Spartacus - Edublogs
... the end, Crassus killed tens of thousands of rebels, but he never found Spartacus's body. He recovered the fasces taken by Spartacus. And he crucified 6,000 of Spartacus's soldiers along the Via Appia, the road between Rome and Capua. He gave clear instructions to never take down the 6,000 crosses. ...
... the end, Crassus killed tens of thousands of rebels, but he never found Spartacus's body. He recovered the fasces taken by Spartacus. And he crucified 6,000 of Spartacus's soldiers along the Via Appia, the road between Rome and Capua. He gave clear instructions to never take down the 6,000 crosses. ...
The Second Punic War: The Turning Point of an Empire
... election of Tiberius Gracchus to tribune in 133 BC and concluding with the recognition of Augustus in 27 BC. The primary source Plutarch is used for this comparison whenever possible and is further supplemented with modern scholarship. Additionally, this thesis is written assuming the reader has an ...
... election of Tiberius Gracchus to tribune in 133 BC and concluding with the recognition of Augustus in 27 BC. The primary source Plutarch is used for this comparison whenever possible and is further supplemented with modern scholarship. Additionally, this thesis is written assuming the reader has an ...
Printable version
... neither were they aware that any offense had been given by them, on account of which they should be afraid, nor did they think that they ought to be afraid without cause. But even if he were willing to forget their former outrage, could he also lay aside the remembrance of the late wrongs, in that t ...
... neither were they aware that any offense had been given by them, on account of which they should be afraid, nor did they think that they ought to be afraid without cause. But even if he were willing to forget their former outrage, could he also lay aside the remembrance of the late wrongs, in that t ...
Comparing Strategies of the 2d Punic War
... battle against the Romans in Italy. He formed and reformed successful armies without reinforcement from his strategic base. Hannibal's lone failure on the tactical battlefield occurred at Zama after he had already been forced to leave Italy and no longer threatened Rome. In the final analysis Rome’s ...
... battle against the Romans in Italy. He formed and reformed successful armies without reinforcement from his strategic base. Hannibal's lone failure on the tactical battlefield occurred at Zama after he had already been forced to leave Italy and no longer threatened Rome. In the final analysis Rome’s ...
`Quintictilius Varus, give me back my legions!` Augustus Caesar
... ‘The Celt fight like the Furies,' Domituis hissed, and Marcus knew he must have gestured to ward off the evil he could invoke by speaking of those snake haired goddesses. ‘Their swords dwarf your gladius Marcus, they can outreach, out stab and out chop. You're better off keeping the Celt at spear po ...
... ‘The Celt fight like the Furies,' Domituis hissed, and Marcus knew he must have gestured to ward off the evil he could invoke by speaking of those snake haired goddesses. ‘Their swords dwarf your gladius Marcus, they can outreach, out stab and out chop. You're better off keeping the Celt at spear po ...
the upsilonian - University of the Cumberlands
... would make the difference that the Soviets needed. This man would be the one to train the other Soviet snipers, the one who would engage the best of the German snipers and would single-handedly kill over 240 Germans during the course of the battle of Stalingrad. The name of this man was Vassili Zait ...
... would make the difference that the Soviets needed. This man would be the one to train the other Soviet snipers, the one who would engage the best of the German snipers and would single-handedly kill over 240 Germans during the course of the battle of Stalingrad. The name of this man was Vassili Zait ...
Sources A–T
... His appearance was greeted with enthusiasm by the people. He was introduced to the assembly by one of the tribunes and, after making a number of damaging attacks on Metellus, he asked for the consulship, promising that he would either kill Jugurtha or capture him alive. … He was triumphantly elected ...
... His appearance was greeted with enthusiasm by the people. He was introduced to the assembly by one of the tribunes and, after making a number of damaging attacks on Metellus, he asked for the consulship, promising that he would either kill Jugurtha or capture him alive. … He was triumphantly elected ...
Marius` Mules - Western Oregon University
... Hellenistic east, were each credited with staging a triumph that was greater than any that had preceded it 1 .” By the end of the second century B.C., victorious commanders dominated public attention and Marius would prove to become one of the most successful generals. This expansion during the seco ...
... Hellenistic east, were each credited with staging a triumph that was greater than any that had preceded it 1 .” By the end of the second century B.C., victorious commanders dominated public attention and Marius would prove to become one of the most successful generals. This expansion during the seco ...
Polybius, Machiavelli, and the Idea of Roman Virtue
... as the Third Punic War. Scipio’s skills in battle eventually won him the consulship and thus command of the force that besieged and sacked Carthage in 146, with Polybius present as an eyewitness. After the Roman victory, Polybius returned to Rome (having retraced the invasion route taken by Hannibal ...
