Download 1 Unit 3- Genetics What is Genetics? What is heredity? What are

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Unit 3- Genetics
What is Genetics?
 _______________________________________________________________________________
What is heredity?
 _______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What are Characteristics?
 _______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Who is the founder of Genetics?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Modern genetics had its beginnings in an abbey garden in the 1850s where_________________
______________________________________________documented a mechanism of inheritance.
 He discovered the basic principles of heredity by _______________________________________
________________________________________experiments.
 His approach to science had been influenced at the ____________________________________by
____________________________one of his professors: the physicist Doppler.
 He was the first person to succeed in predicting how traits ________________________________
___________________________________________________the next.
Why did Mendel Succeed?
 In order to study inheritance, _______________________________________________________.
 His use of plants also allowed ______________________________________________________.
 He chose to study only characters that varied __________________________________________
_____________________________________________manner. (i.e.white or purple, tall or short)
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 He chose his subject carefully. Mendel chose the garden pea for his experiments for several
reasons:
-Garden peas ______________________________________________________________
_________________________called GAMETES
-Male gametes form in the pollen produced in male reproductive organ
-The female gametes form in the female reproductive organ
- Perfect Flowers have _____________________________________________________.
Imperfect flowers have one or the other
 . The male and female gametes _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
 The resulting _________________________________________ zygote and develops into a seed.
 The transfer of pollen grains from ___________________________________________________
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 ________________________organ
is called ____________________
What was his procedure?
 To hybridise 2 varieties of pea plants, Mendel
_________________________________________.
 He transferred pollen from a true breeding
white flower ______________________________
____ ____________________________________
____________flower.
 When he wanted to breed, or cross, one plant with another, Mendel opened the petals of a flower
and removed the male organs ____________________________________________.
 He then dusted the ______________________________________________________________
_________________________________he wished to cross it with.
 The process Mendel used is called __________________________________________________.
 By using this technique, Mendel could be sure of the parents in his cross.
 Each seed was a _______________________________________________________.
 He studied _____________________________________________________________________,
and he analyzed his data mathematically. (Remember the scientific method?)
 He used plants that breed true. This means if the plants __________________________________,
t_____________________________they show characteristics that never vary from the parent.
(white flower parents-white flower offspring)
 The tall pea plants he worked with were from populations of plants that had been tall for many
___________________________________________________________________________.
Mendel’s Experiments
 The first parent ______________________________________________________________
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 The offspring of the first mating
_____________________________________
______________________ _______________
(first filial which means son in Latin)
 Mendel let the F1 Generation to
______________________________________
_____________ _________________________
__________________________F2 generation
 Mendel tracked heritable characters
______________________________________________.
 When F1 hybrids were allowed to self-pollinate a _______________________________________
________________________________occurred in the F2 generation.
WHAT TOOL CAN WE USE TO MAKE PREDICTIONS?
 _________________________________________________________
Do you remember how to set one up?
 Two columns _______________________________________________
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Mendel’s Results
 In the P1, he ____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________with other plants that had __________________________.
 ___________________________________________ had purple flowers. There were not any
plants with white flowers
 He let the F1 plants self-pollinate to produce the F2 Generation. The F1 had 705 purple flowers and
224 white flowers (ratio 3:1)
 Mendel ________________________________________________________________________
with the same results
Punnett Squares
 Capital letters are used for the _____________________________________________.
 ___________________________________________________ are used for a recessive trait.
 The presence of a Dominant allele cancels out ________________________________________a
_____________________________________________recessive allele
 For a recessive allele to show itself offspring must get __________________________________
_____________________________________
Two alleles______________________________________________ how a trait will be expressed
 One ___________________________________comes from each parent
 Homozygous for a trait- __________________________________________________ (BB or bb)
 Heterozygous for a trait- Both alleles are ___________________________________ (Bb or Ww)
Mendel derived three main laws of Genetics
 It is amazing that he came up with the right conclusions in the 1850s _______________________
________________________________________________________________________ or DNA
 DNA ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________Watson and Crick
 Each trait or characteristic exists in two versions. These two versions
_________________________________________ (one allele for purple
flowers and one for white flowers)
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Chromosome
Genes
A, T and G, C
DNA
1. Law of Dominance- one allele shows itself
 For each trait or characteristic, an individual inherits two alleles…..________________________
______________________________________.
 True breeding plants had two identical alleles
 PP could also be called _____________________________________________
 What would pp be called____________________________________________
 Genotype-The two letters representing the two alleles (Pp, PP, Ww, Tt) for a trait.
-The genotype for purple flowers would be _____________________________
-The genotype for white flowers would be?
It is recessive, so the ONLY _________________________
-The genotype for brown hair could be_________________________________________
-The genotype for blond hair would be__________________________________________
 Phenotype-The actual physical expression (what we see) of the two alleles for a trait
-The phenotype of Pp would be _________________________________________
-The phenotype of PP would be ________________________________________
-The phenotype of pp would be__________________________________________
-The phenotype of BB for hair color would be _____________________________
-The phenotype of bb for hair color would be ______________________________
 The allele __________________________________________________________________. In
the F1 generation all flowers were purple (purple was dominant (Big P) and white was recessive
(Little p) )
 The allele that ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________is present is called the recessive allele
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2. Law of Segregation-one allele comes from each parent
 The two alleles for each trait separate when the ________________________________________.
____________________________________________(sperm, eggs or pollen)
 When an organism makes gametes the _______________________________________________
_____________________________________(results in one allele from each parent)
 How many chromosomes do humans have?____________________________________________
 If humans have 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the sex cells (eggs and sperm)?
The egg and sperm combine to make _________ chromosomes. So the egg has ______
and the sperm has _______________________________.

