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Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL Student ID#: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Student Name: NOTTA PHASE Team Name: CELL SPLITTERS Lab Assignment #: 6 Date: 080315.1 Lab Title: Mitosis and Meiosis Purpose / Objective(s): Observing Mitosis and Meiosis in various plant and animal specimens. Hypothesis: NA Materials / Subjects / Specimens: Light microscope Prepared slides featuring a cross-section of: - White Fish Blastudisc Cells - Onion Mitosis Root TP Allium See Table of Experiments . Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures: Slides depicting various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis were observed using a Light Microscope at various magnifications (400X and 630X). Results were recorded as a visual and written description. See Table of Experiments Results See Table 1 and Graph 1 - Comparison of cell sizes - Specimen onion whitefish Size (µm) 59 55 See Table 2 - Visual representation of stages of Mitosis in Whitefish and Onion Allium. See Table 3, Drawing 3, 4, 5 Visual representation of stages of Meiosis in Lily Anther. See Drawings 1, 2 - Visual representation of human sperm and human oocyte. - Sperm heads vary in shape and size. Sperm tails also vary in size Analysis / Discussion: Cells are very small in size, for both plants and animals. A microscope is needed to view each type. New cells are formed by the division of living cells, through the process of Mitosis or Meiosis. Mitosis is consists of 5 main stages - Interphase: DNA is replicated Prophase: DNA is condensed and packaged Metaphase: when condensed chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell Anaphase: when one copy of each chromosome goes to each pole of the cell Page 1 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology - Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL Telophase: when new nuclear membranes are formed around the chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs resulting in two daughter cells Meiosis resembles mitosis, but results in daughter cells with half the genetic information of the mother cell. This process occurs only in the gonads and is how the gametes, sperm and eggs, are made. Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a defined nucleus. The nucleus Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane that surrounds the cell that allows for the cell to control what and how much of a substance may enter or exit the cell. Plant cells are quite consistent in shape and size, but animal cells vary greatly in shape and size. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells, because they store extra glucose as starch. Animal cells have centomeres but plant cells do not. Animal cytokinesis involves cells pinching off, but plant cells form a cell plate/wall. One of the primary differences between animal and plant cells is that plant cells have a cell membrane made up of cellulose. This helps the plant cell to accept large amounts of liquid through osmosis, without being destroyed. An animal cell does not have this cell wall, too much fluid would cause it the cell to pop. Plant cells also are different from animal cells because they have chloroplasts that are used for photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into needed food for the plant. Plant cells have a large vacuole, which exists in the cell’s cytoplasm. It usually takes up most of the room in the cell, and the membrane of the cell encircles it. It contains waste materials, water, and nutrients that can be used or secreted as necessary. Animal cells have small vacuoles, but never large single vacuole that takes up most of the space in plant cells. Conclusions/Further Considerations: Both plant and animal cells are very small. This high surface area to volume ratio helps keep the cell very efficient at allowing necessary substances to enter and/or exit the cell. Page 2 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL ATTACHMENTS Summary / Formal / Conclusive Results / Tables, Charts 1. Table of Experiments: Mitosis Name of Experiment Materials Method Procedure 14.3 (Mitosis in Animal Cells) Light microscope, Whitefish blastula slide Procedure 14.3 (Mitosis in Plant Light microscope, Cells) Onion root tip slide Table of Experiments: Meiosis Light microscope, Sperm Smear Human slide, Ovary Maturing Follicle Procedure 15.1 Section slide, (Stages and Events Lily Anther Pollen of Meiosis) Tetrads slide Microscopic observation Observation/Metric Results Microscopic observation, determining cell size Table 1, 2 Graph 1 Photograph 1 Diagram 1 Microscopic observation Microscopic observation, determining cell size Microscopic observation Microscopic observation, determining cell size Table 1, 2 Graph 1 Photograph 1 Diagram 1 Table 1, 3 Graph 1 Photograph1 Diagram 1 Drawing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2. Table 1: Size of Each Specimen in Micrometers (µm) Objective Power Magnifiction Length (mm) Specimen 40 400 0.44 onion 40 400 0.44 whitefish Count Size (um) 7.5 8 Page 3 of 8 874008371 59 55 Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL 3. Graph 1: Size per Specimen in Micrometers (µm) Page 4 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL 4. Table 2: Key phases of Mitosis, the cell division process, for both animal and plant. Mitosis Stage Interphase Key Eve nts DNA repli cat es, Nucl eus pro min ent Metaphase Chr omo som es begi n to form Chr omo som es line up in cent er of cell Anaphase Siste r chro mati ds sep arat e Prophase Notes Illustration Whitefish Illustration Onion Allium nucleus is visible nucleoi dissapear chromosomes split apart and move to opposite sides of cell Page 5 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL 5. Table 3: Meiosis / Lilly Anther Illustrations: Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase I Anaphase II Telophase I Telophase II Drawings / Diagrams / Photographs: 1. Photograph 1: A Light Microscope with 50X, 100X, 400X and 630X magnification was used to observe slides depicting various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis within plant and animal cells. Page 6 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL 2. Diagram 1: Diameter in Millimeters of Magnification Settings 50X 100X Diameter at Magnification: 50X = 3.5mm 100X=1.75mm 400X=.44mm 630X=.28mm 400X 630X 3. Drawing 1: Sperm at 630X 4. Drawing 2: Human Oocyte at 400X 5. Drawing 3: Tetrad 6. Drawing 4: Lily Anther Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Page 7 of 8 874008371 Biology 105 – Human Biology 7. Drawing 5: Lily Anther Meiosis II Telophase II Session: Section: Class Location: Days / Time: Instructor: Spring 2009 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL Metaphase II Notes: 1. Light microscope used was broken, and therefore may have slightly distorted the results. Page 8 of 8 874008371