Towards a trait-based quantification of species
... physiological or phenological feature measured at the individual level that impacts fitness (Violle et al. 2007a). In plants, fitness is most often assessed by individual performance measured by individual biomass, reproductive output or survival (Violle et al. 2007a). Empirical approaches to quanti ...
... physiological or phenological feature measured at the individual level that impacts fitness (Violle et al. 2007a). In plants, fitness is most often assessed by individual performance measured by individual biomass, reproductive output or survival (Violle et al. 2007a). Empirical approaches to quanti ...
Identification of plant families associated with the predators
... The predators Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plants around crop fields. It is well known that when p ...
... The predators Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plants around crop fields. It is well known that when p ...
Parasitology Glossary
... development. In some instances (e.g. cysticercosis) the accidental host becomes a "dead end" because even though the parasite develops through its appropriate stages, it fails to find a portal of exit and is thus blocked from continuing its life cycle. ...
... development. In some instances (e.g. cysticercosis) the accidental host becomes a "dead end" because even though the parasite develops through its appropriate stages, it fails to find a portal of exit and is thus blocked from continuing its life cycle. ...
Parasites as predators - University of South Florida
... always maximize lethality. Because parasites sometimes evolve reduced virulence, parasites are more likely to evolve into mutualists with their hosts than predators are with their prey. Generation time Parasites are typically smaller and have shorter generation times than hosts, allowing parasites t ...
... always maximize lethality. Because parasites sometimes evolve reduced virulence, parasites are more likely to evolve into mutualists with their hosts than predators are with their prey. Generation time Parasites are typically smaller and have shorter generation times than hosts, allowing parasites t ...
The coexistence
... not been firmly demonstrated, and its existence in the genus still needs proof. A possible temporary parasitism also has been suggested for Solenopsis enigmatica from the West Indies, with parasite workers in the mixed nests, though the authors, DEYRUP & RUSAK (2008), have described the species as a ...
... not been firmly demonstrated, and its existence in the genus still needs proof. A possible temporary parasitism also has been suggested for Solenopsis enigmatica from the West Indies, with parasite workers in the mixed nests, though the authors, DEYRUP & RUSAK (2008), have described the species as a ...
Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
... winter? How does the saguaro cactus survive blistering temperatures and extreme dryness of the desert? We commonly say that each species is adapted to the environment where it lives, but what does that mean? Adaptation, the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment, is ...
... winter? How does the saguaro cactus survive blistering temperatures and extreme dryness of the desert? We commonly say that each species is adapted to the environment where it lives, but what does that mean? Adaptation, the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment, is ...
Bitrophic interactions shape biodiversity in space
... A, then individuals of a rare plant species C may have a competitive advantage against individuals of species A in suffering less from herbivory (18, 26, 27). Herbivory should now stabilize the coexistence of the two plant species. Inversely, the diversity of plants creates a diversity of food sourc ...
... A, then individuals of a rare plant species C may have a competitive advantage against individuals of species A in suffering less from herbivory (18, 26, 27). Herbivory should now stabilize the coexistence of the two plant species. Inversely, the diversity of plants creates a diversity of food sourc ...
phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in polygonum species of
... and high light; dry, moist, and flooded soil; and poor vs. rich nutrients. Timing of reproduction, total reproductive output, offspring size, and allocation to reproduction were determined for each plant. The data revealed highly complex differences among the species in patterns of plastic response ...
... and high light; dry, moist, and flooded soil; and poor vs. rich nutrients. Timing of reproduction, total reproductive output, offspring size, and allocation to reproduction were determined for each plant. The data revealed highly complex differences among the species in patterns of plastic response ...
Biotic interactions and speciation in the tropics
... tropical trees, suggesting greater allocation to structural defenses against herbivores (Coley & Aide 1991). Levin (1976) found a negative correlation between the percentage of alkaloid containing plant species and latitude, and, in general, tropical plants possess greater chemical defenses (Dyer & ...
