Download 1200 Beginning of the first iron age. The Latini migrate to Italy from

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1200 Beginning of the first iron age. The Latini migrate to Italy from the Danube region.
1000 Latins settle in the Latium region.
1000 Etruscan tribes move into Italy.
800 - Suspected date of the settlement of immigrants on the Palatine hill.
754 – Latins move into Italy
753 – Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus; Rome as a kingdom
753-715 – reign of Romulus
750 - Founding of the Cumae as a Greek trading station.
730 - Date of founding of the city of Rhegium by people from Chalcis.
715 - Date of the death of Romulus.
715-673 – reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly officials
712 - The senator Numa Marcius is made the first Pontifex Maximus.
706 - Founding of the city of Taras, which was founded by Spartan settlers.
700 - Founding of the Greek city of Tarentum by Spartans.
673-642 – reign of Tullus Hostilius. During his reign, the noble families of the Tulii, Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curiatii, and Cloelii join Rome,
and he builds the Curia Hostilia, the Senate House.
642-616 – reign of Ancus Marcius
625 - The Forum Romanum is flooded by severe storms. drained by engineers.
625 - 600 - The founding of the city later known as Paestum, which was founded in honor of the Greek god Poseidon.
616/578 – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Begins the rule of Etruscan Kings.
600 - Rome conquers the city of Alba Longa. The rulers, the Iulii, are brought into Rome and develop the clan Julius.
600? - Founding of the Greek city of Massilia by Ionian Greek settlers.
600 - The people of Cumae send out settlers, and found the city of Neapolis south of Cumae along the coast of Italy.
582 - Birth of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, on the island of Samos.
579 - Death of Tarquinius Priscus, who is axed in the head by two farmers.
578/534 – reign of Servius Tullius: defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium; first census
575 - Approximated true founding date of Rome, when forum established during rule of Tarquinius. It was known as Rumula.
550 - Carthaginian presence in the islands of Sicily and Sardinia.
535 - Death of Servius Tullius.
534/509 – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
510 - Supposed date of the rape of the Sabines at Rome.
509 - Overthrow of Etruscan kings and destruction of the monarchy by L. Junius Brutus.
509 - The first consuls of the Roman Republic are L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus.
509 - The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is built on the Capitoline Hill.
508 - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (second time) and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus (first time).
508 - The city of Rome is attacked (it is not certain if it is captured) by Lars Porsenna.
508 - Creation of the position of Pontifex Maximus as an official, which was designed to overpower the Rex Sacrorum.
508 - Several Roman noblewomen, including Cloelia, swim the Tiber River to escape from Lars Porsenna and his men.
506 - Battle at Aricia - planned invasion by Tarquinius Superbus and army of Etruscans is defeated by Latin League.
506 - Roman noble named Horatius Cocles stops an invasion, when he bars bridge into Rome.
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While defending bridge, consuls Lartius and Herminius chop it down to prevent enemy crossing. Horatius swims, fully armored across Tiber.
504 - Migration of the Claudii to Rome, where they later form the nucleus of the patrician Claudian clan.
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Migration of tribe of Sabine Attius Clausus to Rome where he was made a patrician and his tribe was given the citizenship.
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Consul Valerius Publicola grants due process rights to all citizens, criminalizes all future attempts to plot to seize a tyranny.
501 – Offices of Roman Dictator and Master of the Horse created.
500 - Appointment of the first-ever dictator, T. Larcius.
500? - Death of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras.
496 - Battle of Lake Regillus. Rome defeats Leono and Phippy the Etruscan-led Latin League
496 - Death of deposed King Tarquinius Superbus in Cumae, where he had been granted refuge.
495 - Battle of Aricia against the Aurunci.
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Roman forces capture the town of Seussa Pometia.
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Romans sign a military pact with the Hernici.
494 - Caeliomontanus appointed dictator, and appoints Valerius as his Magister Equitum after a battle against Volscians.
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A bloody battle occurs between the Romans and the Volscians at Velitrae.
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First Secession of the Plebs in Rome. Creation of the tribunes of the plebs, two of whom are elected annually.
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First tribunes are Licinius and L. Albinus who later appoint Sicinius and two unknown others to join them.
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Creation of the office of aedile for the plebeians of Rome, held by two men.
