Aquatic insects and their societal benefits and risks
... processing nutrients from coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and from fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). CPOM occurs in freshwater ecosystems in the form of both living and dead vascular plants and larger animals. Dead plant material is especially abundant, but cannot be consumed by many ...
... processing nutrients from coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and from fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). CPOM occurs in freshwater ecosystems in the form of both living and dead vascular plants and larger animals. Dead plant material is especially abundant, but cannot be consumed by many ...
Parasite establishment in host communities - People
... naturally, because one host species provides a ÔsinkÕ for infective propagules produced by the alternative host (see also Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001). This case was not part of Tilman’s original classificatory scheme, but has since been recognized as feasible in some predator–prey systems (e.g. Holt 198 ...
... naturally, because one host species provides a ÔsinkÕ for infective propagules produced by the alternative host (see also Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001). This case was not part of Tilman’s original classificatory scheme, but has since been recognized as feasible in some predator–prey systems (e.g. Holt 198 ...
Cercariae (in Snail Host)
... • Sexual reproduction occurs in definitive shorebird hosts, which defecate parasite embryos into the marsh. • Free-living miracidia (larvae) hatch and infect California horn snail, Cerithidea californica, causing castration of the snail. • Asexual reproduction ensues, producing tens to thousands of ...
... • Sexual reproduction occurs in definitive shorebird hosts, which defecate parasite embryos into the marsh. • Free-living miracidia (larvae) hatch and infect California horn snail, Cerithidea californica, causing castration of the snail. • Asexual reproduction ensues, producing tens to thousands of ...
10 The Conservation of Ecological Interactions
... Buchmann, 1997) – rely on animals to pollinate their flowers. Although vertebrates such as birds, bats and marsupials can all act as pollinators, ‘insects are undoubtedly the most important animal pollinators’ (Proctor et al., 1996). Insects visit flowers to obtain food, usually in the form of polle ...
... Buchmann, 1997) – rely on animals to pollinate their flowers. Although vertebrates such as birds, bats and marsupials can all act as pollinators, ‘insects are undoubtedly the most important animal pollinators’ (Proctor et al., 1996). Insects visit flowers to obtain food, usually in the form of polle ...
Evolution of stabilising weak links in food webs
... reversed. We assume that the overall effect is that large populations of predators become less well adapted to capturing rare prey, since other food sources are available, while small populations of prey become better able to avoid their major predators. Thus we simulate coupled population and evolu ...
... reversed. We assume that the overall effect is that large populations of predators become less well adapted to capturing rare prey, since other food sources are available, while small populations of prey become better able to avoid their major predators. Thus we simulate coupled population and evolu ...
Coevolution
... asexually as long as conditions are good, and then, when conditions become unfavorable, to switch to sexual reproduction. • This strategy is seen in aphids, many protozoa and ...
... asexually as long as conditions are good, and then, when conditions become unfavorable, to switch to sexual reproduction. • This strategy is seen in aphids, many protozoa and ...
Hawai`i: A Natural Entomological Laboratory
... Sharp, are both detritivores, feeding in rotting logs. Why is one genus species rich while the other two are monotypic? In this case the reasons could be tied to food plant specificity. Lack of speciation obviously does not always indicate recentness of arrival in the archipelago. It may also result ...
... Sharp, are both detritivores, feeding in rotting logs. Why is one genus species rich while the other two are monotypic? In this case the reasons could be tied to food plant specificity. Lack of speciation obviously does not always indicate recentness of arrival in the archipelago. It may also result ...
Using optimality models to predict trait evolution
... colouration with distastefulness, Gittleman and Harvey (1980) did an experiment with chicks, presenting them different coloured breadcrumbs. In the experiment, crumbs were made distasteful by dipping them in quinine sulphate and mustard powder. Distasteful blue and well tasting green crumbs were pre ...
... colouration with distastefulness, Gittleman and Harvey (1980) did an experiment with chicks, presenting them different coloured breadcrumbs. In the experiment, crumbs were made distasteful by dipping them in quinine sulphate and mustard powder. Distasteful blue and well tasting green crumbs were pre ...
