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1 Animal Phylogeny Animal Diversity Lecture 8 Winter 2014 Fig. 32.10 2 Phylum Porifera (sponges) 3a Phylum Cnidaria (corals, jellies, hydras, sea anemones) ~ 10,000 species • Primarily marine • Feed by using tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes) to capture prey Traits • True tissues • Radial symmetry • Gastrovascular cavity • Diploblast ~5,500 species • Primarily marine • Suspension feeders Traits • No true tissues • No plane of symmetry • Sessile (attached) Fig. 33.4 3b Phylum Cnidaria (corals, jellies, hydras, sea anemones) See Fig. 33.5 Fig. 33.6 Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 4 (Clade Lophotrochozoa) • ~ 20,000 species • Marine, freshwater & moist terrestrial • Free-living & parasitic • Feeds by sucking food into mouth with muscular tube Traits • True tissue Fig. 33.12 • Bilateral symmetry • Gastrovascular cavity • Triploblast • Acoelomate Fig. 33.10 Fig. 33.8 1 Phylum Mollusca (molluscs) 5 Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) (Clade Lophotrochozoa) • ~93,000 species • e.g., slugs, snails, squid, octopus, oysters • Most marine, some freshwater and terrestrial • Use radula (scraping tongue) to feed Traits • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Complete digestive tract • Triploblast • True coelom (coelomate) • Soft body with hard shell 6 (Clade Lophotrochozoa) Fig. 33.15 ~ 16,500 species • Earthworms, polychaetes, leeches • Marine, freshwater & damp terrestrial Traits • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Complete digestive tract • Triploblast • True coelom (coelomate) • Segmented body plan • Earthworms eat by swallowing soil • Polychaetes & leeches eat small invertebrates (few suck blood) – Some have reduced shell or lost shell 7 Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) (Clade Ecdysozoa) 8 (Clade Ecdysozoa) • ~25,000 species • Decomposers • Also called nematodes • Also parasites • Soil and aquatic habitats – Pinworm, hookworm Traits • Agricultural pests • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry Fig. 33.25 • Complete digestive tract • Triploblast • Pseudocoelom • Tough cuticle coating body • > 1 million species • Widespread • Huge population numbers Traits • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Complete digestive tract • Triploblast • True coelom (coelomate) – Often reduced in adults • Segmented body plan – Tagmatization • Jointed appendages • Exoskeleton Fig. 33.25 – chitin (polysaccharide) Fig. 33.26 Class Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions) & Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) 9 (Subphylum Cheliceriformes) • Body having one or two main parts (cephalothorax, abdomen) • 4 pairs of walking legs • Lacks mandibles • Has pincers or fangs (chelicerae) • No antennae • Simple eyes (most) Fig. 33.30 Class Insecta (insects) 10 (Subphylum Hexapoda ) • Species rich & abundant! – Over ½ of named species on earth • • • • Fig. 33.31 • • • • • • Flight Metamorphosis Diverse habitats (rarely marine) Body divided into head, thorax, abdomen 1 pair of antennae Uniramous appendages Mouthparts adapted for many uses 3 pair of walking legs ~ 2 pair of wings Compound eyes 2 Class Chilopoda (centipedes) & Class Diplopoda (millipedes) (Subphylum Myriapoda) • • • • • 11 (Subphylum Crustacea) Fig. 33.34 - Centipede 1 pair of antennae Mandibles Uniramous appendages Terrestrial Class Chilopoda (centipedes) 12 Class Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, shrimps) & Class Maxillopoda (barnacles, copopods) – One set of legs per body segment – Poison claws on first body segment – Carnivorous • Class Diplopoda (milipedes) – Two sets of legs per body segment – Herbivorous • Marine & freshwater • Body of two or three parts • ~Highly specialized appendages • Biramous appendages • Mandibles • Two pair of antennae • Three or more pairs of legs • Pair of compound eyes Fig. 33.38 Fig. 33.25 Fig. 33.33 - Millipede Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) • ~7,000 species • Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars Traits • True tissue • Apparent radial symmetry (as adults) • Bilateral symmetry (larval form) • Complete digestive tract • Triploblast • True coelom (coelomate) • Deuterostome • No body segmentation • Endoskeleton • Water vascular system 13 • Marine • Sessile or slow moving • Named for spiny surfaces • Most closely related phylum to the chordates ~ 52,000 species Traits present in embryo (sometime in adult) Traits can be greatly reduced or not present in adults Traits • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Notochord Other traits • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Complete digestive tract • True