Download Biology 218 – Human Anatomy - RIDDELL

Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
Student ID#: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Student Name: NOTTA PHASE
Team Name: CELL SPLITTERS
Lab Assignment #: 6
Date: 080315.1
Lab Title: Mitosis and Meiosis
Purpose / Objective(s):
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Observing Mitosis and Meiosis in various plant and animal specimens.
Hypothesis:
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NA
Materials / Subjects / Specimens:
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Light microscope
Prepared slides featuring a cross-section of:
- White Fish Blastudisc Cells
- Onion Mitosis Root TP Allium
See Table of Experiments
.
Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:
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Slides depicting various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis were observed using a Light Microscope at
various magnifications (400X and 630X).
Results were recorded as a visual and written description.
See Table of Experiments
Results
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See Table 1 and Graph 1
- Comparison of cell sizes
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Specimen
onion
whitefish
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Size
(µm)
59
55
See Table 2
- Visual representation of stages of Mitosis in Whitefish and Onion Allium.
See Table 3, Drawing 3, 4, 5
Visual representation of stages of Meiosis in Lily Anther.
See Drawings 1, 2
- Visual representation of human sperm and human oocyte.
- Sperm heads vary in shape and size. Sperm tails also vary in size
Analysis / Discussion:
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Cells are very small in size, for both plants and animals. A microscope is needed to view each type.
New cells are formed by the division of living cells, through the process of Mitosis or Meiosis.
Mitosis is consists of 5 main stages
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Interphase: DNA is replicated
Prophase: DNA is condensed and packaged
Metaphase: when condensed chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase: when one copy of each chromosome goes to each pole of the cell
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Biology 105 – Human Biology
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Session:
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Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
Telophase: when new nuclear membranes are formed around the chromosomes and cytokinesis
occurs resulting in two daughter cells
Meiosis resembles mitosis, but results in daughter cells with half the genetic information of the mother
cell. This process occurs only in the gonads and is how the gametes, sperm and eggs, are made.
Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a defined nucleus. The nucleus Both
plant and animal cells have a cell membrane that surrounds the cell that allows for the cell to control
what and how much of a substance may enter or exit the cell.
Plant cells are quite consistent in shape and size, but animal cells vary greatly in shape and size.
Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells, because they store extra glucose as starch.
Animal cells have centomeres but plant cells do not.
Animal cytokinesis involves cells pinching off, but plant cells form a cell plate/wall.
One of the primary differences between animal and plant cells is that plant cells have a cell
membrane made up of cellulose. This helps the plant cell to accept large amounts of liquid through
osmosis, without being destroyed. An animal cell does not have this cell wall, too much fluid would
cause it the cell to pop.
Plant cells also are different from animal cells because they have chloroplasts that are used for
photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into needed food for the plant.
Plant cells have a large vacuole, which exists in the cell’s cytoplasm. It usually takes up most of the
room in the cell, and the membrane of the cell encircles it. It contains waste materials, water, and
nutrients that can be used or secreted as necessary. Animal cells have small vacuoles, but never
large single vacuole that takes up most of the space in plant cells.
Conclusions/Further Considerations:
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Both plant and animal cells are very small. This high surface area to volume ratio helps keep the cell
very efficient at allowing necessary substances to enter and/or exit the cell.
Page 2 of 8 874008371
Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
ATTACHMENTS
Summary / Formal / Conclusive Results / Tables, Charts
1. Table of Experiments: Mitosis
Name of
Experiment
Materials
Method
Procedure 14.3
(Mitosis in Animal
Cells)
Light microscope,
Whitefish blastula
slide
Procedure 14.3
(Mitosis in Plant
Light microscope,
Cells)
Onion root tip slide
Table of Experiments: Meiosis
Light microscope,
Sperm Smear
Human slide, Ovary
Maturing Follicle
Procedure 15.1
Section slide,
(Stages and Events
Lily Anther Pollen
of Meiosis)
Tetrads slide
Microscopic
observation
Observation/Metric
Results
Microscopic
observation,
determining cell size
Table 1, 2
Graph 1
Photograph 1
Diagram 1
Microscopic
observation
Microscopic
observation,
determining cell size
Microscopic
observation
Microscopic
observation,
determining cell size
Table 1, 2
Graph 1
Photograph 1
Diagram 1
Table 1, 3
Graph 1
Photograph1
Diagram 1
Drawing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2. Table 1: Size of Each Specimen in Micrometers (µm)
Objective Power
Magnifiction Length (mm)
Specimen
40
400
0.44 onion
40
400
0.44 whitefish
Count Size (um)
7.5
8
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59
55
Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
3. Graph 1: Size per Specimen in Micrometers (µm)
Page 4 of 8 874008371
Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
4. Table 2: Key phases of Mitosis, the cell division process, for both animal and plant.
Mitosis Stage
Interphase
Key
Eve
nts
DNA
repli
cat
es,
Nucl
eus
pro
min
ent
Metaphase
Chr
omo
som
es
begi
n to
form
Chr
omo
som
es
line
up
in
cent
er of
cell
Anaphase
Siste
r
chro
mati
ds
sep
arat
e
Prophase
Notes
Illustration Whitefish
Illustration Onion Allium
nucleus is
visible
nucleoi
dissapear
chromosomes split
apart and
move to
opposite
sides of
cell
Page 5 of 8 874008371
Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
5. Table 3: Meiosis / Lilly Anther Illustrations:
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Telophase II
Drawings / Diagrams / Photographs:
1. Photograph 1: A Light Microscope with 50X, 100X, 400X and 630X magnification was used to
observe slides depicting various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis within plant and animal cells.
Page 6 of 8 874008371
Biology 105 – Human Biology
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
2. Diagram 1: Diameter in Millimeters of Magnification Settings
50X
100X
Diameter at Magnification:
50X = 3.5mm
100X=1.75mm
400X=.44mm
630X=.28mm
400X
630X
3. Drawing 1: Sperm at 630X
4. Drawing 2: Human Oocyte at 400X
5. Drawing 3: Tetrad
6. Drawing 4: Lily Anther Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
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Biology 105 – Human Biology
7. Drawing 5: Lily Anther Meiosis II
Telophase II
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Spring 2009
55244 4 Units
UVC1 St. Helena
F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM
RIDDELL
Metaphase II
Notes:
1.
Light microscope used was broken, and therefore may have slightly distorted the results.
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