 What alleles could a heterozygous parent (Pp) could
contribute ?_______________________________
 What alleles could a homozygous parent (PP or pp)
could contribute ?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Law of Independent Assortment
 More than one characteristic or ____________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
with each fertilization.(flower color, tall or short, eye color,
curly v.s. straight hair etc.)
 The inheritance of one trait ___________________________
with the inheritance of another trait.
 Human eye color from your parent is a _____________________________________________
_____________________________________whether you get the allele for straight or curly hair.
Mendel’s terminology
 True breeding: When the plants self-pollinate, all their offspring are of the same variety.
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 Hybridisation: _________________________________________________________________.
 Monohybrid cross: ______________________________________________________________.
 P generation: True _______________________________________________________.
 F1 generation: (first filial) _______________________________________________________.
 F2 generation: (second filial) Offspring from ___________________________________________
F1 hybrids.
Mendel’s impact
 Mendel’s theories of inheritance, first discovered in garden peas, are equally valid _____________
_______________________________________________________________________________
 Mendel’s impact endures, not only on genetics, but on all of science, as a case study __________
______________________________________________________________________________.
 Scientists found that Mendel’s principles applied not only to peas but ___________________
______________________________________________________.
 Much of the genetic research since Mendel’s work has been done
with the common fruit fly (Dropsophilia melanogaster).
 Why is the fruit fly a good organism to study genetics?
-new generation can be reproduced every ______________________________________
-two flies can produce 100 __________________________________________________
 Why aren’t humans good organisms to study genetics?
-new generation can be reproduced about ______________________________________.
-_________________________________________________ (9 months)
Genetics Vocabulary
 Allele- a version of a particular gene (one trait or characteristic)
 Phenotype- ____________________________________________________________________
in an individual (What you can see or easily test)
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 Genotype-the combination of ______________________________________________________
( TT, Tt). Not easy to determine _____________________________________________________
___________________________ traits. Can require test crosses or other test to determine the
actual genotype.
 Gene-The segment of DNA that contains the genetic information for a given trait or characteristic.
Located at specific points on the ____________________________________________________
__________________________________and contains two alleles
 Chromosome-a structure composed of DNA that contains the genetic material and ____________
__________________. Arranged in homologous pairs
 Incomplete Dominance-when the _______________________
____________________ has a phenotype that is a mixture of the
_____________________________ parent’s phenotype.
 Co- dominance
-Occurs when alternative alleles are present in the genotype and fully ______________________
________________________________________.
-ABO blood grouping system, where a single gene locus features multiple allelesIA, IB, and i. Individuals carrying alleles for both ___________________________ express
both in the blood phenotype ______________.
-Roan Cattle- both Red and White alleles are expressed resulting in cattle _______________
_____________and roan.
 Multiple Alleles-many genes have more than two alleles. This means that more than two
possibilities exist.
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
Antigens found in blood given in a transfusion that is foreign to the body produces
antibodies which causes the blood to clump up and cause serious problems.
Look at the right side of the chart on the previous page and see if
you can answer the following questions.
What blood type would be a universal donor? (could give a
transfusion to any other blood type)
A person with Type O________________________________________________ group
(ie A, B, O or AB). Blood group O individuals do not have either A or B antigens on
the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM ___________________
and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens.
What blood type would be a universal recipient? (could get a
transfusion of any type of blood)
Therefore, an individual ___________________________________________________
from any group (with AB being preferable), but can donate blood only to another
type AB individual. Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the
surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain any _______________
_______against either A or B antigen.
Is there anything else that needs to be considered during blood
transfusions?
______________________________
Rh Factor
 The __________________________________ was named after rhesus monkeys , since they
were initially used in the research to make the antiserum for typing blood samples.
 The inheritance of this trait usually can be predicted using ____________________________
_______________________in which there are two alleles, D and d.
 Individuals who are homozygous dominant (DD) or heterozygous (Dd) are Rh+.
