Quantifying Biodiversity: Experience with Parataxonomists and
... of basic ecological research. Local villagers can be involved with our research project as either insect collectors or parataxonomists. They are usually young villagers with 6–10 years of formal education. Every potential collaborator starts as a collector, which entails brief training and subsequen ...
... of basic ecological research. Local villagers can be involved with our research project as either insect collectors or parataxonomists. They are usually young villagers with 6–10 years of formal education. Every potential collaborator starts as a collector, which entails brief training and subsequen ...
Comments on the nature of deception
... aggressive mimics, as their victims are (presumably) actively seeking out flowers-and we imagine that most flowers have evolved their ‘flashy’ signals to attract pollinators. I don’t see how you could define such a general word as disguise in an operational way different to mimicry and crypsis as I ...
... aggressive mimics, as their victims are (presumably) actively seeking out flowers-and we imagine that most flowers have evolved their ‘flashy’ signals to attract pollinators. I don’t see how you could define such a general word as disguise in an operational way different to mimicry and crypsis as I ...
Network Centric Warfare as Complex Optimization: An - UNI-NKE
... occupies a wide field on the landscape, by moving constantly it can find higher general regions. Such a trial-and-error mechanism can shuffle the species about by means of change without advance in adaptation. As a solution he proposed a large species to be subdivided into many local races that shif ...
... occupies a wide field on the landscape, by moving constantly it can find higher general regions. Such a trial-and-error mechanism can shuffle the species about by means of change without advance in adaptation. As a solution he proposed a large species to be subdivided into many local races that shif ...
Mutualism, Facilitation, and the Structure of Ecological Communities
... plants, and the flourishing of coral reefs. Although a few ecologists have long recognized the importance of positive interactions in stressful environments (e.g., Clements 1916, Addicott 1984), ecological research on positive interactions is still far less common than that on other forms of interac ...
... plants, and the flourishing of coral reefs. Although a few ecologists have long recognized the importance of positive interactions in stressful environments (e.g., Clements 1916, Addicott 1984), ecological research on positive interactions is still far less common than that on other forms of interac ...
Estimating the tolerance of species to the effects
... Under initial conditions, all species co-exist, but as soon as we start changing the strength of mutualistic interaction γo , species’ initial abundances also begin to change (Fig. 1). While gradual changes in the strength of mutualistic interaction can increase the abundances of the plant and one ...
... Under initial conditions, all species co-exist, but as soon as we start changing the strength of mutualistic interaction γo , species’ initial abundances also begin to change (Fig. 1). While gradual changes in the strength of mutualistic interaction can increase the abundances of the plant and one ...
Detecting the danger: How do moths and butterflies manage to
... Besides the escape movements after detecting predators, studies have shown that nocturnal insects such as moths have other strategies that prevent them from being eaten and therefore contribute to their survival. Some moth species developed sound producing organs, tymbals, which are not only used in ...
... Besides the escape movements after detecting predators, studies have shown that nocturnal insects such as moths have other strategies that prevent them from being eaten and therefore contribute to their survival. Some moth species developed sound producing organs, tymbals, which are not only used in ...
Impacts of belowground herbivory on oviposition decisions in two
... Root-feeding insects can affect the performance of aboveground insect herbivores when they are forced to feed on the same host plant. Here we explored whether the oviposition behaviour of two closely related herbivorous species (cabbage butterflies; Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is influenced by rootfeedin ...
... Root-feeding insects can affect the performance of aboveground insect herbivores when they are forced to feed on the same host plant. Here we explored whether the oviposition behaviour of two closely related herbivorous species (cabbage butterflies; Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is influenced by rootfeedin ...
Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites?
... pristine condition without illness and with good prospects of continued survival. By contrast, the term ‘ecosystem health’ is focused on the functioning of a whole community; therefore the term must embrace the overall performance and persistence of the system. Thus, a healthy ecosystem is one that ...
