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arXiv:q-bio/0504020v1 [q-bio.PE] 16 Apr 2005
... Models are normally useful in understanding the real world. In principle, models can be verbal or symbolic, graphical or abstract, qualitative or quantitative. However, throughout this paper, by the term model we shall always mean mathematical models that not only indicate qualitative features of va ...
... Models are normally useful in understanding the real world. In principle, models can be verbal or symbolic, graphical or abstract, qualitative or quantitative. However, throughout this paper, by the term model we shall always mean mathematical models that not only indicate qualitative features of va ...
Infochemicals structure marine, terrestrial and freshwater food webs
... Individuals have intricately and flexibly integrated physiologies, behaviours and morphologies. These allow them to function in environments shaped by abiotic conditions, the food web and the information network around them. Laboratory studies have resulted in an extensive body of knowledge at the i ...
... Individuals have intricately and flexibly integrated physiologies, behaviours and morphologies. These allow them to function in environments shaped by abiotic conditions, the food web and the information network around them. Laboratory studies have resulted in an extensive body of knowledge at the i ...
The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and
... We used a mutualistic model defined as a system of differential equations. It describes the dynamics of a community of n plant species and m animal species as a function of their intrinsic growth rates, interspecific competition, and mutualistic effects represented as nonlinear, saturating functiona ...
... We used a mutualistic model defined as a system of differential equations. It describes the dynamics of a community of n plant species and m animal species as a function of their intrinsic growth rates, interspecific competition, and mutualistic effects represented as nonlinear, saturating functiona ...
The role of abiotic and biotic factors in determining coexistence of
... on peninsulas, even though both species had similar environmental niche requirements. As highlighted in the above two studies, competition is most likely to be important in dictating geographic distributions when species have a high degree of resource use overlap and share similar morphologies and h ...
... on peninsulas, even though both species had similar environmental niche requirements. As highlighted in the above two studies, competition is most likely to be important in dictating geographic distributions when species have a high degree of resource use overlap and share similar morphologies and h ...
NSF Forms - University of Florida
... The Federal Government has a continuing commitment to monitor the operation of its review and award processes to identify and address any inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, or disability of its proposed PIs/PDs. To gather information needed for this important task, the proposer should subm ...
... The Federal Government has a continuing commitment to monitor the operation of its review and award processes to identify and address any inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, or disability of its proposed PIs/PDs. To gather information needed for this important task, the proposer should subm ...
Brooks, W.R. (2012). Behavioral, physiological and
... adaptations for grooming. Specifically, allogrooming is highly important to many social insect species (Fefferman, et al., 2007). Honey bees worldwide have to contend with mites, which can completely destroy bee hives when infestations become extreme (Stanimirovic et al., 2010). Thus, both auto- and ...
... adaptations for grooming. Specifically, allogrooming is highly important to many social insect species (Fefferman, et al., 2007). Honey bees worldwide have to contend with mites, which can completely destroy bee hives when infestations become extreme (Stanimirovic et al., 2010). Thus, both auto- and ...
Chapter 4 Notes
... Nature Selects • Darwin thought that nature selects for certain traits, such as sharper claws, because organisms with these traits are more likely to survive. • Over time, the population includes a greater and greater proportion of organisms with the beneficial trait. ...
... Nature Selects • Darwin thought that nature selects for certain traits, such as sharper claws, because organisms with these traits are more likely to survive. • Over time, the population includes a greater and greater proportion of organisms with the beneficial trait. ...
Network position of hosts in food webs and their parasite diversity
... in different hosts or environments making it difficult to compile a comprehensive host list for the parasite life cycle. Different stages may thus also have different trophic positions in the food web raising the question of whether a parasite species is a single trophic component or several tropho- ...
... in different hosts or environments making it difficult to compile a comprehensive host list for the parasite life cycle. Different stages may thus also have different trophic positions in the food web raising the question of whether a parasite species is a single trophic component or several tropho- ...
Host–parasite interactions: a litmus test for ocean acidification?
... are vulnerable to stressors associated with OA [4], it is not unrealistic to assume that parasitic infection of these species could cause increased pathogenicity if the parasites are less affected than the hosts. Conversely, if parasites prove less tolerant of reduced pH than their hosts, pathogenic ...
... are vulnerable to stressors associated with OA [4], it is not unrealistic to assume that parasitic infection of these species could cause increased pathogenicity if the parasites are less affected than the hosts. Conversely, if parasites prove less tolerant of reduced pH than their hosts, pathogenic ...
Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage
... Plants provide the habitat and food for many animals, and therefore it is logical to assume that visual perception of animals (both herbivores and predators) co-evolved with plants. In heterogeneous habitats, optimal camouflage coloration should maximize the degree of crypsis in the microhabitats us ...
... Plants provide the habitat and food for many animals, and therefore it is logical to assume that visual perception of animals (both herbivores and predators) co-evolved with plants. In heterogeneous habitats, optimal camouflage coloration should maximize the degree of crypsis in the microhabitats us ...
The Organization of Life Section 1
... Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms. • Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated w ...
... Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms. • Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated w ...
EnvSci Ch 4 PPT The Organization of Life
... Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms. • Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated w ...
... Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms. • Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated w ...
PDF - Tylianakis Lab Group
... agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to-medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better or even thrive, frequently by tracking seasonal resources (e.g., Greenberg et al. 2000). However, changes in guild species ...
... agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to-medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better or even thrive, frequently by tracking seasonal resources (e.g., Greenberg et al. 2000). However, changes in guild species ...
pop-ecology - WordPress.com
... Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths ...
... Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths ...
Evolution of life histories: fixing the theory
... Cole’s graph showed us (with the restrictions of his assumptions) that the higher the adult proportional survivorship the more the advantage to be gained from iteroparity, since that means many more litters will be produced over the lifespan. It also showed that the advantage grew as litters decrea ...
... Cole’s graph showed us (with the restrictions of his assumptions) that the higher the adult proportional survivorship the more the advantage to be gained from iteroparity, since that means many more litters will be produced over the lifespan. It also showed that the advantage grew as litters decrea ...
PDF Full-text
... 1. Introduction Mutualisms, i.e., interactions between two species in which both benefit from the association, have been essential in the evolutionary diversification of life and are fundamental to preserve nature’s biodiversity [1,2]. Without mutualism, the biosphere would be entirely different. Fo ...
... 1. Introduction Mutualisms, i.e., interactions between two species in which both benefit from the association, have been essential in the evolutionary diversification of life and are fundamental to preserve nature’s biodiversity [1,2]. Without mutualism, the biosphere would be entirely different. Fo ...
Fungal fidelity in the myco‐heterotroph‐to‐autotroph life cycle of
... Comparatively few studies have examined the relative toxicological responses of higher trophic levels to metals accumulated in prey. Boyd & Wall (2001) fed four different predator species (two insects and two arachnid species) with prey containing high concentrations of nickel. They found that while ...
... Comparatively few studies have examined the relative toxicological responses of higher trophic levels to metals accumulated in prey. Boyd & Wall (2001) fed four different predator species (two insects and two arachnid species) with prey containing high concentrations of nickel. They found that while ...
presence of arthropod pests on eight species of banker plants in a
... potential BPs. We made exact counts of the arthropod species and their progeny which efficiently established themselves on the plants after three months. This way, we provide insights into their proneness to be attacked by these pests and thus into their potential efficiency as BPs for greenhouses i ...
... potential BPs. We made exact counts of the arthropod species and their progeny which efficiently established themselves on the plants after three months. This way, we provide insights into their proneness to be attacked by these pests and thus into their potential efficiency as BPs for greenhouses i ...
Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants
... Britain in about 1840 and spread throughout Europe by 1880 entirely by vegetative reproduction (6). Exclusive reliance on vegetative reproduction is, however, the exception rather than the rule. More commonly, species like white clover (Trifolium repens), reproduce both through vegetative reproducti ...
... Britain in about 1840 and spread throughout Europe by 1880 entirely by vegetative reproduction (6). Exclusive reliance on vegetative reproduction is, however, the exception rather than the rule. More commonly, species like white clover (Trifolium repens), reproduce both through vegetative reproducti ...
CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF WOODY AND SEED
... The seed cones with ovuliferous scales bearing one ovule, entire cone often reduced to one seed, sometimes borne on a fleshy receptacle, the seed often enveloped by a fleshy epimatium and carpidium. 28. What layer covers the seeds of the Taxaceae and what is its function? Seeds are covered by a fles ...
... The seed cones with ovuliferous scales bearing one ovule, entire cone often reduced to one seed, sometimes borne on a fleshy receptacle, the seed often enveloped by a fleshy epimatium and carpidium. 28. What layer covers the seeds of the Taxaceae and what is its function? Seeds are covered by a fles ...
Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage
... Plants provide the habitat and food for many animals, and therefore it is logical to assume that visual perception of animals (both herbivores and predators) co-evolved with plants. In heterogeneous habitats, optimal camouflage coloration should maximize the degree of crypsis in the microhabitats us ...
... Plants provide the habitat and food for many animals, and therefore it is logical to assume that visual perception of animals (both herbivores and predators) co-evolved with plants. In heterogeneous habitats, optimal camouflage coloration should maximize the degree of crypsis in the microhabitats us ...
Chemical Mimicry
... specific chemical signals with which to communicate within their own species. It is not surprising that other organisms have evolved the ability to exploit these communication systems in order to fulfill their ...
... specific chemical signals with which to communicate within their own species. It is not surprising that other organisms have evolved the ability to exploit these communication systems in order to fulfill their ...
Arthropods have exoskeletons and joints.
... adaptations in color and shape that allow them to blend into their environments. For example, a stick insect is the same color and shape as a twig. Insect bodies also have different adaptations. Many insects have compound eyes and antennae, which are sensory organs. Many insects fly, having one or t ...
... adaptations in color and shape that allow them to blend into their environments. For example, a stick insect is the same color and shape as a twig. Insect bodies also have different adaptations. Many insects have compound eyes and antennae, which are sensory organs. Many insects fly, having one or t ...
Spectacular Salvias by David J. Ellis
... hybrids, the genus Salvia is the largest member of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Most salvias are annuals, biennials, or herbaceous perennials, but some are deciduous or evergreen subshrubs in their native habitat. The majority of the species are native to Central and South America, but they are also ...
... hybrids, the genus Salvia is the largest member of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Most salvias are annuals, biennials, or herbaceous perennials, but some are deciduous or evergreen subshrubs in their native habitat. The majority of the species are native to Central and South America, but they are also ...
internal parasites of lizards from taiwan
... their reptilian hosts, other species (usually species that inhabit the digestive system) can potentially be harmful to the host (Lane and Mader 1999). The life cycles of many of the species discussed herein have not been studied, so little is known about their infection routes and affects on their h ...
... their reptilian hosts, other species (usually species that inhabit the digestive system) can potentially be harmful to the host (Lane and Mader 1999). The life cycles of many of the species discussed herein have not been studied, so little is known about their infection routes and affects on their h ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.