Polybius wrote his Histories with the overriding belief that the
... account of events hinders our ability to completely understand the actions of both the Romans and the Achaeans. 7 Polybius, in dealing with his homeland, was torn by his dual allegiance. His admiration of Rome and wish to portray her positively did not always coincide with his view of Achaean politi ...
... account of events hinders our ability to completely understand the actions of both the Romans and the Achaeans. 7 Polybius, in dealing with his homeland, was torn by his dual allegiance. His admiration of Rome and wish to portray her positively did not always coincide with his view of Achaean politi ...
fc.29 roman dominance of the mediterranean
... The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves. ...
... The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves. ...
Vix aerarium suffice ret. - Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
... to render it rather unreasonable at the same time. A similar difficulty in locating the reason for the war, after persuasively refuting many such alternatives, once led P. Veyne, in his brilliant "Y a-t-il eu un imperialisme romain?" MEFRA 87 (1975) 793-855, esp. 835-42, to assume that for Rome this ...
... to render it rather unreasonable at the same time. A similar difficulty in locating the reason for the war, after persuasively refuting many such alternatives, once led P. Veyne, in his brilliant "Y a-t-il eu un imperialisme romain?" MEFRA 87 (1975) 793-855, esp. 835-42, to assume that for Rome this ...
Outline - 2010-2011English10
... a. Hannibal’s military strategy and logic affected the results of the war; influence of others and personal reasons for fighting motivation; effects of war different from both sides of the war b. Hannibal was a great military leader and a courageous war hero because of his skill, his motivation, and ...
... a. Hannibal’s military strategy and logic affected the results of the war; influence of others and personal reasons for fighting motivation; effects of war different from both sides of the war b. Hannibal was a great military leader and a courageous war hero because of his skill, his motivation, and ...
Rome and the Punic Wars – A Growing Empire. Die Bedeutung der
... Corsica: island south-west of France in the Mediterranean (Korsika) day labourer: a person who is employed and paid for single days only, for as long as there is work to do (Tagelöhner) province: a territory that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. The magistrate, usually ...
... Corsica: island south-west of France in the Mediterranean (Korsika) day labourer: a person who is employed and paid for single days only, for as long as there is work to do (Tagelöhner) province: a territory that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. The magistrate, usually ...
Marius` Military Reforms and the War Against Jugurtha
... Marius is said to have rushed along with the men in order to prevent his men from immediately pillaging the town following its capture. After securing this town, the men were massacred, spoils were taken by the soldiers and others were sold into slavery. In the opening year of Marius’ second campaig ...
... Marius is said to have rushed along with the men in order to prevent his men from immediately pillaging the town following its capture. After securing this town, the men were massacred, spoils were taken by the soldiers and others were sold into slavery. In the opening year of Marius’ second campaig ...
Some Hypotheses on the Duel of Manlius Torquatus and a Gaul
... way north from Anio (even if the invaders had not already advanced beyond it), since it was there the Romans had suffered the calamitous defeat at the hands of Gauls some fifty years earlier, and Roman sensibilities and superstitions in such matters were very acute, with historical exempla being ent ...
... way north from Anio (even if the invaders had not already advanced beyond it), since it was there the Romans had suffered the calamitous defeat at the hands of Gauls some fifty years earlier, and Roman sensibilities and superstitions in such matters were very acute, with historical exempla being ent ...
The Decline of the Small Roman Farmer and the Fall of the Roman
... defenders. Historian R. E. Smith, for example, argued that the senatorial class was handling Rome’s problems just fine up until the end of the Third Punic War and that it was the “fundamentally irresponsible” behavior of the Gracchi that disrupted the traditional political system and set in motion t ...
... defenders. Historian R. E. Smith, for example, argued that the senatorial class was handling Rome’s problems just fine up until the end of the Third Punic War and that it was the “fundamentally irresponsible” behavior of the Gracchi that disrupted the traditional political system and set in motion t ...
The Punic Wars
... huge sum to pay. The loss of their elephants was a great strength lost, not to mention losing land! Carthage saw this as a record low for Rome. For the victory over Carthage at Zama, Scipio demanded that he receive the title Scipio Africanus - Conqueror of Africa. ...