... pristine condition without illness and with good prospects of continued survival. By contrast, the term ‘ecosystem health’ is focused on the functioning of a whole community; therefore the term must embrace the overall performance and persistence of the system. Thus, a healthy ecosystem is one that ...
The evolution of predator-prey interactions: Theory and evidence
... predation may include faster progress through vulnerable stages or more general adaptations to high mortality (e.g. earlier reproduction and greater reproductive investment). Most evolutionary models assume that there are pleiotropic effects of any trait that has an effect on capture rates. For the ...
... predation may include faster progress through vulnerable stages or more general adaptations to high mortality (e.g. earlier reproduction and greater reproductive investment). Most evolutionary models assume that there are pleiotropic effects of any trait that has an effect on capture rates. For the ...
Grasshopper
... Grasshoppers are leaping insects that are found all over the world. They live mostly in forests or grasslands, but they are also common in gardens. Their brown or green coloring helps them blend in with the plants and dirt around them. Grasshoppers are closely related to crickets. grasshopper - Stud ...
... Grasshoppers are leaping insects that are found all over the world. They live mostly in forests or grasslands, but they are also common in gardens. Their brown or green coloring helps them blend in with the plants and dirt around them. Grasshoppers are closely related to crickets. grasshopper - Stud ...
Extrafloral nectar content alters foraging preferences
... Mutualisms often involve a delicate balance between the costs and benefits for each species involved (Bronstein 1998; Ferriere et al. 2002). In food-for-protection mutualisms, a species of plant or honeydew-producing insect exchanges food resources (e.g. extrafloral nectar or honeydew) with a predat ...
... Mutualisms often involve a delicate balance between the costs and benefits for each species involved (Bronstein 1998; Ferriere et al. 2002). In food-for-protection mutualisms, a species of plant or honeydew-producing insect exchanges food resources (e.g. extrafloral nectar or honeydew) with a predat ...
Getting to know the insects - Oregon 4-H
... or egg clusters that hatch into larvae. Immatures typically look very different from the adults and are sometimes given specialized names. For example, immature flies (Diptera) are maggots, immature butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are caterpillars, and immature scarab beetles (Coleoptera) are of ...
... or egg clusters that hatch into larvae. Immatures typically look very different from the adults and are sometimes given specialized names. For example, immature flies (Diptera) are maggots, immature butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are caterpillars, and immature scarab beetles (Coleoptera) are of ...
Newly rare or newly common: evolutionary
... pressures at low and high population densities (Moorcroft et al. 1996); the mechanisms underlying the selective value of these traits are unclear, although dark coat color is genetically linked to body size (Gratten et al. 2008), a trait well-known to respond to density (e.g., Walsh and Reznick 2008 ...
... pressures at low and high population densities (Moorcroft et al. 1996); the mechanisms underlying the selective value of these traits are unclear, although dark coat color is genetically linked to body size (Gratten et al. 2008), a trait well-known to respond to density (e.g., Walsh and Reznick 2008 ...
Sonoran Desert Phenology Calendar
... wildflowers, including the blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida; below left) and the foothills palo verde (P. microphylla; below right). Both bloom during April, but the flowers of the blue palo verde appear one to two weeks before those of the foothills palo verde. The staggered blooming times help ...
... wildflowers, including the blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida; below left) and the foothills palo verde (P. microphylla; below right). Both bloom during April, but the flowers of the blue palo verde appear one to two weeks before those of the foothills palo verde. The staggered blooming times help ...
Plasticity and trait-mediated indirect interactions among plants
... makes optimization of some plastic responses difficult, especially if plastic responses have long lag times and are largely irreversible. In addition, the diffuse nature of competition among plants within communities may limit a plant’s ability to exhibit its maximum potential plasticity in response ...
... makes optimization of some plastic responses difficult, especially if plastic responses have long lag times and are largely irreversible. In addition, the diffuse nature of competition among plants within communities may limit a plant’s ability to exhibit its maximum potential plasticity in response ...
