Survivor: Extreme Environments
... Biological evolution is driven by biotic and abiotic environmental changes. Within a population of similar organisms, each individual is genetically different (variation) giving them different abilities to survive and reproduce. If the environment changes through natural or human processes, some org ...
... Biological evolution is driven by biotic and abiotic environmental changes. Within a population of similar organisms, each individual is genetically different (variation) giving them different abilities to survive and reproduce. If the environment changes through natural or human processes, some org ...
Is Infectious Disease Just Another Type of Predator
... Evidence from macroecology supports the hypothesis that hostparasite and predator-prey interactions are essentially similar. Macroecology (Brown 1995; Gaston and Blackburn 2000) has yielded several interrelated, large-scale patterns that apply to both sets of interactions. These patterns include rel ...
... Evidence from macroecology supports the hypothesis that hostparasite and predator-prey interactions are essentially similar. Macroecology (Brown 1995; Gaston and Blackburn 2000) has yielded several interrelated, large-scale patterns that apply to both sets of interactions. These patterns include rel ...
When everything is not everywhere but species evolve - CERES
... version of the global (3D) ocean model used in Ward et al. (Ward et al., 2012). This algorithm periodically generates heritable intra-specific phenotypic variability within an initial pool of species, by introducing mutants whose invasive potential depends on their traits and the environmental condi ...
... version of the global (3D) ocean model used in Ward et al. (Ward et al., 2012). This algorithm periodically generates heritable intra-specific phenotypic variability within an initial pool of species, by introducing mutants whose invasive potential depends on their traits and the environmental condi ...
American Scientist - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... Such highly variable and synchronized reproduction is known as “mastfruiting” or “masting.” The term comes from the Old English word, mæst, for nuts of forest trees that have accumulated on the ground, especially for those used as food for fattening swine. Evolutionarily, a significant selective ben ...
... Such highly variable and synchronized reproduction is known as “mastfruiting” or “masting.” The term comes from the Old English word, mæst, for nuts of forest trees that have accumulated on the ground, especially for those used as food for fattening swine. Evolutionarily, a significant selective ben ...
Parasite host-switching from the invasive American red
... USA all over the world. Once introduced into its new environment, feral populations may arise and pose threats to local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In France, it is in fact considered as a risk for the Mediterranean pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa, and the European pond turtle, Emys orbicu ...
... USA all over the world. Once introduced into its new environment, feral populations may arise and pose threats to local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In France, it is in fact considered as a risk for the Mediterranean pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa, and the European pond turtle, Emys orbicu ...
Biodiversity inhibits species` evolutionary responses to changing
... lines in Figs 2 and 3), can increase or decrease the amount of evolution compared to a single species in a uniform environment (Treatment A), depending on exact conditions (discussed further below). However, when other species are present (Treatment C, indicated by solid bars and lines in Figs 2 and ...
... lines in Figs 2 and 3), can increase or decrease the amount of evolution compared to a single species in a uniform environment (Treatment A), depending on exact conditions (discussed further below). However, when other species are present (Treatment C, indicated by solid bars and lines in Figs 2 and ...
Demographic and evolutionary impacts of native and invasive insect
... Jadera heamatoloma, which has evolved host preference for introduced golden rain trees Koelreuteria elegans in some areas of its range (Carroll and Dingle 1996). The populations using the novel host have evolved increased mouthpart length within the last 50 years, and cross-breeding experiments have ...
... Jadera heamatoloma, which has evolved host preference for introduced golden rain trees Koelreuteria elegans in some areas of its range (Carroll and Dingle 1996). The populations using the novel host have evolved increased mouthpart length within the last 50 years, and cross-breeding experiments have ...
Myrmecophilous butterflies utilise ant-
... Myrmecophily requires both morphological and behavioural adaptations. The thick cuticle of lycaenid larvae and the presence of ‘ant organs’ specialised in the production of liquid rewards and in chemical and vibrational communication with ants are important morphological traits associated with myrme ...
... Myrmecophily requires both morphological and behavioural adaptations. The thick cuticle of lycaenid larvae and the presence of ‘ant organs’ specialised in the production of liquid rewards and in chemical and vibrational communication with ants are important morphological traits associated with myrme ...