... huge sum to pay. The loss of their elephants was a great strength lost, not to mention losing land! Carthage saw this as a record low for Rome. For the victory over Carthage at Zama, Scipio demanded that he receive the title Scipio Africanus - Conqueror of Africa. ...
Hannibal and the Second Punic War- Adam - 2010
... Hannibal continued to defeat the Romans in every military encounter, and occupied Italy for about fifteen years. Because he was unable to receive reinforcements, he was never able to march on Rome. Hannibal rampaged around the countryside in Campania (southern Italy), but he was beginning to be hara ...
... Hannibal continued to defeat the Romans in every military encounter, and occupied Italy for about fifteen years. Because he was unable to receive reinforcements, he was never able to march on Rome. Hannibal rampaged around the countryside in Campania (southern Italy), but he was beginning to be hara ...
Citizenship Identity and Imperial Control Roman
... part of larger sovereign states. The political subdivisions of modern Spain enjoy some degree of autonomy from the central government in Madrid; another prescient modern example would be the countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Scotland, much like the ancient ...
... part of larger sovereign states. The political subdivisions of modern Spain enjoy some degree of autonomy from the central government in Madrid; another prescient modern example would be the countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Scotland, much like the ancient ...
Oscar Vasquez HIST 1500 Professor Cody K. Carlson 9/16/2011
... Film Synopsis: Spartacus is a 1960 film that depicts Spartacus, a slave who finds himself in a gladiator academy. Spartacus and other prisoners escape from the academy and lead a slave revolt against Rome. He and other former slaves recruit slaves around the region of the academy and unite to form a ...
... Film Synopsis: Spartacus is a 1960 film that depicts Spartacus, a slave who finds himself in a gladiator academy. Spartacus and other prisoners escape from the academy and lead a slave revolt against Rome. He and other former slaves recruit slaves around the region of the academy and unite to form a ...
the punic project at carthage - The Oriental Institute of the University
... which more than 40 were excavated this season, has produced the following preliminary results: The oldest children sacrified were 3-5 years old; the youngest were stillborn or aborted foetuses; the majority, however, were between the ages of IV2 and 2 years old. There was an attempt to include all, ...
... which more than 40 were excavated this season, has produced the following preliminary results: The oldest children sacrified were 3-5 years old; the youngest were stillborn or aborted foetuses; the majority, however, were between the ages of IV2 and 2 years old. There was an attempt to include all, ...
File
... defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama as badly as Hannibal had defeated the Romans at Cannae. • For this, he was named Scipio Africanus. • The Romans dismantled all Carthaginian power and holdings. • The Romans now controlled Spain and North Africa in addition to Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and Ital ...
... defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama as badly as Hannibal had defeated the Romans at Cannae. • For this, he was named Scipio Africanus. • The Romans dismantled all Carthaginian power and holdings. • The Romans now controlled Spain and North Africa in addition to Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and Ital ...
Early ImpErIal romE 27 BC to 117 aD
... to new postings. The ad-hoc system of noncitizen auxiliary detachments was replaced by a formal structure where auxiliary infantry and cavalry were recruited, trained and equipped by the state and deployed around the empire. There were probably roughly equal numbers of auxiliaries and legionaries in ...
... to new postings. The ad-hoc system of noncitizen auxiliary detachments was replaced by a formal structure where auxiliary infantry and cavalry were recruited, trained and equipped by the state and deployed around the empire. There were probably roughly equal numbers of auxiliaries and legionaries in ...
1200 Beginning of the first iron age. The Latini migrate to Italy from
... 1200 Beginning of the first iron age. The Latini migrate to Italy from the Danube region. 1000 Latins settle in the Latium region. 1000 Etruscan tribes move into Italy. 800 - Suspected date of the settlement of immigrants on the Palatine hill. 754 – Latins move into Italy 753 – Traditional date for ...
... 1200 Beginning of the first iron age. The Latini migrate to Italy from the Danube region. 1000 Latins settle in the Latium region. 1000 Etruscan tribes move into Italy. 800 - Suspected date of the settlement of immigrants on the Palatine hill. 754 – Latins move into Italy 753 – Traditional date for ...
Julius Caesar - Arizona NROTC
... Increasing lack of confidence between commander and troops Sending units from one portion of the frontier to reinforce units engaged elsewhere ...