 Those who are ________________________________________________________________
(dd) are Rh- (i.e., they do not have the key Rh antigens).
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Mother-fetus incompatibility
 The greatest problem with the Rh group is not so much incompatibilities following
transfusions as those between _____________________________________________________
______________________________________..
 Mother-fetus incompatibility occurs when the mother is ____________ (dd) and the father is
___________ (DD or Dd). Maternal antibodies can cross the __________________________
and destroy fetal red blood cells.
 The risk increases with each pregnancy as the level of _________________________________
 Rh type mother-fetus incompatibility occurs only when an Rh+ man fathers a child with an
Rh- mother. Since an Rh+ father can have either a ___________________________________
genotype, there are 2 mating combinations possible:
 The fetus can be protected by giving Rh- women with Rh+ mates a serum (Rho-GAM )
containing anti-Rh+ antibodies.
 Polygenic Traits –involves the interaction of MORE than one gene. In humans this results in
a wide range of phenotypes for skin color.
-Qualitative variation usually indicates
polygenic inheritance.
-This occurs when there is an additive effect
from __________________________genes.
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-Pigmentation (____________________
____________) in humans is
controlled by at least three (3) separately
inherited genes.
There are some exceptions to Mendel’s law. Some alleles do blend (white and red snapdragons do
produce pink flowers)
1. Eye color in humans (brown, blue, hazel, green etc
A Closer Look at Chromosomes
 Humans have ________________________________________________ of Chromosomes
 Autosomes include the 22 pairs ____________________________________ sex chromosomes
 Karyotypes are prepared to look for ________________________________________________.
 We say each chromosome Pair is homologous
(Both in pair looks similar in size and shape)
 Is this Karyotype for a male or Female?
_______________
_____________Chromosome on #23
Autosome VS Sex Chromosomes
 Some Genetics Disorders are associated with ______________________
 Other Genetic disorders are associated with the _____________________
__________________________________________
 Sex linked disorders behave ________________________________. So it is useful to look at
them separately.
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Genetic Disorders
Disorder
Mutation
Chromosome
Angelman Syndrome
DCP
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Color Blindness
P
23 (X)
Cystic Fibrosis
P
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Down Syndrome
C
21 (extra copy)
Duchenne Muscular D.
D
23 (X)
Haemophilia
P
23 (X)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
C
X (male XXY)
Phenylketonuria
P
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Sickle Cell Disease
P
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Turner Syndrome
C
X (female XO)
Syndrome- a number of _______________________________________ and
characterizing a specific disease or condition
Image of the karyotype of a
child with Down syndrome
or Trisomy 21:
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In 1866 a physician named ___________________________________________________________
published an essay in England describing the symptoms. -Medical research has shown that age of mother
is a factor
Under age 30-_____________________ chance and Over age 40 _________________________ chance.
 Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure performed by inserting a needle
through the abdominal wall into ___________ and withdrawing a small
amount of _____________________________________________
surrounding the fetus.
 Amniocentesis can detect ___________________________________,
___________________such as Down syndrome, structural defects,
such as spina bifida (open spine, where the vertebrae fail to close),
anencephaly (a condition in which the brain is incomplete or missing.
 Ultrasound
-The most well known application of ultrasound is its use in sonagraphy to produce pictures of
fetuses in the human womb.
Ethical Questions?
 Ethical motive: __________________________________________________________________
 How do we use ___________________________ and ______________________________ as it
develops further ?
 Terminate a fetus if….
-Has Down Syndrome? Is that morally _________________________________?
_________________________When is a fetus a human?
-Is a boy fetus and the parents want a girl? Short and want tall?
 You may have to make some ____________________________________________________
_______________________________during your life time.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
 Dominant gene located on 1 of the ________________________ (all chromosomes except sex
chromosomes)
 Usually rare, Individual __________________________________________________________
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 Affected individuals have to carry only 1 dominant gene to be affected(heterozygous or
homozygous)
 Passed onto males and females
 Every person affected must have at least 1 parent with the trait
 Does not skip generations
 E.g. Huntington’s disease, ______________________________________________
 Do you know the symbols used to identify male and female?
Draw Symbols
Male
Female
 Marfan syndrome is a heritable condition that affects the _________________________________
________________________________together and provides a framework for growth and
development.