Community stability and selective extinction during the Permian
... negative elements represent the impacts of predatory species. Diagonal terms describe population growth in the absence of interspecific interactions and are always negative in our models. Each paleocommunity's matrices are therefore of statistically similar connectance and average interaction streng ...
... negative elements represent the impacts of predatory species. Diagonal terms describe population growth in the absence of interspecific interactions and are always negative in our models. Each paleocommunity's matrices are therefore of statistically similar connectance and average interaction streng ...
sabal mar 09 - Native Plant Project
... Cattle are the principal herbivores responsible Dependence upon mesquite as a source of food for the rapid mesquite colonization of natural ensures that mesquite will continue to fruit and grassland. Over 130 years of overgrazing propagate. The relationship of species within a practices has removed ...
... Cattle are the principal herbivores responsible Dependence upon mesquite as a source of food for the rapid mesquite colonization of natural ensures that mesquite will continue to fruit and grassland. Over 130 years of overgrazing propagate. The relationship of species within a practices has removed ...
Adaptive radiation of island plants: evidence from Aeonium
... by only one or a few pollinator groups are more prone to differentiate in their floral structures compared to those visited by a random array of pollinators (Grant 1949). In the case of Aeonium, only 20% of the dichotomies in the key are floral, suggesting that this genus has a rather randomly assem ...
... by only one or a few pollinator groups are more prone to differentiate in their floral structures compared to those visited by a random array of pollinators (Grant 1949). In the case of Aeonium, only 20% of the dichotomies in the key are floral, suggesting that this genus has a rather randomly assem ...
seasonality in an evergreen tropical mountain rainforest in southern
... observed at the intra- and interspecific levels. Except one species that flowered more or less continuously, two groups of trees could be distinguished, of which one flowered during the less humid months (starting September/October) while the second initiated flowering towards the end of that phase ...
... observed at the intra- and interspecific levels. Except one species that flowered more or less continuously, two groups of trees could be distinguished, of which one flowered during the less humid months (starting September/October) while the second initiated flowering towards the end of that phase ...
Document
... solitary bees, among other traits, in that they are obligate generalists in food choice because their colonies outlast the flowering season of single plant species. Not all social bees are the same, however. Differences in tongue length are, for example, a major factor in niche partitioning in relati ...
... solitary bees, among other traits, in that they are obligate generalists in food choice because their colonies outlast the flowering season of single plant species. Not all social bees are the same, however. Differences in tongue length are, for example, a major factor in niche partitioning in relati ...
Game Structures in Mutualistic Interactions: What Can
... predictable benefits, or investment may secure repeated interactions. However, these game theoretic concepts are not the focus of most scientists working on mutualism; most work on these interactions is ecological in nature (Bronstein, 1994). One reason might be that game theoretical analyses of mut ...
... predictable benefits, or investment may secure repeated interactions. However, these game theoretic concepts are not the focus of most scientists working on mutualism; most work on these interactions is ecological in nature (Bronstein, 1994). One reason might be that game theoretical analyses of mut ...
PREDATORY AND PARASITIC LEPIDOPTERA
... deserted paper wasp or bumblebee nests, insects trapped in pitcher plants, or galls (Common 1990). Scavengers on animal products or remains that occasionally prey on other insects are especially common in the Tineoidea, which also contains several obligately predatory species (Table 1). Since member ...
... deserted paper wasp or bumblebee nests, insects trapped in pitcher plants, or galls (Common 1990). Scavengers on animal products or remains that occasionally prey on other insects are especially common in the Tineoidea, which also contains several obligately predatory species (Table 1). Since member ...
The effect of historical legacy on adaptation: do closely related
... populations in one species had heavier roots in warmer areas, and populations in the other ...
... populations in one species had heavier roots in warmer areas, and populations in the other ...
eports - WSU Entomology - Washington State University
... challenging, however, due to the difficulty in relating differences between species in particular traits to their use of complementary resources. Here, we overcame this obstacle by exploiting plastic foraging behavior in a community of predatory insects common on Brassica oleracea plants in Washingto ...