Nerve activates contraction
... which allow these organisms to complete their life cycles entirely on land. While most modern mammals do not lay eggs, they retain many of other key features of the amniotic mode of reproduction. The traditional vertebrate group known as “reptiles” (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alliga ...
... which allow these organisms to complete their life cycles entirely on land. While most modern mammals do not lay eggs, they retain many of other key features of the amniotic mode of reproduction. The traditional vertebrate group known as “reptiles” (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alliga ...
Mass production of predatory bugs
... • The development of artificial diets is not about nutrition alone. The complexity of designing these media requires expertise from different disciplines • We need to improve our understanding of the nutritional physiology and ecology of arthropod natural enemies, including interactions with their h ...
... • The development of artificial diets is not about nutrition alone. The complexity of designing these media requires expertise from different disciplines • We need to improve our understanding of the nutritional physiology and ecology of arthropod natural enemies, including interactions with their h ...
Wildflowers - Derbyshire Wildlife Trust
... Common bird’s-foot trefoil (also known as eggs and bacon) is the caterpillar food plant for the dingy skipper and common blue butterflies. ...
... Common bird’s-foot trefoil (also known as eggs and bacon) is the caterpillar food plant for the dingy skipper and common blue butterflies. ...
Gas exchange in insects - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... Oxygen diffuses into the tracheae through the spiracles and then into the tracheoles. It then travels to the cells of the organs. Carbon dioxide leaves in the opposite way. Most of the gas exchange occurs in the tracheoles. In large, very active insects, such as bees and flies, the abdomen can be pu ...
... Oxygen diffuses into the tracheae through the spiracles and then into the tracheoles. It then travels to the cells of the organs. Carbon dioxide leaves in the opposite way. Most of the gas exchange occurs in the tracheoles. In large, very active insects, such as bees and flies, the abdomen can be pu ...
Criticality and unpredictability in macroevolution
... Now a step must be introduced in order to move from ecology to evolution. In a real ecosystem, changes in the species phenotype are allowed and so the matrix of interactions is in fact an evolving, time-dependent matrix. Most theoretical studies dealing with coevolution usually only consider two-spe ...
... Now a step must be introduced in order to move from ecology to evolution. In a real ecosystem, changes in the species phenotype are allowed and so the matrix of interactions is in fact an evolving, time-dependent matrix. Most theoretical studies dealing with coevolution usually only consider two-spe ...
Patterns of species
... Evolution is change over time. Evolution will generally involve geographic separation of a population into two or more populations and adaptation of the separate populations to their separate environments. The result is that when individuals of these populations come back into contact, they will no ...
... Evolution is change over time. Evolution will generally involve geographic separation of a population into two or more populations and adaptation of the separate populations to their separate environments. The result is that when individuals of these populations come back into contact, they will no ...
Ecosystems and the Biosphere as Complex Adaptive Systems
... from partsthat have evolved over longer time scales and broader spatial scales. In turn, the collective experiences of species across a range of ecosystems over evolutionarytime shapesthe collectionof parts from which community assembly can occur. The biosphere is thus itself a complex adaptive syst ...
... from partsthat have evolved over longer time scales and broader spatial scales. In turn, the collective experiences of species across a range of ecosystems over evolutionarytime shapesthe collectionof parts from which community assembly can occur. The biosphere is thus itself a complex adaptive syst ...
Predicting rates of interspecific interaction from phylogenetic trees
... communities. As a particular example, consider Anolis lizards, perhaps one of the most famous examples of adaptive radiation (Losos 2009). Species interactions among anoles involve, among other things, competition for perch sites (Williams 1972). These ecological interactions, in turn, influence evo ...
... communities. As a particular example, consider Anolis lizards, perhaps one of the most famous examples of adaptive radiation (Losos 2009). Species interactions among anoles involve, among other things, competition for perch sites (Williams 1972). These ecological interactions, in turn, influence evo ...
L8: Animal Diversity
... • Amniotic egg (amniotes) • Wings - Feathers of keratin Bird Adaptations for flight • Hollow bones • No teeth • Large sternum and strong pectoral muscles • Reduced organs or missing organs • Endotherms – Birds only! ...
