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The purple loosestrife, a wetland plant, was imported to North America from Europe. Since its introduction, the loosestrife has spread to many wetland ecosystems in the United States. Picture #1: Before the introduction of purple loosestrife: Observations by scientists: Observation #1: The purple loosestrife grows twice as fast as the winged loosestrife (a native plant in these wetlands) Picture #2: After the introduction of purple loosestrife Observation #2: The winged loosestrife has 10 different species of insect that eats its leaves. The purple loosestrife has 3 different species of insect and 2 species of bird that eats its leaves. Photo courtesy of USDA Forest Service 1. Which is an example of an herbivore in this ecosystem? (1) winged loosestrife (2) purple loosestrife (3) insect (3) snake Note: The numerical scores indicated in the scoring rubrics were for research purposes. Higher scores indicate higher quality argumentation. We encourage you to use a scoring scheme that matches your present goals for students. Item #1 Content Level Description 1 Student selects “C”. 0 Students does not select “C.” Why do you think the purple loosestrife is such a successful invader in this ecosystem? 2. I think the purple loosestrife is a good invader because . . . 3. My evidence is . . . 4. This evidence supports my claim because . . . Item #2 Argumentation Level 0a: Stating a Claim Level 4 3 Description Example States a claim that provides an explanation for why the loosestrife thrives. -The purple loosestrife grows more quickly States a claim that provides an explanation for why the loosestrife thrives. -Fewer species eat the purple loosestrife I think the loosestrife is able to establish itself easily because it does not have as many species eating its leaves as the Winged loosestrife so it has the advantage to produce more of its species, which is why the Purple loosestrife quickly occupies a lot of space in a ecosystem. it has less species of insects that eat it 2 1 0 -Loosestrife grows more quickly and has fewer predators Other valid claim: -The loosestrife is adapted to the wetland ecosystem -The environment/ecosystem is not “used to” the purple loosestrife -The loosestrife has the resources it needs Does not state a claim that explains why the loosestrife thrives No credit for: -The insects and birds like it/recognize it Item #3 Argumentation Level 0c: Providing evidence supporting a claim Level 1 0 Description Example Identifies a piece of data from the prompt or from prior knowledge References evidence from prompt. If student references evidence from prior knowledge, then check to see that it relates to claim the pictures that show the water and the plants Common responses given credit: -“The picture” -The data about species that prey on purple loosestrife -The data about growth rate -“the data table” Does not identify a piece of evidence from prompt or prior knowledge because based on observation #2, the purple loosestrife has less insect species predators, and more predators that can help populate the species (birds) observation #1 “thinking about trees, you have trees everywhere” Item #4 Argumentation Level 1a: Constructing reasoning that links claim and evidence Level 1 Description Example Provides reasoning that connects the claim and evidence With less useless predators, the species can grow more, and with birds they are able to move around more too since there are less species of animals eating the purple loosestrife, the plant is able to grow more quickly that the winged loosestrife 0 The claim is about why the loosestrife is successful. So not sufficient to just explain what the evidence shows. Student need connect claim to evidence—e.g. “if the plant is from a wetland, and it is placed in a wetland, then it will be successful because it is adapted to a wetland environment” No credit for illogical reasoning It tells us that the purple loosestrife is a wetland plant As the plant grows at a faster rate, this expresses the adaptation that it acquired in order to be able to survive the changes within an environment. This demonstrates that the species was able to interact with other biotic factors within the ecosystem as well Sophie says: I think the purple loosestrife is a successful invader because there are very few herbivores that eat it. Tina says: I think the purple loosestrife is a successful invader because it grows much faster than other plants. Only 5 different species eat the purple loosestrife. The purple loosestrife grows twice as fast as a native plant. Since it was so few things that eat it, it can just keep growing and it can take over the ecosystem. If the purple loosestrife grows faster than other species, then it can compete better for light, nutrients, and space. 5. Which argument do you agree with more? Sophie’s/Tina’s 6. Why do you agree with this argument more? I agree with this argument more because . . . 7. Why do you think the other argument is not as good? The problem with the other argument is . . . Item #5 Argumentation Level [2c] * Level Description TINA, grows faster 1 SOPHIE, fewer herbivores 0 *Student does not provide explicit two-sided comparative argument, but must engage in that cognitive task to select the stronger argument Item #6 Argumentation Level 2b: Constructing a one-sided comparative argument Level 3 Description Example Defends one position (explaining how there is more evidence, better evidence, better connection between claim and evidence, or a more scientifically accurate claim based on students’ prior knowledge) Defends Sophie: evidence from observation #2. Although Tina's arguement is valid, Sophie's is stronger because she has quantitive data, and qualitative data argues for superiority of evidence for Sophie 2 Critiques the other argument Defends TINA: “Although that there are only five different species that eat the purple loosestrife, it does not mean that only a few insects feed off of it. There can be hundreds of the same species. I agree more with Tina's argument because it makes more sense and provides accurate and specific information” critiques Sophie Note: This level of performance corresponds to argumentation level 2a: Providing a countercritique 1 0 Defends argument by saying it aligns with students’ claim. Essentially, “this argument is better because it is closer to mine” Does not defend one position or critique another Item #6 Argumentation Level 2a:Providing a counter-critique Level 2 Description Example Provides counter-critique CRITIQUE OF SOPHIE: Sophie's argument does not state how many organisms are in each specie. Therefore even if there are less species that eat the plant, there is no evidence about whether or not the amount of organisms that eat it e.g. Fewer species, but not necessarily fewer organisms predating on purple loosestrife CRITIQUE OF SOPHIE: it doesn't necessarily matter how many species of organisms eat something, but rather how many of those organisms there are 1 Note: This level of performance corresponds to Argumentation Level 1d: Providing an alternative counter argument Provides counter-alternative 0 Does not provide counter-critique or counter-alternative Basically, “this argument is wrong because the other argument is right” No credit for general critiques, e.g. “not enough evidence” or “better reasoning” No credit for “doesn’t take into account the other idea” CRITIQUE OF SOPHIE: The problem with the other argument is that they state that there are only five species. However, there can be hundreds of insects from one species feeding off the tree. The five species does not necessarily mean that there are a few insects that eat it. The problem with the other argument is that growth rate is really the one that is more important. The problem with the other argument is that it is not as good.