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Coriolanus exiled for threatening to raise grain prices during a famine. Sent to Volsci and stayed with rival Attius Tullius.
493 - Treaty foedus Cassianum created by Cassius was signed by Rome and Latins to protect themselves against incursions from mountain tribes.
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Roman general Marcius captures Volscian town of Corioli and is thus given, by decree of the senate, the surname Coriolanus.
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Volscians are defeated in a battle at Antium.
491 - A law lex Icilia, prevents magistrates from interrupting an assembly of the people.
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general for Volscians, Coriolanus captures Circeii, Satricum, Longula, Polsuca, Corioli, Lavinium, Corbio, Vitellia, Trebium, Labici, Pedum.
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Just before he is about to invade Rome, Coriolanus is turned back by a plea from his mother.
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The temple of Fortuna Muliebris is built, to comemerate the memories and actions of the women who stopped Coriolanus.
490 - The Greek forces under Miltiades defeat the invading Persian force under King Darius of Persia at the battle of Marathon.
487 - The army of the Hernici is defeated by the Romans.
486 - Spurius Cassius, aiming at being consul a third time killed for trying to gain too much personal power.
486 - War with the Aequi and the Volsci, which flares up and dies down again for the next fifty years.
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483 - The temple of Castor is finally completed and dedicated.
482 - 474 - Intermittent wars with Veii occur in this period.
481 - In an ambush set up by the Veientes, all 306, except one, of the clan Fabii are killed.
479 - The battle of the Cremera - when the clan Fabii enlists their clients into an army. They then attack and defeat a Veiian army.
478 - One of the consuls, T. Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, dies and the consul suffectus is Verginius Esquilinus.
474 - An army of Etruscans is defeated near the town of Cumae by Hiero of Syracuse.
474 - The "40 years peace" agreement between Veii and Rome is signed.
471 - Lex Publilia Voleronis is created, legalizes assemblies and elections of plebeians. It authorizes creation of Comitia Plebis.
471 - Second secession of plebs in Rome. plebeian assembly made into tribal affair, tribes are asked to vote to pass plebiscites.
470 - The consuls are L. Valerius Potitus and Ti. Aemilius Mamercus (first time).
467 - Foundation of the Latin colony of Antium.
462 - A tribune of the plebs, G. Terentilius Harsa, begins to agitate for establishment of committee to write down laws of Rome.
461 - Dissatisfied plebeians in Rome begin to riot.
459 – The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
458? - Minucius is defeated by Aequi at Mt. Algidus, but army is rescued by Cincinnatus, who left his plow to become dictator.
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He ruled for 16 days, then retired back to his farm.
457 - Consuls are originally Horatius Pulvillus and Minucius Esquilinus, then Cincinnatus (second time) and Fabius Vibulanus.
456 - Third secession of the plebs in Rome. The plebeians of Rome are granted land to live upon.
451 - The decemvirate (council of ten) is established. Their powers work outside of the regular constitution.
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The decemvirate replaced the consuls, and consisted of the following senators: Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus, T. Genucius
Augurinus, L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus, P. Sestius Capito, G. Julius Iullus, A. Manlius Vulso, P. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, P. Curiatus
Fistus Trigeminus, T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus, and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
451 - The Code of the Twelve Tables is published by the decemvirate.
450 - Number of the tribunes of the plebs raised to ten.
449 – Plebeian Council resolutions ("plebiscites") given full force of law over Plebeians and Patricians, but still subject to Senate veto; The Decemviri
publish the Twelve Tables of Roman law
449 - Fourth secession of the plebs. The lex Valeria Horatia grants the tribunician inviolability. This is later granted to emperors.
447 – Tribal Assembly created: two quaestors elected for the first time
447 - Creation of position for two quaestors, elected by the tribal assembly.
445 - A law passed by a tribune named Canuleius, the lex Canuleia, replaces consuls with military tribunes with consular powers.
445 - Marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed
444 - The military tribunes for the year are A. Sempronius Atratinus, L. Atilius Luscus and T. Cloelius Siculus.
444 - The Romans sign a treaty with Ardea.
443 - Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced.
443 The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers.
439 - Gn. Spurius Maelius attempts to make himself king of Rome. He is killed by Quintus Servilius Ahala.
439 - Quinctius Cincinnatus is made dictator of Rome to deal with plebeian conspiracy.