... challenging, however, due to the difficulty in relating differences between species in particular traits to their use of complementary resources. Here, we overcame this obstacle by exploiting plastic foraging behavior in a community of predatory insects common on Brassica oleracea plants in Washingto ...
Decision Making for Food Choice by Grasshoppers
... slower and exhibits atypical reactions. Chorthippus binotatus can feed on Poaceae, but with more time spent, leading to an increasing predation risk. This situation is a limitation toward dispersal between different heathlands (patchy habitats). KEY WORDS decision making, patchy habitats, alkaloids, ...
... slower and exhibits atypical reactions. Chorthippus binotatus can feed on Poaceae, but with more time spent, leading to an increasing predation risk. This situation is a limitation toward dispersal between different heathlands (patchy habitats). KEY WORDS decision making, patchy habitats, alkaloids, ...
Lecture 14 - Biocontrol
... Bio-control is the use of a pest insect’s natural insect enemies for its control. ...
... Bio-control is the use of a pest insect’s natural insect enemies for its control. ...
Flowering patterns in a seasonal tropical lowland forest in Western
... Temperature is another variable capable of triggering flowering and affecting plant metabolism (Lyndon 1992). Changes in temperature are correlated with flowering events and other phenological cycles in many tropical environments (Ashton et al. 1988, Morellato et al 2000, Marques et al. 2004, Corlet ...
... Temperature is another variable capable of triggering flowering and affecting plant metabolism (Lyndon 1992). Changes in temperature are correlated with flowering events and other phenological cycles in many tropical environments (Ashton et al. 1988, Morellato et al 2000, Marques et al. 2004, Corlet ...
The beta-diversity of species interactions: Untangling the drivers of
... 1. What are the spatial and temporal scales of variation in species pools of interacting trophic levels? Understanding the spatiotemporal scales at which species pools of different trophic levels vary will provide insight into the scales at which interaction beta-diversity may be important for commu ...
... 1. What are the spatial and temporal scales of variation in species pools of interacting trophic levels? Understanding the spatiotemporal scales at which species pools of different trophic levels vary will provide insight into the scales at which interaction beta-diversity may be important for commu ...
Evolutionary History Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life
... Beverly Rathcke planted the seed of this book in a lecture she gave in an ecology class during my first semester in graduate school. She told us about cotton farmers who tried to control an insect pest by spraying an insecticide. This strategy worked for a while, but then a couple of puzzling things ...
... Beverly Rathcke planted the seed of this book in a lecture she gave in an ecology class during my first semester in graduate school. She told us about cotton farmers who tried to control an insect pest by spraying an insecticide. This strategy worked for a while, but then a couple of puzzling things ...
Symbiotic fungal endophytes control insect host±parasite interaction
... interactions across multiple trophic levels in a ®eld setting. Microorganisms can greatly affect many terrestrial communities25. Research on the ecological role of microbial symbionts has focused on their impact in plant communities2,26. In particular, endophytes can mediate competitive interactions ...
... interactions across multiple trophic levels in a ®eld setting. Microorganisms can greatly affect many terrestrial communities25. Research on the ecological role of microbial symbionts has focused on their impact in plant communities2,26. In particular, endophytes can mediate competitive interactions ...
Fundamental and realized niches of two chrysomelid
... contemporary ecology. Hutchinson (1965) formulized the concept of the fundamental and realized niche with regards to species responses to interspecific competition; and for the herbivore insects’ community the consequence of interspecific competition is a debatable and questionable from the very beg ...
... contemporary ecology. Hutchinson (1965) formulized the concept of the fundamental and realized niche with regards to species responses to interspecific competition; and for the herbivore insects’ community the consequence of interspecific competition is a debatable and questionable from the very beg ...
Emerging directions in the study of the ecology and evolution of
... The idea of plant-animal interaction networks was first proposed 150 years ago with the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, who wrote “I am tempted to give one more instance showing how plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relat ...
... The idea of plant-animal interaction networks was first proposed 150 years ago with the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, who wrote “I am tempted to give one more instance showing how plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relat ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.