In Marfan syndrome, the _______________________________________________ and does not
act as it should.
 Connective tissue is found throughout the body, Marfan syndrome can affect many body systems,
including the ___________________________________________________________________,
nervous system, skin, and lungs. (Some Scientist’s think President Lincoln may have had it
…tall and lanky)
Autosomal Dominant Pedigree
Look for:
 Trait in every generation
– Once leaves the
pedigree does not
return
 Every person with the trait
must have a parent with the
trait
 Males and females equally
affected
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*Individuals
that are
shaded black will have
the disorder or the
disease.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
 The recessive gene is located on 1 of the 22 autosomes
 Letters used are lower case ie bb
 Unaffected parents (heterozygous) can produce affected offspring (if they get both recessive
genes). We call the result ____________________________________________
 Inherited by both males and females
 Can ____________________________________________(doesn’t show itself until two recessive
alleles come together)
 If both parents have the trait then all offspring will also have the trait. The parents are both
homozygous____________________________________________________________________.
 Eg. Albinism, thalassemia, __________________________________________and, cystic
fibrosis.
Albinism- is an inherited condition present at birth, characterized by a _________________
_______________________________________________________gives color to the skin, hair, and
eyes.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an
____________________________________________________, the protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen.
Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which
red blood cells Form an abnormal __________________________________
_________________.
Sickle cells contain _________________________ that causes the cells to have a
sickle shape. Sickle-shaped cells don’t move easily through your blood vessels.
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Sex linked inheritance Dominant
 Genes are carried on the sex chromosomes (X or Y)
 Sex-linked notation
– XBXB normal __________________
–
XBXb carrier female
–
XbXb ________________________female
–
XBY
normal male
–
XbY
_____________________ male
 Male sperm determines the sex of the individual at
fertilization
-Sperm contains a Y- __________________________
-Sperm contains a X- __________________________
 Dominant gene on X chromosome
 Affected males pass to all daughters and none of their sons
– Genotype= XAY
 If the mother has an ____________________________________________________________
and is homozygous (XAXA) all children will be affected
 If Mother heterozygous (XAXa) 50% chance of each child being affected
 E.g. dwarfism, rickets, brown teeth enamel.
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Sex linked Inheritance Recessive
 Gene located on the _____________________________________
 More males than females affected
 Y does not contain a second allele so Males have the trait if they get
________________________________________________ mother.
 Females can only inherit if the father is affected and mother
is a carrier (hetero) or affected (homo)
 Males cannot be carriers (only have 1 X so either affected or not)
 Can ______________________________________________
 E.g. color blindness, hemophilia, Duchene muscular dystrophy
 More males being affected
 Affected female will pass onto all her sons
 Affected male will pass to daughters who
will be a carrier (unless mother also affected)
 Unaffected father and carrier mother can
produce ___________________________________
Sex linked recessive problem
 8-10% of males and 1/200 females (0.5%) are born with _______________________________
_______________deficiency.
 XcY or XcXc results in _____________________________________________________
 Females with XcX are carriers and have normal vision
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Can a color blind father have normal sons?________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Xc
Y
X
X
Can a carrier mother have normal sons??________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
X
Y
Xc
X
Environmental Impact on Phenotype
No. Increasing the pH of the soil will change the color of hydrangea flowers from
___________________________________________
 The _________________________________________________________________ organism
can be influenced by the environment
 ____________________________________________________________________________ are
among the external environmental factors that can determine which genes are turned on and off
 The ______________________________________________ the way an organism develops and
functions.
 Which color variation in hares is useful in winter?
_____________
 The pigment Chlorophyll makes grass green. What happens to grasses color in winter?
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Identical Twin and Environmental influences