438 -The military tribunes for the year are L. Quinctius Cincinnatus (fourth time), Mamercus Aemilius and C. Julius Iullus.
435 - Servilius Fidenas excavates a tunnel under walls of Fidenae in order to capture it.
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This is an essential step towards taking the city of Veii.
434 - The terms of office for censors are fixed at four years.
433 - The temple of Apollo at Rome is built.
431 - The Aquei are driven from Mt. Algidius by M. Furius Camillus.
428 - Consuls are Cossus and Cincinnatus (second time), then Quinctius and Sempronius.
427 - Comitia Centuriata given final voice in the matter of declaration of war.
421 – Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
409 - Three of the elected quaestors are plebeians.
408 – Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate .
406 - The city of Anxur is captured by the Romans after it is laid siege to.
405 - 396 - Siege of Veii. Town finally captured and destroyed by M. Furius Camillus.
396 - The town of Melpum falls to the marauding Insubres, and became their chief settlement.
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Pay is introduced for Roman soldiers for the first time.
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Roman general and military tribune captures the city of Veii after ten years by digging a tunnel under the city.
394 - Falerii surrender unconditionally to Romans under Camillus after return traitor who tried to give children of city's officials.
394 – Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate.
391 - Roman general, M. Camillus Furius, charged with taking booty from Veii for himself, is found guilty, and banished to Ardea.
391 – Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul.
390 – The Gauls defeat the Roman army at the battle of the Allia; sack of Rome by the Gauls
390 - T. Manlius, while fighting a Gaul, took his necklace and was called Torquatus from that point on.
388 - The Aequi are defeated by the Romans at a battle near Bola.
386 - The combined Italian tribes, the Latins, Volscii, and Hernici are defeated by the Romans.
381 - The district of Tusculum is pacified after a revolt against Rome, and it is incorporated as Roman land.
378 - Construction of the Servian Wall, surrounding Rome for ten kilometers.
377 - The Latins are defeated after the capture of the city of Satricum.
375/371 – Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
367 - The position of military tribune is reverted back to the consulship under the Sextian - Licinian laws.
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Consulship opened to all plebeians.
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amount of public land any man might hold limited to 500 iugera (300 acres) under law passed by two tribunes of plebs.
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The Temple of Concord is built in Rome.
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366 – Patricians agree to allow Plebeian Consuls to be elected (the first being Lucius Sextius Sextinus).
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Plebeians acquire de facto right to be elected Censor or appointed Dictator.
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As concession, Plebeians allow Patricians to create offices of Praetor and Curule Aedile, and allow only Patricians in these offices.
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The first plebeian, L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus, is elected consul, as is L. Aemilius Mamercus (first time).
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Praetor position added to the cursus honorum, the . A man must attain the praetorship before becoming a consul.
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Creation of the office of curule aedile, held by two patricians.
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The introduction of the ludi Romani games.
362 - Senator, Mettius Curtius, leaps into a chasm opened up in Forum by an earthquake, which prophets declared could only be filled by
in the most valuable treasure in Rome's possession.
361 - Roman army captures the city of Ferentinum.
360 - Aerarium sanctius (special emergency fund) set up in the temples of Rome.
360 - War with cities of Tibur, Praeneste, and the tribe Hernici.
359 - The town of Tarquinii revolts against Roman rule.
358 - The tribe of the Hernici are allowed to become allies of Rome again, despite their declaring war against Rome.
357 - Romans institute the first tax on the manumission of slaves, setting it at 5%.
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Gallic raid on the territory of Latium occurs.
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The town of Falerii revolts against Rome.
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The rate of interest on borrowing money is fixed.
356 - The first plebeian dictator is appointed.
354 - Samnites sign a treaty of alliance with Rome.
352 - The tomb of King Mausolus of Caria, known as the Mausoleum, is built to house the remains of the dead King.
351 – Elected the first non-patrician Dictator
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The revolts in the towns of Falerii and Tarquinii are crushed, and they are given renewed treaties with Rome.
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The office of censor is opened to the plebeians.
346 - The Romans defeat the cities of Antium and Satricum.
345 - L. Furius Camillus is dictator. The magister equitum is Q. Fabius Ambustus.
343-341 (First Samnite War) 2 years, Romans occupy northern Campania.
343 - Rome signs an alliance with the city of Falerii.
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(First Samnite War) Start of the First Samnite War after the Romans renounce their treaty with the Samnites.