... as the Third Punic War. Scipio’s skills in battle eventually won him the consulship and thus command of the force that besieged and sacked Carthage in 146, with Polybius present as an eyewitness. After the Roman victory, Polybius returned to Rome (having retraced the invasion route taken by Hannibal ...
ROMAN CONQUEST OF SPAIN: THE ECONOMIC MOTIVE
... varying degrees of wealth and a relatively indigent lower class. The two eastern Mediterranean groups involved in the Iberian peninsula before the arrival of the Romans were the Phoenicians and the Greeks. Harrison explains that both groups played important roles in "orientalizing" native Iberian cu ...
... varying degrees of wealth and a relatively indigent lower class. The two eastern Mediterranean groups involved in the Iberian peninsula before the arrival of the Romans were the Phoenicians and the Greeks. Harrison explains that both groups played important roles in "orientalizing" native Iberian cu ...
Roman Military Artwork as Propaganda on the
... Appian, “Mithridatic Wars,” In Roman History, trans. by Horace White (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912), 45; Pausanias, Description of Greece, trans. by W. H. S. Jones (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935, 9.40.7 – 8; Plutarch, “Sulla,” In Parallel Lives, trans. by Bernadotte ...
... Appian, “Mithridatic Wars,” In Roman History, trans. by Horace White (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912), 45; Pausanias, Description of Greece, trans. by W. H. S. Jones (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935, 9.40.7 – 8; Plutarch, “Sulla,” In Parallel Lives, trans. by Bernadotte ...
Culture and Collective Memory in Ancient Republicanism
... 1984, 1998) has shown that in early modernity the “neo-roman” emphasis on nondependence gradually gave way to the liberalism of non-interference. In one way or another, the contemporary champions of civic republicanism – Philip Pettit, Maurizio Viroli, and Michael Sandel, to name a few – have built ...
... 1984, 1998) has shown that in early modernity the “neo-roman” emphasis on nondependence gradually gave way to the liberalism of non-interference. In one way or another, the contemporary champions of civic republicanism – Philip Pettit, Maurizio Viroli, and Michael Sandel, to name a few – have built ...
Publicani - Radboud Repository
... whether these mechanisms were based on private business or on state control. For an important part the trade of grain was an aspect of the normal diplomatic relations between states, and it is in this context that we have to consider the purchases from states like Numidia, Carthage, Syracuse and Epi ...
... whether these mechanisms were based on private business or on state control. For an important part the trade of grain was an aspect of the normal diplomatic relations between states, and it is in this context that we have to consider the purchases from states like Numidia, Carthage, Syracuse and Epi ...
Conquest and Rebellion
... they hear about this? If you turn back, Rome’s gods will make sure that your souls rot in Hades, burning in its fire for ever.’ The Roman attack. The Roman soldiers gritted their teeth – they knew that they had to push on. Each man placed his long, rectangular red shield against his neighbour’s and ...
... they hear about this? If you turn back, Rome’s gods will make sure that your souls rot in Hades, burning in its fire for ever.’ The Roman attack. The Roman soldiers gritted their teeth – they knew that they had to push on. Each man placed his long, rectangular red shield against his neighbour’s and ...
Virtus in the Roman World - The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg
... tradition. 137 This code included the sacred duty “not to flee” battle and to hold formation. 138 Rosenstein suggests the Romans would have adopted this code from early experiences with the Greek citystates in southern Italy, and to an even larger extent from emulation of Pyrrhus during the Pyrrhic ...
... tradition. 137 This code included the sacred duty “not to flee” battle and to hold formation. 138 Rosenstein suggests the Romans would have adopted this code from early experiences with the Greek citystates in southern Italy, and to an even larger extent from emulation of Pyrrhus during the Pyrrhic ...
Herring The Genius of Hannibal
... beyond Hannibal’s control which dictated the result of the Second Punic War. Rome’s “inexhaustible supply of manpower” (Bradley, 1990. pg 175), the failure of the Carthaginian government to reinforce Hannibal’s troops and Rome’s control of the sea were the main reasons for Hannibal’s inability to ul ...
... beyond Hannibal’s control which dictated the result of the Second Punic War. Rome’s “inexhaustible supply of manpower” (Bradley, 1990. pg 175), the failure of the Carthaginian government to reinforce Hannibal’s troops and Rome’s control of the sea were the main reasons for Hannibal’s inability to ul ...
Spartacus
... Glaber. Glaber and his army of 3,000 had success at the beginning. They besieged the rebels on a hill and blocked the only path leading to the top. They thought that a victory was at hand, but they were wrong. Using vines as ropes, Spartacus and his men climbed down the other, slippery side of the m ...