... Increasing lack of confidence between commander and troops Sending units from one portion of the frontier to reinforce units engaged elsewhere ...
Was the defeat of Hannibal a turning point in Roman
... How similar was your definition to the one above? Copy down this definition. ...
... How similar was your definition to the one above? Copy down this definition. ...
rome`s i)eclaration of war on carthage in 218 bc 1
... invade Africa that year: he may weil have made ostentatious preparations (41,3) in Sicily in order tO hold Carthaginiaß attention and, with the fate of Regulus' expedition tO suggest caution, he may deliberately have postponed thought of a full-scale attack on Africa undl the next year when It would ...
... invade Africa that year: he may weil have made ostentatious preparations (41,3) in Sicily in order tO hold Carthaginiaß attention and, with the fate of Regulus' expedition tO suggest caution, he may deliberately have postponed thought of a full-scale attack on Africa undl the next year when It would ...
camillus - latinata
... In battle they showed all their savage nature. They rushed furiously at their enemies, yelling at the top of their voices, flourishing enormous swords, and blowing trumpets. The chief or king of the Gauls at this time was called Brennus. He was a man of great strength and size. He wore a golden coll ...
... In battle they showed all their savage nature. They rushed furiously at their enemies, yelling at the top of their voices, flourishing enormous swords, and blowing trumpets. The chief or king of the Gauls at this time was called Brennus. He was a man of great strength and size. He wore a golden coll ...
Wong Ruth Roman Research Paper - 2010
... which could influence other empires. Also, with veterans training younger boys before they serve in the military, the boys could then be bettered prepared as they enter the military. With more citizens spreading around, getting married, and having children, the number of Roman citizens will increase ...
... which could influence other empires. Also, with veterans training younger boys before they serve in the military, the boys could then be bettered prepared as they enter the military. With more citizens spreading around, getting married, and having children, the number of Roman citizens will increase ...
25syed
... Roman citizens born in Rome. Many of the earliest authors of Roman literature were non-Romans, such as Livius Andronicus, Ennius, Plautus and Terence (see Goldberg, Chapter 1 above). How justified are we in regarding the views represented in their texts as Roman views? In this regard ancient literat ...
... Roman citizens born in Rome. Many of the earliest authors of Roman literature were non-Romans, such as Livius Andronicus, Ennius, Plautus and Terence (see Goldberg, Chapter 1 above). How justified are we in regarding the views represented in their texts as Roman views? In this regard ancient literat ...
The Purple People 1 The Purple People
... More than two hundred urns containing their charred bones have been uncovered in the ruins of the city.6 Rome fought three wars with the Carthaginians. They’re always called “The Punic Wars,” which is to say “The Purple Wars,” after the purple dye for which the Phoenician traders were famous.7 The f ...
... More than two hundred urns containing their charred bones have been uncovered in the ruins of the city.6 Rome fought three wars with the Carthaginians. They’re always called “The Punic Wars,” which is to say “The Purple Wars,” after the purple dye for which the Phoenician traders were famous.7 The f ...
Scipio Africanus _ Zama
... generals Hannibal and his brother Mago were accordingly recalled from their campaigns in Italy. Hannibal returned to Africa with his 12,000-man veteran army and soon gathered a total of 37,000 troops with which to defend the approaches to Carthage. Hannibal arrived too late to prevent Masinissa from ...
... generals Hannibal and his brother Mago were accordingly recalled from their campaigns in Italy. Hannibal returned to Africa with his 12,000-man veteran army and soon gathered a total of 37,000 troops with which to defend the approaches to Carthage. Hannibal arrived too late to prevent Masinissa from ...
THE TREATY WITH SAGUNTUM
... tradition, in the rest of his account of the negotiations he had no such evidence available. He had little faith in the historians who represented the pro-Carthaginian sources, as can be judged by his sweeping condemnation of Chaereas and Sosylus in m.20(l). Consequently, he was impelled to accept t ...
... tradition, in the rest of his account of the negotiations he had no such evidence available. He had little faith in the historians who represented the pro-Carthaginian sources, as can be judged by his sweeping condemnation of Chaereas and Sosylus in m.20(l). Consequently, he was impelled to accept t ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).