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(First Samnite War) The consul A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina defeats a Samnite army in battle at Saticula.
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(First Samnite War) Capua appeals to Rome for help from Samnite attacks. Roman army expels Samnites, occupies Capua.
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Latins attack the city of Paeligni.
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(First Samnite War) Battle of Mount Corvus defeats the Samnites in battle.
342 - (First Samnite War) A mutiny occurs amongst the Roman army, jeopardizing their territorial gains into Samnite lands.
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Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
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Second law passed, disallowing any man from holding two offices at once.
341 - (First Samnite War) The consul Privernas starts to campaign against the Samnites. This is the climax of the war.
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(First Samnite War) End Samnite War. Peace treaty signed to enable Samnites to fight against their neighbors Tarentum.
throwing
340-338 (Great Latin War) 2 Years
340 - The consuls are T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (third time) and P. Decius Mus.
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Papirius Crassus is dictator. The magister equitum is L. Papirius Cursor.
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(Great Latin War) Start Great Latin War. Rome enters the Latin War on the side of the Samnites.
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(Great Latin War) The consul T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeats a Latin army at Veseris, in which the flagging army is saved when P.
Decius Mus sacrifices his life to rally the troops.
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(Great Latin War) Romans defeats a combined army of Latins, Volsci and Auruncii at Trifanum.
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(Great Latin War) Battle of Suessa Aurunca, in which the Romans defeated collected contingents of Campanians and Latins.
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(Great Latin War) After defeat combined army, Romans offered favorable terms to Campanians and removing them from coalition with Latins.
339 - The plebeian consul Q. Publilius Philo named as dictator, and passes law that one of the censors must be a plebeian.
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(Great Latin War) The consul Ti. Aemilius Mamercus campaigns against Tibur, Praeneste, Velitrae and Pedum.
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A lex Publilia is passed, which cancels the rights of Patricians to veto procedures and acts in the Comitia Tributa.
338 - (Great Latin War) The consul L. Camillus Furius is victorious over Pedum and Tibur.
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(Great Latin War) The consul G. Maenius Nepos is victorious over Lavinium and Velitrae.
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(Great Latin War) Battle of Antium. The city was attacked and taken from its Volscian owners.
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End of the Great Latin War.
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Latin League is dissolved by the Romans. The cities of Lanuvium, Pedum and Tusculum receive full citizenship.
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The cities of Formiae, Cumae and Capua receive half-citzenships, called Latin Rights.
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Campania is incorporated as a part of the growing nation of Rome.
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The rostra, or speaking platform, is created by G. Maenius, and it derives its name from the ships beaks hanging from it,
337 - Office of praetor opened to plebeians.
336 - Romans capture the town of Teanum Sidicinum. The town submits to the offer of an alliance with Rome.
332 - Creation of two new tribes at Rome, Maecia and Scaptia.
332 - Rome signs a treaty with the city of Tarentum.
331 - Treaty of Senones with Rome.
329 - The Circus Maximus is completed in Rome. It is the major hippodrome in Rome until the end of the Empire.
329 - A Roman colony is founded at Tarracina.
328 - A Latin colony is founded, named Fregellae.
328 - Expulsion of Volscians from the Liris Valley.
326-304 (Second Samnite War) 22 Years
326 - The development of extended governorships occurred (prorogatio imperii, meaning the extension of a governor's imperium, or authority),
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and the terms pro consule and pro praetore came into existence.
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Romans enter into an alliance with the cities of Neapolis, Nuceria and the tribe of the Apulians.
325 - (Second Samnite War) Roman army appears for first time on Adriatic coast. During this, they won over tribes of Marsi and Paeligni, and
reduced the tribe of the Vestini on the Adriatic coast.
321 - (Second Samnite War) The Caudine Forks - disaster occurs, Samnites defeated an army of 20,000 men, and made survivors 'Pass under the
yoke' Romans forced to sign a treaty with the Samnites. Romans are forced to surrender Fregellae to Samnites. 318 - Creation of two
new tribes, Falernia and Oufentina, created in southern Campania.
316 - (Second Samnite War) The Romans break their treaty with the Samnites.
316 – (Second Samnite War) Battle of Lautulae.
315 - (Second Samnite War) A Samnite army achieves a victory at Laetulae over Roman general and dictator Q. Fabius Rullianus.
