Succession of bee communities on fallows
... or a qualitative instead of a quantitative anti-herbivore defence of plants in later successional stages resulting in more specialised herbivores (Edward-Jones and Brown 1993). Rapid reproduction and more generations per year may be of selective advantage in unpredictable early successional stages ( ...
... or a qualitative instead of a quantitative anti-herbivore defence of plants in later successional stages resulting in more specialised herbivores (Edward-Jones and Brown 1993). Rapid reproduction and more generations per year may be of selective advantage in unpredictable early successional stages ( ...
FACILITATIVE INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS VIA SHARED
... eliminates inferior competitors from communities, or through the evolution of character displacement, where directional selection drives the divergence of traits mediating plant–pollinator interactions. It follows that coexistence may occur when plants partition pollinator services through segregate ...
... eliminates inferior competitors from communities, or through the evolution of character displacement, where directional selection drives the divergence of traits mediating plant–pollinator interactions. It follows that coexistence may occur when plants partition pollinator services through segregate ...
darwin`s orchids: their variation, plasticity, and natural selection
... driver of selection is no longer relevant, at least for a time. Although this has been demonstrated for some animals such as Darwin’s Galapagos finches and suggested for plants (Grant & Grant 2006; RiveraMarchand & Ackerman, 2006), we are not aware of a similar example in orchids. The third possi ...
... driver of selection is no longer relevant, at least for a time. Although this has been demonstrated for some animals such as Darwin’s Galapagos finches and suggested for plants (Grant & Grant 2006; RiveraMarchand & Ackerman, 2006), we are not aware of a similar example in orchids. The third possi ...
parasite
... they would be destroyed. The proteins on the knobs vary greatly from one parasite to the next, making it very difficult for the human immune system to detect them. ...
... they would be destroyed. The proteins on the knobs vary greatly from one parasite to the next, making it very difficult for the human immune system to detect them. ...
True flies (Insecta: Diptera): Diversity and Endemism
... media. Most larvae of Diptera are scavengers and contribute to the decomposition of organic material, which in turn, provides nutrients for plants and support for healthy ecosystems and clean environments. Their diverse feeding habits too have insightful impact on ecosystems and the Earth as a whole ...
... media. Most larvae of Diptera are scavengers and contribute to the decomposition of organic material, which in turn, provides nutrients for plants and support for healthy ecosystems and clean environments. Their diverse feeding habits too have insightful impact on ecosystems and the Earth as a whole ...
A snake in paradise: Disturbance of plant reproduction following
... We compared the reproduction of bird-pollinated plant species on Guam with that on the nearby island of Saipan, where the snake is not invasive (Rodda et al., 1999; Vogt and Williams, 2004; Rodda and Savidge, 2007). The biota of Saipan is similar to that of Guam. However, no established population o ...
... We compared the reproduction of bird-pollinated plant species on Guam with that on the nearby island of Saipan, where the snake is not invasive (Rodda et al., 1999; Vogt and Williams, 2004; Rodda and Savidge, 2007). The biota of Saipan is similar to that of Guam. However, no established population o ...
The University of Chicago
... sexual selection would be similarto eitherindividualselectionor overspecialization dependingon the populationconsequences of such selection. The usual examples of overspecializationhave tendedto focus on theseemingly bizarre traitsthat characterize the peacock, saber-toothedtiger,Irish elk, and othe ...
... sexual selection would be similarto eitherindividualselectionor overspecialization dependingon the populationconsequences of such selection. The usual examples of overspecializationhave tendedto focus on theseemingly bizarre traitsthat characterize the peacock, saber-toothedtiger,Irish elk, and othe ...
WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 2002
... to resources by other individuals. The space preempted by these barnacles is unavailable to competitors. ...
... to resources by other individuals. The space preempted by these barnacles is unavailable to competitors. ...
species interactions - University of Toronto Mississauga
... and parasitism all have a positive effect on one population and a negative effect on the other (/). However, while predators always kill their prey, the hosts of parasites and herbivores often survive their attacks. Mutualism is an interaction in which both species benefit (+/+), while commensalis ...
... and parasitism all have a positive effect on one population and a negative effect on the other (/). However, while predators always kill their prey, the hosts of parasites and herbivores often survive their attacks. Mutualism is an interaction in which both species benefit (+/+), while commensalis ...
IDentIfIcAtIon GuIDe
... The Darwin International Airport (DIA) Bird Identification Guide has been produced for quick reference material to assist Operations Safety Officers with on-ground identification of the birds and flying foxes that are at risk of colliding with aircraft. Only the high, moderate and potential risk spe ...
... The Darwin International Airport (DIA) Bird Identification Guide has been produced for quick reference material to assist Operations Safety Officers with on-ground identification of the birds and flying foxes that are at risk of colliding with aircraft. Only the high, moderate and potential risk spe ...
The Altitudinal Niche-Breadth Hypothesis in Insect
... number of distantly-related plant species and, second, there may be high variation in host use among populations of the same insect species), it has actually been estimated that less than 10% of herbivorous species feed on plants belonging to more than three different botanical families (Bernays & G ...
... number of distantly-related plant species and, second, there may be high variation in host use among populations of the same insect species), it has actually been estimated that less than 10% of herbivorous species feed on plants belonging to more than three different botanical families (Bernays & G ...