When you study psychology in college you will study “Nature VS Nuture”

What is more important in making us who we are today?
Is it how we are brought up?
Is our genetic make-up more important?

Why do these identical twins separated at birth look so different?
_____________________________________________________________
Mitosis and Meiosis
•
Mitosis:
-division of ___________________________________ (body) cells
- Exact copy of cell (____________________ or Diploid)
-Takes place in ___________________________________________________ (growth, repair,
replacement)
•
Meiosis
-division of ___________________________________ (sex cells)
-Not exact copy of cell (N or Haploid)
- Meiosis only takes place in organisms _______________________________________
Mitosis
•
Interphase
-Interesting things happen!
-Cell preparing to divide
-Genetic ____________________________________________
•
Prophase
-Chromosome _________________________________________
-Chromosomes thicken and shorten
-become visible
-2 chromatids joined by a _________________________________________
-Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the nucleus
-Nucleolus disappears
-Nuclear membrane disintegrate
•
Metaphase
-Chromosomes meet in the middle!
-Chromosomes arrange at equator of cell
-Become attached to spindle fibres __________________
___________________________by centromeres
___________________ chromosomes do not associate
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•
Anaphase
-Chromosomes get pulled apart
-Spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell
•
Telophase
-Now there are two!
-Chromosomes __________________________
-Spindle fibres disintegrate
-Centrioles replicate
-Nucleur membrane forms
-Cell ___________________________
Meiosis
•
Only takes place in the gonads or ____________________________
•
4 ___________________________________ produced
•
Each daughter cell has ________________________________________________________
•
2 sets of _____________________________________________- involved
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Does Meiosis take place in organisms that only reproduce sexually ?
_______________________________________________________________________________
What are the ONLY cells in a human body that are not produced by Mitosis with a T?
________________________________________________________________________________.
Sexual Reproduction
•
Takes ___________________________ to reproduce
•
Each Parent contributes one ______________________________________________________
•
Sexual reproduction results in much ________________________________________________
_____________________in Offspring
•
This genetic variation ____________________________________________ a population can
survive when the environment changes
1. Increased Variation through Independent
Assortment during Meiosis
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2.
Increased Variation through Crossing Over during Meiosis
•
You would think one Gamete would contain either one _________________
_________________ or one paternal __________________________________
____________________, but not both.
•
Crossing Over produces _____________________________________
__________ during meiosis which combines genes inherited from both
of our parents on one chromosome.
3. Increased Variation through The Random Nature of Fertilization
•
An Ovum (egg) represents approximately ____________________________________
chromosome combinations
•
A Sperm cells represents approximately 8 million possible chromosome combinations
•
Think about that for a few seconds
•
All of those possible combinations is what makes us unique and makes us different from our
_________________________and _____________________________s.
•
It is this variation in organisms that is the _____________________________________________.
Asexual Reproduction
•
Organisms that reproduce Asexually (takes only one parent) produce an exact copy of themselves
•
An exact copy can be called a clone
•
This greatly reduces the variation that is in a population. One disease or a change in the
environment can wipe them all out.
•
Has potential advantages in stable advantageous environment
Asexual Reproduction-Budding
Fission is an _________________________
Budding is an unequal division
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•
Fragmentation and Regeneration
•
Vegetative propagation-is development of a new plant from a ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
.
Strawberry runners
Quack Grass
Protein synthesis
•
Protein synthesis is ____________________________________________________________,
using the information that is found in DNA (Chromosomes).
Proteins
•
Proteins are very important _______________________________________________________.
•
Proteins are used to build cell structures and are used as __________________________.
(remember that enzymes speed up chemical reactions..used in things such as digestion)
•
Proteins are long chains of small molecules called _____________________________________.
•
Different proteins are made using _______________________________________ of amino acids.
•
The pieces of information in DNA are called ___________________________________.
•
Genes _______________________________________________________________________ by
putting the correct amino acids into a long chain in the correct order.
DNA inside the nucleus
•
•
Protein synthesis begins with the stored genetic information of a __________________________.