314 - (Second Samnite War) A Roman army enters Samnite territory and drives the Samnites from the city of Tarracina.
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(Second Samnite War) This forces the Capuans to sign a treaty after having defected from the Romans.
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(Second Samnite War) Capture of the Samnite stronghold of Luceria, which they razed to the ground.
313 - (Second Samnite War) Fregellae is recaptured by the Romans, and the town of Sora is also captured.
312 - Appius Claudius Caecus is elected as censor and institutes many public building schemes.
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Construction of the first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, and the first major road, the Via Appia,
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The number of rural tribes in Rome is raised to twenty-seven.
311 - (Second Samnite War) Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome.
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A board to organize the Roman fleets, the duoviri navales, is established.
310 - (Second Samnite War) Battle of Lake Vadimo between Rome and the Etruscans.
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(Second Samnite War) Romans advance into Etruria and defeated Etruscans at a battle near Lake Vadimo, under general Fabius Rullianus.
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(Second Samnite War) A Roman plan to land a naval raid near Pompeii is unsuccessful.
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A peace treaty is signed with Cortona and Arretium.
308 – (Second Samnite War) war escalates when the Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join the war- against Rome.
307 - (Second Samnite War) Italian tribe, Hernici, revolt against Rome and break their previous treaty with Rome.
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307 - Pyrrhus is hailed as King of Epirus.
306 – (Second Samnite War) The Hernici revolt against Rome
305 – (Second Samnite War) Battle of Bovianum ends with Samnite defeat and the end of main Samnite resistance.
304 - (Second Samnite War) End of Second Samnite War.
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(Second Samnite War) Romans defeat the Aequi.
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Alliances with Rome are made by the Marsi, Paeglini, Marrucini, and Frentani.
303 - Latin colony of Sora is established in Samnite territory to guard the Liris valley.
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Latin colony of Alba Fucens is established.
300 – Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians
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lex Valeria granted the legal right to appeal against any capital sentence passed on a Roman citizen.
299 - Two new tribes, Aniensis and Terentina, are created.
299 - The Romans capture the territory of Narnia.
298-290 (Third Samnite War) 8 years
298 - An alliance is formed with the Picentes.
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A marauding band of Gauls make a sporadic raid into Roman territory.
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Founding of the Latin rights colony of Carseoli.
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(Third Samnite War) Start Third Samnite War.
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(Third Samnite War) A Roman army under general L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus drives Samnites out of Lucanian territory.
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(Third Samnite War) The Romans capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena.
297 – Consul Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeats the Samnites near Tifernum (Liv. 10.14).
295 - (Third Samnite War) Battle of Camerinum, - Romans defeated by a combined army of Gauls and Samnites.
295 - (Third Samnite War) Battle of Sentinum - defeat of Samnites, their allies Senones and death of leader Gellius Egnatius.
294 - (Third Samnite War) A Roman army is beaten by the Samnites at the battle of Luceria.
294 - (Third Samnite War) The Etruscans quickly make peace with Rome after the Samnite defeat.
293 - The cult of Aesculapius is introduced into Rome.
293 - (Third Samnite War) Battle of Aquilonia. Romans victory over the Samnite forces at the battle of Aquilonia.
292 - (Third Samnite War) The rebellious city of Falerii is reduced by the Romans.
291 - (Third Samnite War) The Romans storm the Samnite city of Venusia.
291 - The founding of the colony of Venusia on the Lucanian border.
290 - (Third Samnite War) End of the Third Samnite War.
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Sabines are conquered by Man. Curius Dentatus.
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Establishment of the triumviri capitales (police officers) occurs in Rome.
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Sabines are granted full Roman citizenship.
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The construction on the Great Library of Alexandria is completed and the structure is dedicated in Egypt.
289 - Introduction of the triumviri monetales (official mint supervisors) to control the minting of money.
288 - Messana on Syracuse is taken control of by a group of Campanian mercenaries known as 'Mamertines', or sons of Mars.
287 - Last secession of plebs. Pleb dictator Hortensius appointed, and passes lex Hortensia, which gives plebiscites power at law.
284 - Gaullic Senones renew incursions into Roman territory and siege to Arretium, defeating army of Caecilius Metellus, killed during fighting.
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Gallic raiders are forcibly ejected from the ager Gallicus by the Romans.