coelom (coelomate) • Body segmentation • Deuterostome – Flexible rod located between nerve cord and digestive tract • Pharyngeal pouches (slits) – Gill structures – Network of water filled canals, for gas exchange, waste disposal, and movement • Post-anal tail – Tail is to rear of anus Phylum Chordata (Chordates) Three subphylum • Cephalochordata – Lancelets • Urochordata – tunicates • Vertebrata Vetebrata Trait • Vertebrae 14 Phylum Chordata (Chordates) 15 Fig. 34.3 Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) 16 • Marine environment Traits • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Notochord – Extends to front of head • Pharyngeal slits • Post-anal tail Fig. 34.2 Fig. 34.4 3 17 Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates) • Marine • Filter feeder • Chordate characteristics present in larval stage, most lost as adult Subphylum Vertebrata Class Cephalaspidomorphi (Petromyzontida) 18 • Lampreys • ~25 species • Marine & Freshwater Traits • No jaws • Parasitic (most) • Skeleton of cartilage – Made of protein matrix (not collagen) • External gill slits Fig. 34.10 Fig. 34.5 19 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Chondrichthyes – skeletons reinforced with calcium phosphate – Derived condition – Mostly collegen matrix • Operculum Fig. 34.17 – Protective flap over gill slits • Some with calcium • Swim bladder – Buoyancy – evolved from early lungs • Fins supported by bony rays Fig. 34.15 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Sarcopterygii Superclass Osteichthyes • Lobe-finned fish • Coelacanth, lungfish Traits • Ossified (bony) skeleton • Lungs or lung derivatives • Operculum • Swim bladder • Pectoral & pelvic fins have rod-shaped bones surrounded by thick layer of muscle – “walk” underwater 20 • Ray-finned fish • ~27,000 species Traits • Ossified (bony) skeleton • Sharks, skates & rays • ~750 species Traits • Skeleton of cartilage • Jaws • External gill slits • No swim bladder Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Actinopterygii Superclass Osteichthyes 21 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Amphibia 23 • ~6150 species • Frogs, salamanders • Moist environments Fig. 34.18: Coelacanth Lungfish – Egg has no shell, needs to be kept from drying out – Skin acts in gas exchange, needs to be moist • Many undergo metamorphosis Traits • Tetrapods (four limbs) • Adults have lungs See Fig. 34.22 4 24 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia • ~17,900 species of snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, alligators, and birds Traits • Tetrapods • Ectotherms (except birds!) • Amniotic egg (amniotes) See figure 34.27 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia (Superorder Lepidosauria) Lizards, Snakes and Tuataras 25 • ~7,900 species of snakes, lizards, turtles • Traits • Tetrapods • Amniotic egg (amniotes) See figure 34.30 – Fluid filled egg in protective shell – Water proof skin – Fluid filled egg in protective shell – Water proof skin • Scales with keratin • Ecototherms • Scales with keratin – Keratin also in feathers, fingernails – Do not generate their own heat, use heat from their environment See Fig. 34.27 Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia (Superorder Archosauria) Birds, Crocodiles, and Alligators 26 • ~10,000 species birds – 23 species alligators and crocodiles See figure 34.30 • Birds descended from lineage of dinosaurs that had feathers – Crocodiles and Alligators are closest living relatives to birds Traits: • Tetrapods • Amniotic egg (amniotes) • Wings - Feathers of keratin Bird Adaptations for flight • Hollow bones • No teeth • Large sternum and strong pectoral muscles • Reduced organs or missing organs • Endotherms – Birds only! 27 • 307 known species of species of turtles • Traits • Tetrapods • Amniotic egg (amniotes) – Fluid filled egg in protective shell – Water proof skin • Scales with keratin • Vertebral column fused to shell • Terrestrial or aquatic (both marine and fresh water) • Ecototherms – High metabolic rate – use heat produced to maintain constant body temperatures! Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Mammalia Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia (Order Testudines) Turtles – Do not generate their own heat, use heat from their environment 28 ~5,300 species Rapid diversification ~ 65 myo (end of “age of the reptiles”) Traits • Tetrapods • Amniotic egg (most w/o shell) • Hair • Mammary glands • Endotherms Three main group • Monotremes (egg laying mammals) – Only 2 species (duck-billed platypus, echidna) • Marsupials (“pouched” mammals) – Offspring complete their development in pouches – Primarily Australia & South America • Eutherians (placental mammals) – Offspring remain in womb 5