- CUNY Academic Works
... the magister equitum, did what was necessary to resolve the need that had created him, after which he resigned immediately, restoring Rome to stability and normality at the earliest possible moment by eliminating the dictatorship along with the crisis that spawned it. Iron precedent bound the consul ...
... the magister equitum, did what was necessary to resolve the need that had created him, after which he resigned immediately, restoring Rome to stability and normality at the earliest possible moment by eliminating the dictatorship along with the crisis that spawned it. Iron precedent bound the consul ...
Open Access - Ghent University Academic Bibliography
... of intense scholarly debate. Unsurprisingly, opinions vary, and widely so. Fundamental for this topic in the twentieth century are the works of T. Frank,1 M. Holleaux2 and E Badian,3 who discern what, for want of a better expression, might be described as “defensive imperialism,” under the premise t ...
... of intense scholarly debate. Unsurprisingly, opinions vary, and widely so. Fundamental for this topic in the twentieth century are the works of T. Frank,1 M. Holleaux2 and E Badian,3 who discern what, for want of a better expression, might be described as “defensive imperialism,” under the premise t ...
dbm army lists
... personal preference. Most of them include about 200 AP of compulsory troops and allow greater freedom of choice for the remainder, this choice diminishing as the size of the army increases. You will often find that there is less freedom of choice than in previous W.R.G. army lists. In particular, we ...
... personal preference. Most of them include about 200 AP of compulsory troops and allow greater freedom of choice for the remainder, this choice diminishing as the size of the army increases. You will often find that there is less freedom of choice than in previous W.R.G. army lists. In particular, we ...
Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland
... Hannibal, not to reinterpret the history of the Second Punic War or Hannibal‟s career. Roman attitudes toward Hannibal changed over time and ultimately became remarkably positive. Hannibal was, undoubtedly, a terrifying figure to Romans in the third century BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerain ...
... Hannibal, not to reinterpret the history of the Second Punic War or Hannibal‟s career. Roman attitudes toward Hannibal changed over time and ultimately became remarkably positive. Hannibal was, undoubtedly, a terrifying figure to Romans in the third century BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerain ...
Caesar`s Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar`s Elite
... Egypt and Judea. But the most enlightening aspect of all was the reenlistment factor. The legions of Rome were recruited en masse, and the survivors discharged en masse at the end of their enlistment—originally after sixteen years, later, after twenty. Replacements were not supplied in the interim. ...
... Egypt and Judea. But the most enlightening aspect of all was the reenlistment factor. The legions of Rome were recruited en masse, and the survivors discharged en masse at the end of their enlistment—originally after sixteen years, later, after twenty. Replacements were not supplied in the interim. ...
CONTESTING THE GREATNESS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
... S. P. Oakley, A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X: Volume III: Book IX (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005), 188. ...
... S. P. Oakley, A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X: Volume III: Book IX (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005), 188. ...
the sertorian wars, the seeds of a nation
... fought off incursions by the Phoenician/Carthaginians. By the 3rdCBC, the natives of Hispania (Roman name) had been fighting for and against invaders from Rome and Carthage for more generations than they could remember. Hispanic warriors fought in the front lines during Hannibal’s invasion of Italy ...
... fought off incursions by the Phoenician/Carthaginians. By the 3rdCBC, the natives of Hispania (Roman name) had been fighting for and against invaders from Rome and Carthage for more generations than they could remember. Hispanic warriors fought in the front lines during Hannibal’s invasion of Italy ...
Book 1
... which was for those days a prosperous and wealthy city, with a superabundant population, and built a new city at the foot of the Alban hills, which from its position, stretching along the side of the hill, was called "Alba Longa." An interval of thirty years elapsed between the foundation of Laviniu ...
... which was for those days a prosperous and wealthy city, with a superabundant population, and built a new city at the foot of the Alban hills, which from its position, stretching along the side of the hill, was called "Alba Longa." An interval of thirty years elapsed between the foundation of Laviniu ...
RICH-DISSERTATION-2015 - The University of Texas at Austin
... they are moods or feelings. I support Nussbaum’s neo-Stoic approach to emotions as thoughts (“emotion-thoughts”) and judgments of value.15 If we combine these ideas, we can define an emotion as an affective reaction to a judgment of value: this is the definition of “emotion” used in this dissertatio ...
