was considered advantageous for species introduced during early biological control programmes on the archipelago. Their ...
... group for the great majority of parasitoids obtained (many of them with broad host ranges within that order), appeared severe. As many earlier workers had noted, a broad host range was considered advantageous for species introduced during early biological control programmes on the archipelago. Their ...
Chapter 5 notes
... • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution – Interact over a long period of time – Changes in the gene pool of one species can cause changes in the gene pool of the other ...
... • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution – Interact over a long period of time – Changes in the gene pool of one species can cause changes in the gene pool of the other ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.