... Glaber. Glaber and his army of 3,000 had success at the beginning. They besieged the rebels on a hill and blocked the only path leading to the top. They thought that a victory was at hand, but they were wrong. Using vines as ropes, Spartacus and his men climbed down the other, slippery side of the m ...
Financing War in the Roman Republic 201 BCE
... Harris about the reasons motivating Roman expansion, Eckstein did not question the idea that war was lucrative for Roman citizens.3 Monographs on the Roman army of the Republic itself have mostly covered the evolution of military structures and the changing nature of the army after the ‘Marian refo ...
... Harris about the reasons motivating Roman expansion, Eckstein did not question the idea that war was lucrative for Roman citizens.3 Monographs on the Roman army of the Republic itself have mostly covered the evolution of military structures and the changing nature of the army after the ‘Marian refo ...
The Second Punic War June 2015
... gained support (rare!) from Carthaginian Senate (who refused to hand him to Rome) for major offensive and moved quickly to New Carthage (SE Spain); informed men about plans for invasion (keeping them in picture and gaining trust); gave them leave (popular) then fortified Sicily (to prevent Roman att ...
... gained support (rare!) from Carthaginian Senate (who refused to hand him to Rome) for major offensive and moved quickly to New Carthage (SE Spain); informed men about plans for invasion (keeping them in picture and gaining trust); gave them leave (popular) then fortified Sicily (to prevent Roman att ...
Hannibal Crossing the Alps
... would conquer the land they see before them. The army relied on the view for hope.14 Another important fact was that the mountain pass led directly to the city of Turin, which was the first city Hannibal took after crossing the Alps. These facts still point to the Traversette and Clapier passes as t ...
... would conquer the land they see before them. The army relied on the view for hope.14 Another important fact was that the mountain pass led directly to the city of Turin, which was the first city Hannibal took after crossing the Alps. These facts still point to the Traversette and Clapier passes as t ...
Full introductory notes - Association for Latin Teaching
... patriotically distorted the events of the 2nd Punic War. Polybius noted this. Main source for Roman viewpoint in 2nd Punic War for both Coelius and Polybius Nb repeated use of ut ferunt, traditur, proditum memoriae – stressing his dependence on unreliable traditions ...
... patriotically distorted the events of the 2nd Punic War. Polybius noted this. Main source for Roman viewpoint in 2nd Punic War for both Coelius and Polybius Nb repeated use of ut ferunt, traditur, proditum memoriae – stressing his dependence on unreliable traditions ...
Carthaginian Mercenaries - Digital Commons @ Wofford
... Nuragic peoples of Sardinia were quickly driven from their coastal communities into the Sardinian hills after Punic settlers began arriving on the island.8 As a result of Punic expansion into their territory, the Nuragic culture soon disappeared entirely.9 When wealth failed, Carthage was not hesita ...
... Nuragic peoples of Sardinia were quickly driven from their coastal communities into the Sardinian hills after Punic settlers began arriving on the island.8 As a result of Punic expansion into their territory, the Nuragic culture soon disappeared entirely.9 When wealth failed, Carthage was not hesita ...
File
... emphasized their team spirit, the great treasure in Rome, and that recrossing the Alps would be impossible. He brought in prisoners, and had them fight each other to the death, promising the winner a free pass home. This provoked his soldiers into a fighting frenzy. At this point, the consul in char ...
... emphasized their team spirit, the great treasure in Rome, and that recrossing the Alps would be impossible. He brought in prisoners, and had them fight each other to the death, promising the winner a free pass home. This provoked his soldiers into a fighting frenzy. At this point, the consul in char ...
THE MAGIC HISTORY OF BRITAIN: THE ROMANS
... Britain with a huge army in 43 AD to finish off the job that Julius Caesar had started over ninety years before. Most Romans thought Claudius was a complete idiot; he could not speak properly, drooled and dribbled with his tongue hanging out of his mouth while his body shook. Servants cut his food u ...
... Britain with a huge army in 43 AD to finish off the job that Julius Caesar had started over ninety years before. Most Romans thought Claudius was a complete idiot; he could not speak properly, drooled and dribbled with his tongue hanging out of his mouth while his body shook. Servants cut his food u ...
proconsul titus quinctius flaminius and rome`s war with the east
... Cincinnatus both stood as consuls, and marriage had brought Titus’s family into the “Posthumius Gens” - another well respected family – through the Consul Aulus Posthumius Tibertus. There were many other illustrious members of the Quinctii gens, but they would be far too numerous to list here. All t ...
... Cincinnatus both stood as consuls, and marriage had brought Titus’s family into the “Posthumius Gens” - another well respected family – through the Consul Aulus Posthumius Tibertus. There were many other illustrious members of the Quinctii gens, but they would be far too numerous to list here. All t ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).