... they are moods or feelings. I support Nussbaum’s neo-Stoic approach to emotions as thoughts (“emotion-thoughts”) and judgments of value.15 If we combine these ideas, we can define an emotion as an affective reaction to a judgment of value: this is the definition of “emotion” used in this dissertatio ...
hannibal`s night time antics: livy`s use of `the night` in the third
... Classics today. As leader of the Carthaginians throughout the Second Punic War from 218201BCE, Hannibal successfully threatened the Roman dominion of the Mediterranean. However, our understanding of Hannibal as a character is limited. Not only have no Carthaginian sources survived, but other ancient ...
... Classics today. As leader of the Carthaginians throughout the Second Punic War from 218201BCE, Hannibal successfully threatened the Roman dominion of the Mediterranean. However, our understanding of Hannibal as a character is limited. Not only have no Carthaginian sources survived, but other ancient ...
Narrative and Notice in Livy`s Fourth Decade: The Case of Scipio
... censorship as well. Nor can the Asian commission, rendered useless by adverse health and tainted by the plight of his son, and then after his return by the necessity of either undergoing trial or quitting trial and homeland at the same time. But he alone took the greatest glory for ending the Punic ...
... censorship as well. Nor can the Asian commission, rendered useless by adverse health and tainted by the plight of his son, and then after his return by the necessity of either undergoing trial or quitting trial and homeland at the same time. But he alone took the greatest glory for ending the Punic ...
View - OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center
... transfiguration of the consul into Africanus, Numidicus, Germanicus, or Asiagenes, but only after victory and its official recognition (triumph).7 Another way that the contaminating hybridity can be overcome is by interment in the earth. This was the method employed by the Romans when Hannibal was ...
... transfiguration of the consul into Africanus, Numidicus, Germanicus, or Asiagenes, but only after victory and its official recognition (triumph).7 Another way that the contaminating hybridity can be overcome is by interment in the earth. This was the method employed by the Romans when Hannibal was ...
PDF-1 - RUcore - Rutgers University
... senatorial order.” In the end, of course, the Republic fell because as a system of government, it could not be separated from the individuals who wielded the most power within it. 13 Yet the crisis as often discussed, was not a threat to the existence of the Republic itself, but the threat to the en ...
... senatorial order.” In the end, of course, the Republic fell because as a system of government, it could not be separated from the individuals who wielded the most power within it. 13 Yet the crisis as often discussed, was not a threat to the existence of the Republic itself, but the threat to the en ...
Volume Two - McMaster University, Canada
... alld which I could not consider as mistakes, although the authorities which I had before me seemed to justify such a SUPposition. But Niebuhr may have had other authorities which were unknown t~ me. Wherever such a case occurred, I have pointed it out in a note. There are lastly a very few statement ...
... alld which I could not consider as mistakes, although the authorities which I had before me seemed to justify such a SUPposition. But Niebuhr may have had other authorities which were unknown t~ me. Wherever such a case occurred, I have pointed it out in a note. There are lastly a very few statement ...
the dramatic elements in livy`s history
... in his speeches, in graphic portrayal of episodes or in the structure of his narrative. There is, however, more to the term 'dramatic' than normally meets the eye: In its everyday meaning this term denotes the shocking, the dreadful, the awe-inspiring nature of an action or event, but this narrowed ...
... in his speeches, in graphic portrayal of episodes or in the structure of his narrative. There is, however, more to the term 'dramatic' than normally meets the eye: In its everyday meaning this term denotes the shocking, the dreadful, the awe-inspiring nature of an action or event, but this narrowed ...
The Greatest Generals of the Second Punic War
... who served in the war claimed Hamilcar's attention. He decreed that Hannibal should have a Greek based education, possibly in the light of how Xanthippus' reforms aided him on Sicily. While Hannibal studied, his father fought the rebels. This war would later be known as the mercenary war and be rem ...
... who served in the war claimed Hamilcar's attention. He decreed that Hannibal should have a Greek based education, possibly in the light of how Xanthippus' reforms aided him on Sicily. While Hannibal studied, his father fought the rebels. This war would later be known as the mercenary war and be rem ...
Hannibal, soldier, statesman, patriot, and the crisis of the struggle
... he has a true military eye stood war, especially on its moral side he sincerely he was not far removed from admired Hannibal Hannibal's time. We only possess his complete narrative of the Second Punic War to the end of the battle of Cannae; but considerable fragments ...