File
... use to humans because they can withstand extreme temperatures, salinity, and acidity. Biotechnologists have been able to use some of these enzymes for various procedures in DNA research. ...
... use to humans because they can withstand extreme temperatures, salinity, and acidity. Biotechnologists have been able to use some of these enzymes for various procedures in DNA research. ...
sILPhIum GaLL wasPs: LIttLe-known PraIrIe
... mented A. minor as also using prairie dock. In 1915 and 1917, Weld documented A. silphii forming terminal stem galls on cup-plant in eastern Nebraska. This was the first published record of any Silphium gall wasp being found outside of Illinois. Weld also presented information indicating that Gille ...
... mented A. minor as also using prairie dock. In 1915 and 1917, Weld documented A. silphii forming terminal stem galls on cup-plant in eastern Nebraska. This was the first published record of any Silphium gall wasp being found outside of Illinois. Weld also presented information indicating that Gille ...
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
... Yet, the majority of mutualisms are transmitted horizontally; the partners must establish the interaction anew in each generation. This mode of transmission characterizes several common mutualisms such as plant pollination or dispersal by animals, mycorrhiza, or bacterial nodulation of roots and app ...
... Yet, the majority of mutualisms are transmitted horizontally; the partners must establish the interaction anew in each generation. This mode of transmission characterizes several common mutualisms such as plant pollination or dispersal by animals, mycorrhiza, or bacterial nodulation of roots and app ...
On the Origins of Parasite
... et al. 2011b). Indeed, we could be so precise as to infer that it was O. unilateralis as only this complex is so far known to induce biting into the veins. Such direct evidence is possible in this host–parasite relationship because the manipulated ant leaves a signature on the leaf. In other systems ...
... et al. 2011b). Indeed, we could be so precise as to infer that it was O. unilateralis as only this complex is so far known to induce biting into the veins. Such direct evidence is possible in this host–parasite relationship because the manipulated ant leaves a signature on the leaf. In other systems ...
Herrera.2014.FEMS.Microbiol.Ecol
... Genetic diversity and genotypic diversity of wild populations of the floricolous yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii exhibit a strong host-mediated component, with genotypes being nonrandomly distributed among flowers of different plant species. To unravel the causal mechanism of this pattern of host-medi ...
... Genetic diversity and genotypic diversity of wild populations of the floricolous yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii exhibit a strong host-mediated component, with genotypes being nonrandomly distributed among flowers of different plant species. To unravel the causal mechanism of this pattern of host-medi ...
Lizards as pollinators and seed dispersers: an island
... common on islands. We argue that this island phenomenon occurs because island lizards reach very high densities (density compensation) and experience a lower predation risk than do those on the mainland and, consequently, can expand their diet to include nectar, pollen and fruit. Although further em ...
... common on islands. We argue that this island phenomenon occurs because island lizards reach very high densities (density compensation) and experience a lower predation risk than do those on the mainland and, consequently, can expand their diet to include nectar, pollen and fruit. Although further em ...
Pairwise interactions between functional groups
... more species are added, which allows for the inclusion of relatively large numbers of species typical of some predator communities (e.g., Bruno and O’Connor, 2005; Northfield et al., 2012). These predator complementarity studies generally compare prey consumption by diverse communities to the average ...
... more species are added, which allows for the inclusion of relatively large numbers of species typical of some predator communities (e.g., Bruno and O’Connor, 2005; Northfield et al., 2012). These predator complementarity studies generally compare prey consumption by diverse communities to the average ...
Towards a trait-based quantification of species
... physiological or phenological feature measured at the individual level that impacts fitness (Violle et al. 2007a). In plants, fitness is most often assessed by individual performance measured by individual biomass, reproductive output or survival (Violle et al. 2007a). Empirical approaches to quanti ...
... physiological or phenological feature measured at the individual level that impacts fitness (Violle et al. 2007a). In plants, fitness is most often assessed by individual performance measured by individual biomass, reproductive output or survival (Violle et al. 2007a). Empirical approaches to quanti ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.