Guide to the Natural History of the Fairfield Osborn Preserve Lynn
... restrictions of ink on paper and linear sequence. Obviously many, if not most organisms, are found at one time or another, in communities other than those in which they are mentioned in this guide. Keep an open mind and a sharp eye (and ear, and nose), and you will gain a much more intimate understa ...
... restrictions of ink on paper and linear sequence. Obviously many, if not most organisms, are found at one time or another, in communities other than those in which they are mentioned in this guide. Keep an open mind and a sharp eye (and ear, and nose), and you will gain a much more intimate understa ...
PARASITOLOGY
... Parasites are divided into two groups: endoparasites and ectoparasi tes. Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host, whereas ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface of the host and generally attach themselves during feeding. ...
... Parasites are divided into two groups: endoparasites and ectoparasi tes. Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host, whereas ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface of the host and generally attach themselves during feeding. ...
by Sydne Record
... where subsistence farmers cannot afford Witch Weed control methods, these plants continue to ravage harvests. In contrast to the ubiquitous Witch Weeds, other parasitic plants are extremely rare. For instance, Corpse Flower (Rafflesia arnoldii R. Br.) is an elusive species that grows in the jungles ...
... where subsistence farmers cannot afford Witch Weed control methods, these plants continue to ravage harvests. In contrast to the ubiquitous Witch Weeds, other parasitic plants are extremely rare. For instance, Corpse Flower (Rafflesia arnoldii R. Br.) is an elusive species that grows in the jungles ...
75KB - NZQA
... potentially competing for nectar and possibly nest sites. There will probably be some separation of their niches to reduce interspecific competition. This means that they might visit the fuchsia at different times or different areas and nest in different places. The relationship between the female F ...
... potentially competing for nectar and possibly nest sites. There will probably be some separation of their niches to reduce interspecific competition. This means that they might visit the fuchsia at different times or different areas and nest in different places. The relationship between the female F ...
213KB - NZQA
... potentially competing for nectar and possibly nest sites. There will probably be some separation of their niches to reduce interspecific competition. This means that they might visit the fuchsia at different times or different areas and nest in different places. The relationship between the female F ...
... potentially competing for nectar and possibly nest sites. There will probably be some separation of their niches to reduce interspecific competition. This means that they might visit the fuchsia at different times or different areas and nest in different places. The relationship between the female F ...
pdf version - s-f
... necessities of day-to-day survival. Hence the antlers of the stag and the tailfeathers of the male peacock, and the behaviours that accompany these. Dispersed species must communicate at a distance to bring males and females into proximity. Especially where several similar species co-exist in the sa ...
... necessities of day-to-day survival. Hence the antlers of the stag and the tailfeathers of the male peacock, and the behaviours that accompany these. Dispersed species must communicate at a distance to bring males and females into proximity. Especially where several similar species co-exist in the sa ...
Symbiosis and Nutrition
... Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism. The name for a situation in which only one o ...
... Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism. The name for a situation in which only one o ...
Biological Control of Insect Pests on Field Crops
... entomologists that they are not effective in this application. Most commonly, the adult beetles are collected in buckets en masse from overwintering aggregations in the mountains of California. This practice is fraught by at least two problems. As they emerge from hibernation, the beetles instinctiv ...
... entomologists that they are not effective in this application. Most commonly, the adult beetles are collected in buckets en masse from overwintering aggregations in the mountains of California. This practice is fraught by at least two problems. As they emerge from hibernation, the beetles instinctiv ...
MF2222 Biological Control of Insect Pests on
... Certain cultural practices also can be detrimental to natural enemies. Plowing, cultivation, mowing, or harvesting operations can be disruptive to natural enemies if they coincide with critical stages of their life cycle. While the adoption of no-till and minimum tillage agriculture has favored the ...
... Certain cultural practices also can be detrimental to natural enemies. Plowing, cultivation, mowing, or harvesting operations can be disruptive to natural enemies if they coincide with critical stages of their life cycle. While the adoption of no-till and minimum tillage agriculture has favored the ...
A trait database for Guianan rain forest trees permits intra
... addresses a species-level scenario for the hypothesis of Taylor and Aarssen [46] or Lortie and Aarssen [25] who suggest that a greater breadth of traits related to fitness should be exhibited by generalist species because they are exposed to selection under heterogeneous environments. If it is assum ...
... addresses a species-level scenario for the hypothesis of Taylor and Aarssen [46] or Lortie and Aarssen [25] who suggest that a greater breadth of traits related to fitness should be exhibited by generalist species because they are exposed to selection under heterogeneous environments. If it is assum ...
Ecology3e Ch15 Lecture KEY
... CONCEPT 15.1 In positive interactions, neither species is harmed and the benefits are greater than the costs for at least one species. CONCEPT 15.2 Each partner in a mutualistic interaction acts in ways that serve its own ecological and evolutionary interests. ...
... CONCEPT 15.1 In positive interactions, neither species is harmed and the benefits are greater than the costs for at least one species. CONCEPT 15.2 Each partner in a mutualistic interaction acts in ways that serve its own ecological and evolutionary interests. ...
Fish population size, and not density, as the determining factor of
... overall availability of host individuals in the host population appeared to be the main constraint limiting parasite population growth. Key words: Monogenea, population size, population density, epidemiology, crucian carp, Carassius carassius. ...
... overall availability of host individuals in the host population appeared to be the main constraint limiting parasite population growth. Key words: Monogenea, population size, population density, epidemiology, crucian carp, Carassius carassius. ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.