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The Roman Republic & the Punic Wars John Cochrane Early Western Civilization Ancient Italy (c. 6th century B.C.) PEOPLE: The Latins -Rome: “The First Romans” The Etruscans -Northern Italy -Urbanized Rome: Building Programs (the Forum) -Influence on Romans: the arch, alphabet The Greeks -Southern Italy and Sicily -Influence on Romans: art, architecture, literature, ..government, engineering GEOGRAPHY: -Tiber River & Mediterranean Sea -Fertile Soil & Strategic Location Government: Republic The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) • 509 B.C., Romans rejected Etruscan king (monarchy) and established a republic. – Power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. – In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens. The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT • Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status • Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule –Tribunes- elected representatives who protect plebeians’ political rights. The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) A “Balanced” Government • Rome elects two consuls– one to lead army, one to direct government • Senate- chosen from patricians (Roman upper class), make foreign and domestic policy • Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebeians (commoners) • Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and senate) The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) THE TWELVE TABLES • 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets and hung in Forum. • Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law • Become the basis for later Roman law The Twelve Tables: Primary Source Review • What can we infer about Roman values based on the laws cited in the Twelve Tables? • How do the Twelve Tables compare to modern laws in the United States? Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy & the Mediterranean World? Military Organization: The Roman Army The Roman Army • All citizens were required to serve • Army was powerful: – Organization & fighting skill • Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback) Rome Spreads its Power • Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek citystates in south • Treatment of Conquered: – Forge alliances – Offer citizenship • By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula Rome’s Commercial Network • Rome establishes a large trading network • Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes • Carthage, powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome Military Organization: The Punic Wars Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • Three Wars between Rome and Carthage • 1st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • 2nd Punic WarCarthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection – 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants – Romans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy. Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • 3rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage – Scipio- Roman Strategist – Conquered people sold into slavery The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy & the Mediterranean World? (Give a few reasons and explain.) Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government, or its army? Why?