... he has a true military eye stood war, especially on its moral side he sincerely he was not far removed from admired Hannibal Hannibal's time. We only possess his complete narrative of the Second Punic War to the end of the battle of Cannae; but considerable fragments ...
Alluding to Reality: towards a Typology of Historiographical
... She follows Rhiannon Ash in observing how Otho’s ‘Catonian death’ could easily have been intended by the emperor as a way to establish his legacy. Otho’s death is also a good example of what John Marincola calls ‘the “intertextuality” of real life’. As he puts it, ‘sometimes the literary echoes in ...
... She follows Rhiannon Ash in observing how Otho’s ‘Catonian death’ could easily have been intended by the emperor as a way to establish his legacy. Otho’s death is also a good example of what John Marincola calls ‘the “intertextuality” of real life’. As he puts it, ‘sometimes the literary echoes in ...
Spartacus
... But he failed to crush the rebels. In a dramatic (10) _______________________ , Spartacus defeated first Clodianus and then Publicola. Rumor had it that Spartacus was very upset about Crixus's (11) _______________________ . To (12) _______________________ the death, Spartacus had 300 Roman so ...
... But he failed to crush the rebels. In a dramatic (10) _______________________ , Spartacus defeated first Clodianus and then Publicola. Rumor had it that Spartacus was very upset about Crixus's (11) _______________________ . To (12) _______________________ the death, Spartacus had 300 Roman so ...
Spartacus - dirkcannaerts.be
... Spartacus to surrender. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had made ropes from vines, climbed down the cliff side of the volcano with his men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear, killing most of them.[21] The rebels also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturing the praetor ...
... Spartacus to surrender. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had made ropes from vines, climbed down the cliff side of the volcano with his men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear, killing most of them.[21] The rebels also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturing the praetor ...
Magister Elephantorum : A Reappraisal of Hannibal`s
... to combat the enemy beasts. 23 It could be that the combatant animals were all (or almost all) of the Indian variety, for the Africans that refused to engage the enemy beasts owing to their greater size are introduced only after the elephant tussle has taken place (Polyb. 5.84.5). 24 Scullard, follo ...
... to combat the enemy beasts. 23 It could be that the combatant animals were all (or almost all) of the Indian variety, for the Africans that refused to engage the enemy beasts owing to their greater size are introduced only after the elephant tussle has taken place (Polyb. 5.84.5). 24 Scullard, follo ...
Quintus Sertorius and the Rebellion in Spain
... created several difficulties as it forced him to utilize two different sets of equipment and strategies. After the reforms of Marius, the legion constituted a versatile heavy infantry force. They fought equipped with chain mail, shields, and helmets, armed with pilum and gladius. Complementary troop ...
... created several difficulties as it forced him to utilize two different sets of equipment and strategies. After the reforms of Marius, the legion constituted a versatile heavy infantry force. They fought equipped with chain mail, shields, and helmets, armed with pilum and gladius. Complementary troop ...
imageREAL Capture
... the time there would have been any crying need for a new judicial officer to concern himself with cases involving litigants who were not Roman citizens, while the praetor urbanus confined his activities to litigation between citizens only. But there is a further reason, as Clarke points out, and a r ...
... the time there would have been any crying need for a new judicial officer to concern himself with cases involving litigants who were not Roman citizens, while the praetor urbanus confined his activities to litigation between citizens only. But there is a further reason, as Clarke points out, and a r ...
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of Rome
... a most powerful nation: by the other, to put off the return of war to the distance of many ages, during which the Roman state, after the loss of those two armies, could not easily recover its strength." A third plan there was not. When his son, and the other chiefs, went on to ask him if "a plan of ...
... a most powerful nation: by the other, to put off the return of war to the distance of many ages, during which the Roman state, after the loss of those two armies, could not easily recover its strength." A third plan there was not. When his son, and the other chiefs, went on to ask him if "a plan of ...
A GAME THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR A
... The Roman – Carthaginian Wars, or more commonly known, as the Punic Wars were one of the most intriguing strategic interactions between two rival powers who were seeking political, economic, and military dominance within the western and central Mediterranean regions throughout the 3rd and 2nd centur ...
... The Roman – Carthaginian Wars, or more commonly known, as the Punic Wars were one of the most intriguing strategic interactions between two rival powers who were seeking political, economic, and military dominance within the western and central Mediterranean regions throughout the 3rd and 2nd centur ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).