... tropical trees, suggesting greater allocation to structural defenses against herbivores (Coley & Aide 1991). Levin (1976) found a negative correlation between the percentage of alkaloid containing plant species and latitude, and, in general, tropical plants possess greater chemical defenses (Dyer & ...
PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANTS By
... (97, 255, 282). Other factors that stimulate germination do not affect the seedling directly but are correlated with factors that do. For example, some desert seeds germinate in response to reduced soil salinity, which occurs only after heavy rains that ensure establishment. Seeds will not germinate ...
... (97, 255, 282). Other factors that stimulate germination do not affect the seedling directly but are correlated with factors that do. For example, some desert seeds germinate in response to reduced soil salinity, which occurs only after heavy rains that ensure establishment. Seeds will not germinate ...
Coupled Relationships between Humans and other Organisms in
... provide a work force. To help distinguish what type of relationships humans have with certain species, it is useful to determine the effects each interaction has on each participant (positive, negative, or neutral). Most animals living with humans in urban areas are commensal: they benefit from livi ...
... provide a work force. To help distinguish what type of relationships humans have with certain species, it is useful to determine the effects each interaction has on each participant (positive, negative, or neutral). Most animals living with humans in urban areas are commensal: they benefit from livi ...
THE INFINITE VARIETY: THE BEGINNING OF LIFE The world is rich
... copying process goes wrong. A mistake may be made at a single point on the length of the DNA and a particular molecule may become temporarily dislocated and be re-inserted in the wrong place. The copy is then imperfect and the protein that it synthesizes will be different. Such mistakes are sources ...
... copying process goes wrong. A mistake may be made at a single point on the length of the DNA and a particular molecule may become temporarily dislocated and be re-inserted in the wrong place. The copy is then imperfect and the protein that it synthesizes will be different. Such mistakes are sources ...
Acoustic communication in insects REVIEW
... Insects, representing approximately 70 percent of the world’s species, are by far the most successful, and variable group of living specimens which have evolved on our planet. These arthropods are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and have existed for more than 400 million years (Straub & Lakes- ...
... Insects, representing approximately 70 percent of the world’s species, are by far the most successful, and variable group of living specimens which have evolved on our planet. These arthropods are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and have existed for more than 400 million years (Straub & Lakes- ...
Phytoplankton niches, traits and eco
... of requirements and impacts translates, in Hutchinson’s terms, from fundamental to realized niches (Chase & Leibold 2003). Therefore, this approach to the niche can connect traits, niches, and the biogeochemical effects of phytoplankton. For example, if a species has certain trait values for nutrien ...
... of requirements and impacts translates, in Hutchinson’s terms, from fundamental to realized niches (Chase & Leibold 2003). Therefore, this approach to the niche can connect traits, niches, and the biogeochemical effects of phytoplankton. For example, if a species has certain trait values for nutrien ...
Discovering Biodiversity in Time and Space
... Occasionally, the DNA copying process goes wrong. A mistake may be made at a single point on the length of the DNA and a particular molecule may become temporarily dislocated and be re-inserted in the wrong place. The copy is then imperfect and the protein that it synthesizes will be different. Suc ...
... Occasionally, the DNA copying process goes wrong. A mistake may be made at a single point on the length of the DNA and a particular molecule may become temporarily dislocated and be re-inserted in the wrong place. The copy is then imperfect and the protein that it synthesizes will be different. Suc ...
Rapid Evolutionary Change and the Coexistence of Species
... A species’ ecological fitness may change owing to evolutionary changes in traits seemingly unrelated to competition if those traits show a genetic correlation with competitive ability (Lande & Arnold 1983). This correlation may occur for traits involving increased defense or stress tolerance, which c ...
... A species’ ecological fitness may change owing to evolutionary changes in traits seemingly unrelated to competition if those traits show a genetic correlation with competitive ability (Lande & Arnold 1983). This correlation may occur for traits involving increased defense or stress tolerance, which c ...