... • Amniotic egg (amniotes) • Wings - Feathers of keratin Bird Adaptations for flight • Hollow bones • No teeth • Large sternum and strong pectoral muscles • Reduced organs or missing organs • Endotherms – Birds only! ...
Powerpoint
... • If ossicles are detached from jaw hearing is better • In mammal evolution the three bones reduced in size, moved away from jaw, and changed function ...
... • If ossicles are detached from jaw hearing is better • In mammal evolution the three bones reduced in size, moved away from jaw, and changed function ...
A Bug`s Life: Competition Among Species Towards
... Since any species is part of a complex ecological system that includes preys, competitors and predators, modelling equilibrium dynamics with a single differential equation fails to account for such ecological interdependence, and can verisimilarly lead to wrong conclusions. The bulk of literature re ...
... Since any species is part of a complex ecological system that includes preys, competitors and predators, modelling equilibrium dynamics with a single differential equation fails to account for such ecological interdependence, and can verisimilarly lead to wrong conclusions. The bulk of literature re ...
Effects of alien species on plant-pollinator interactions: how can
... Rodda 1998; Abe et al. 2010); and alien herbivores may consume important forage plants or trample them (Traveset and Richardson 2006). However, secondary species interactions may also induce positive effects, e.g. an alien predator that preys on a native herbivore. Alien species of parasites and pat ...
... Rodda 1998; Abe et al. 2010); and alien herbivores may consume important forage plants or trample them (Traveset and Richardson 2006). However, secondary species interactions may also induce positive effects, e.g. an alien predator that preys on a native herbivore. Alien species of parasites and pat ...
Botanizing Along the East Side of Steens Mountain
... But, what is this beautiful pale yellow lupine we spotted? Recalling the similarly colored solitary lupine we saw at Glass Butte, the students conclude correctly that this extensive stand of lupine must be a distinct species while the solitary specimen at Glass Butte was likely a flower-color mutant ...
... But, what is this beautiful pale yellow lupine we spotted? Recalling the similarly colored solitary lupine we saw at Glass Butte, the students conclude correctly that this extensive stand of lupine must be a distinct species while the solitary specimen at Glass Butte was likely a flower-color mutant ...
Contributions of C3 and C4 plants to higher trophic levels in an
... useful tool to indicate the relative use of C3 and C4 food chains by animals in this savanna. All animal species studied frequently occur in Amazonian savannas, and many are grassland specialists. Although the grasshopper T. collaris completes its entire life cycle within the savanna and eats a vari ...
... useful tool to indicate the relative use of C3 and C4 food chains by animals in this savanna. All animal species studied frequently occur in Amazonian savannas, and many are grassland specialists. Although the grasshopper T. collaris completes its entire life cycle within the savanna and eats a vari ...
Müllerian mimicry
... • Prey appearance is a one-dimensional quantitative trait • Given that a gradual process is possible, assess advergence through individual-based simulations and by solving the canonical equation ...
... • Prey appearance is a one-dimensional quantitative trait • Given that a gradual process is possible, assess advergence through individual-based simulations and by solving the canonical equation ...
Contributions of C3 and C4 plants to higher trophic - PPBio
... useful tool to indicate the relative use of C3 and C4 food chains by animals in this savanna. All animal species studied frequently occur in Amazonian savannas, and many are grassland specialists. Although the grasshopper T. collaris completes its entire life cycle within the savanna and eats a vari ...
... useful tool to indicate the relative use of C3 and C4 food chains by animals in this savanna. All animal species studied frequently occur in Amazonian savannas, and many are grassland specialists. Although the grasshopper T. collaris completes its entire life cycle within the savanna and eats a vari ...
ARTHROPODA
... • 2,500 species, apterous, laterally compressed • Ectoparasites of birds & mammals ~ 74% use rodents as hosts ...
... • 2,500 species, apterous, laterally compressed • Ectoparasites of birds & mammals ~ 74% use rodents as hosts ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.