The DNA of this gene will ‘unzip’ like _____________________________________________
Only _________side of the DNA is used now
A single strand of the RNA forms one subunit unit at a time and _______________________(copies)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
RNA (Single strand instead of double strand)
• The new strand is an RNA molecule. Note that there is one difference in the subunits: RNA
contains yellow ________________________________________________ purple Thymine
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• The RNA now has copied the ___________________________________________ of the gene.
• The DNA is no longer needed in the process of protein synthesis
• The DNA zips closed and _________________________________________________
Messenger RNA (MRNA)
• This RNA molecule is called ___________________________ RNA (now carrying the genetic ‘
message’).
• It will leave the nucleus and travel to a ________________________ to build a protein molecule.
•
Once the messenger RNA [mRNA] is at ___________________________________, the genetic
information will be translated by ribosome to make a protein
At the ribosome
• The genetic information is interpreted and used to assemble a ____________________________.
• We should remember, the mRNA is a sequence of subunits (like a chain) that tells how to build a
protein
• A protein is a _______________________________________________ – a chain of amino acids.
•
•
The mRNA contains information in sets of ________________________________.
Each set of three is the code for a particular amino acid. (Called a codon)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A molecule of ________________________RNA (tRNA) will carry in the proper amino acid, one
at a time.
polypeptide
 The chain of amino acids is called a ‘polypeptide’and when it is very long it is _______________
_____________________________________
 Even this is a very, very short polypeptide chain. Most have _____________________________
___________________________________________of amino acids.
• The end of protein __________________________________________________.
The building blocks of proteins
•
•
Like carbohydrate and lipid molecules proteins contain the elements : Oxygen(O), Carbon(C),and
__________________________________(H)
In addition they always contain the element _____________________________(N).
Draw the structure of an Amino Acid
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How are proteins constructed
•
First the Amino acids bond together.
•
They are joined together by what is known as a ___________________________________.
Protein construction
• When two amino acids join together they form a _______________________________________.
•
When many amino acids are joined together a long-chain polypeptide is formed.
•
Organisms join amino acids in different linear sequences to form a variety of polypeptides in to
complex molecules, __________________________________.
How useful are proteins?
•
Cell membrane proteins: _________________________________________________________
____________________________for processes such as facilitated diffusion and active transport.
•
Enzymes: Catalyse biochemical reactions, e.g. ______________________________________ in
to polypeptides
•
Hormones: _________________________________________________________ and trigger
reactions in other parts of the body e.g. insulin regulates blood sugar.
•
Immuno-proteins: e.g. __________________________________________________________
and act against antigenic sites on microbes.
•
Structural proteins: give strength to organs, e.g. ___________________ makes tendons tough
•
Transport proteins: e.g. haemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood.
•
Contractile proteins: e.g. actin and myosin help muscles shorten during contraction
•
Storage proteins: e.g. aleurone in seeds helps germination, and casein in milk helps supply
valuable protein to babies.
•
Buffer proteins: e.g. blood proteins, due to their high charge, help maintain the pH of plasma.
Enzymes
• Living cells carry out many biochemical reactions.
•
These reactions take place rapidly due to enzymes.
•
All enzymes consist of globular proteins.
The lock and key theory
•
Substrate
Enzyme
Induced fit theory
• The active site is a cavity of a particular shape.
•
Initially the active site is not the correct shape in which to fit the substrate.
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•
As the substrate approaches the active site, the site changes and this results in it being a perfect
fit.
•
•
After the reaction has taken place, and the products have gone, the active site returns to its
normal shape.
Reaction without
enzyme
Lowering of activation energy
substrate
•
•
Reaction with
enzyme
Every reaction requires the
_________________________
_________________________
Enzymes _________________
________________of
activation energy needed as
seen in the graph.
products
Progress of reaction
Interesting Fact about Cats•
The gene for color of fur _______________________________________________________.
•
Male cats have one X chromosome and ______________________________________________.
•
Female cats on the other hand have two X chromosomes and can __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Name:____________________________________ (Notes will be collected later this week for a grade)
Biotechnology, Cloning and Genetic Engineering
Selective Breeding
 Humans use selective breeding to pass _________________________ on to the next generation.