Rapid Evolutionary Change and the Coexistence of Species
... A species’ ecological fitness may change owing to evolutionary changes in traits seemingly unrelated to competition if those traits show a genetic correlation with competitive ability (Lande & Arnold 1983). This correlation may occur for traits involving increased defense or stress tolerance, which c ...
... A species’ ecological fitness may change owing to evolutionary changes in traits seemingly unrelated to competition if those traits show a genetic correlation with competitive ability (Lande & Arnold 1983). This correlation may occur for traits involving increased defense or stress tolerance, which c ...
MEEC2017_Abstracts
... an absence of predation risk. This ideal free distribution, however, is highly susceptible to influence by predation risk. Models used to investigate predator-prey games often fix the behavior of one player while allowing the other to make patch use choices. Here, we use an adaptive dynamic approach ...
... an absence of predation risk. This ideal free distribution, however, is highly susceptible to influence by predation risk. Models used to investigate predator-prey games often fix the behavior of one player while allowing the other to make patch use choices. Here, we use an adaptive dynamic approach ...
amazing adaptations - The Living Rainforest
... Amazing Adaptations Teachers’ Notes This pack is designed to give teachers an indication of the species and subjects that will be discussed during the Amazing Adaptations tour, as well as some further background information on our exhibits. The ‘Amazing Adaptations’ tour focuses on how plants and an ...
... Amazing Adaptations Teachers’ Notes This pack is designed to give teachers an indication of the species and subjects that will be discussed during the Amazing Adaptations tour, as well as some further background information on our exhibits. The ‘Amazing Adaptations’ tour focuses on how plants and an ...
In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non
... macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa,[1][2] viruses, and bacteria.[3] Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms. Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their h ...
... macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa,[1][2] viruses, and bacteria.[3] Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms. Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their h ...
The impact of nonlinear functional responses on the long
... Received 12 January 2004; received in revised form 25 April 2004; accepted 28 April 2004 Available online 15 June 2004 ...
... Received 12 January 2004; received in revised form 25 April 2004; accepted 28 April 2004 Available online 15 June 2004 ...
Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants Beverly Rathcke
... glades suffered four times the mortality of autumn-germinating seedlings because of drought, but summer seedlings produced eight times as many seeds (20). These studies indicate that time of germination reflects a trade-off between selection for high seed set and selection for high survivorship. Bio ...
... glades suffered four times the mortality of autumn-germinating seedlings because of drought, but summer seedlings produced eight times as many seeds (20). These studies indicate that time of germination reflects a trade-off between selection for high seed set and selection for high survivorship. Bio ...
Enemy free space and the structure of ecological
... This paper reviews the role of natural enemies in moulding ecological niches. Our aim is to show how many numerous aspects of the ecology of animal species that are traditionally reviewed as components of their niche, (body size, feeding stations, feeding methods, etc.), have been influenced, not by ...
... This paper reviews the role of natural enemies in moulding ecological niches. Our aim is to show how many numerous aspects of the ecology of animal species that are traditionally reviewed as components of their niche, (body size, feeding stations, feeding methods, etc.), have been influenced, not by ...
Studying insect diversity in the tropics
... fragmented resources. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the intense biotic interactions characteristic of the humid tropics will select for greater levels and diversity of chemical defences by plants, and this will tend to lead to greater specialization. Related to the last hypothesis is the ...
... fragmented resources. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the intense biotic interactions characteristic of the humid tropics will select for greater levels and diversity of chemical defences by plants, and this will tend to lead to greater specialization. Related to the last hypothesis is the ...
Ecological consequences of manipulative parasites
... susceptibility to predation of infected and uninfected hosts. A review of eight studies found that parasites of prey increased predation rates by a factor of 1.62 to 7.5 (Dobson 1988). These estimates are sensitive to sampling without replacement, suggesting such values might be underestimates (Laff ...
... susceptibility to predation of infected and uninfected hosts. A review of eight studies found that parasites of prey increased predation rates by a factor of 1.62 to 7.5 (Dobson 1988). These estimates are sensitive to sampling without replacement, suggesting such values might be underestimates (Laff ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.