Selective breeding is AKA ________________________ (humans decide who will breed instead
of nature)

Hybrids (Heterozygous for a trait) can be used to increase hardiness of plants.

___________________________ keeps desired traits within a line of organisms by breeding
_________________ organisms.

To increase variation, breeders often introduce _____________________ (the ultimate source for
genetic variation) into the population.

Breeders discovered a pumpkin mutation that produced white Spots.

With careful inbreeding they eventually able to produce a white pumpkin.
Biotechnology

The terms"biotechnology" and "genetic _______________________" commonly are used
interchangeably

Biotechnology (sometimes shortened to "biotech") is a field of applied Biology

Biotechnology involves the use of ___________________________________ and bioprocesses in
engineering, technology, __________________ and other fields requiring bioproducts.
_________________________- is imitating living organisms to solve human problems.

My favorite example is ________________that we have all become so dependent on.
Biotechnology-Cloning

A clone is a member of a population of genetically __________________ cells produced from a
single cell.

Dolly-the ______________________________

Cows , Cats and more.

Can we bring back ___________________________ or even __________________ species?
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Reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning generally uses "__________________ cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) to
create animals that are genetically identical.

This process entails the transfer of a __________________ from a _________________________
adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg that has no nucleus.

If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the ____________________ of the
surrogate mother.
Dolly, the sheep

Dolly, the sheep was the ______________________________________ to have been successfully
cloned from an adult cell.

Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the ____________________of her biological mother.

Her embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ____________________.

The _______________________________ was then placed inside a female sheep that went
through a normal pregnancy.
Somatic or body cells
__________
______________
Egg or Ovum has
____________________
Fused cell has 54 chromosomes…….tricking the
__________________________________________________________
by a sperm
111
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
She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and lived there
from her birth in ________ until her death in ________________
when she was six.

This photo is of Dolly and her __________________________
called Bonnie

Telomeres get ______________________ as an organism ages
BioTechnology- Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering- the direct ___________________________________________ of an
organism's genome using modern DNA technology.

It involves the introduction of _____________ or synthetic genes into the organism of interest.

Using their knowledge of DNA and various techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify and
copy DNA.

DNA _______________________ – simple chemical procedure to separate DNA.

DNA Cutting – _____________________________________ cut particular DNA sequences.

Separating DNA – ________________________________________.

Copy – using _________________________________ chain reaction “PCR”
Recombinant DNA technology

______________________________________________ DNA technology- Combining genes
from different organisms

The resulting organism is said to be "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or
"transgenic."

The first organisms ________________________________________ were bacteria in 1973 and
then mice in 1974.

Insulin -producing bacteria were commercialized in __________

Formation of recombinant DNA requires a ___________________,
a DNA molecule that will replicate within a living cell.

Vectors are generally derived from plasmids or ____________
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
________________ organisms contain genes from other organisms.
-Making onions glow using __________________ DNA.
-Using ____________________ to make human insulin.
-Using genetic modification to improve food supply known as ______________________.

One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation of
___________________________________________________ foods.

Genetically modified food has been sold since _________________________

A major safety concern relates to the human health implications of eating genetically modified
food, in particular whether __________________________or allergic reactions could occur.[70]

Ethical concerns involve religious issues, corporate control of the food supply,
______________________________________________________________and the level of
labeling needed on genetically modified products.
Gene Therapy

In gene therapy, an absent or ____________________________________ is replaced by a
normal, working gene.

During your life time gene therapy has the potential to almost “cure “ some _______________
______________________________________.
Gene Therapy-One Example

In May 2008, _________________________________ reported positive results using gene
therapy to treat Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA).

LCA is a rare inherited eye disorder that causes ___________________________ in children.

The patients had a defect in the RPE65 gene, which was replaced with a functional copy using a
virus as a vector.

Think of the virus as ___________________________ the cell with the _______________gene.

In _________________________________________________, patients recovered functional
vision without apparent side-effects.

That’s pretty impressive, _______________________________ vision to a blind person

Also worthy of note. The therapy was repeated in ______________________________________
________________________________!

The _______________________________________________ in action