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Founding of a Roman colony at Sena.
283 - A Roman army under P. Cornelius Dolabella defeats the tribe known as the Boii at the battle of Lake Vadimo.
282 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Start Pyrrhic Wars with King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
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Roman forces are sent to garrison the cities of Thurii, Rhegium and Locri.
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Roman fleet is surprised by an attack by Tarentine naval vessels.
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281 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Mounting tensions between Rome and Tarentum. Tarentum appeals to Pyrrhus of Epirus for aid.
280-275 (Pyrrhic War) 5 years
280 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Pyrrhus lands army in Italy. Beginning of the Pyrrhic War.
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(Pyrrhic Wars) Battle of Heraclea, in which Pyrrhus defeats a Roman force but suffers heavy losses.
279 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Battle of Asculum, in Apulia. Pyrrhus defeats another Roman army but again suffers heavy casualties.
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The actual outcome of the battle is indecisive.
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(Pyrrhic Wars) Carthage enters into a military alliance pact with the Romans against King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
278 - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus leaves Italy in hopes of newer conquests in Sicily.
278 - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus of Epirus overruns most of Punic Sicily, except for the city of Lilybaeum.
276 - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus returns to the Italian peninsula.
275 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Battle of Beneventum. Pyrrhus suffers heavy losses against Romans near Beneventum, and is finally defeated.
273 - Rome enters into a treaty, which did not actually achieve anything beyond contact, between Roman people and King Ptolemy II of Egypt.
272 - (Pyrrhic Wars) Some cities of Magna Grecia, like Velia, Heraclea, Thurii and Metapontum, are enlisted as allies of Rome.
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(Pyrrhic Wars) The Romans capture the city of Tarentum.
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(Pyrrhic Wars) End of the Pyrrhic Wars. Pyrrhus withdraws to Epirus
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The aqueduct Aqua Anio Vetus is completed.
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Romans complete the subjugation of the Samnites, Lucanians and Bruttians.
270 - The city of Rhegium is recaptured after it was seized by a garrison of Campanian troops.
269 - The Picentes revolt against Rome.
269 - Roman coinage is established, first silver coins bearing pictures of Hercules and wolf feeding Romulus and Rhemus.
268 - The Picentes are reduced o submission by the Romans.
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Founding of the Latin colony of Ariminum to secure the ager Gallicus.
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The rebel Picentes are defeated and given a half citizenship. Only the city of Asculum Picenum received a treaty of alliance.
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Sabines finally receive the full elevation to Roman citizenship.
267 – Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6
267 - Romans capture the city of Brundisium, which originally belonged to a tribe known as the Sallentini.
266 - Romans accept the requests from Apulia and Messapia for alliances, and they become part of the Roman alliance network.
266 - The Romans complete the subjugation of the entire Italian peninsula.
264 - An alliance between the Romans and a group of mercenaries called 'Mamertines' is signed.
264-241 – (First Punic War) 23 years
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(First Punic War) A Campanian mercenary town, Messana, had men in it known as "Mamertines", who called to Rome for help after being
attacked by Carthage. Start of First Punic War.
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First recorded gladiator takes place in Rome for the funeral of a member of the Junius Brutus clan.
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Ager Romanus now reaches 23,226 square kilometers.
263 - (First Punic War) The consul Valerius draws lines of siege around Syracuse. Although he did not succeed in the siege, he managed to pull
Syracuse away from its alliance with the Carthaginians.
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(First Punic War) Heiro of Syracuse is enrolled as a friend and ally of the Roman people.
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Foundation of the Latin colony of Aesernia.
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The first sundial is brought to Rome from Sicily.
262 - (First Punic War) Siege of Agrigentum.
260 - (First Punic War) Battle of Mylae (Naval). 140 Roman ships using corvi, destroyed 130 Punic ships.
258 - (First Punic War) The Roman fleet achieves a minor victory over the Carthaginians off the coast near the town of Sulci.
257 - (First Punic War) The Roman fleet achieves a minor victory over the Carthaginians near Tyndaris.
256 - 255 - An expeditionary force sent to Africa under M. Regulus ends in disaster.
256 - (First Punic War) Battle at Cape Ecnomus - Major victory for Romans under Marcus Atilius Regulus.
255 - (First Punic War) Battle of Bagradas in Africa - Roman army virtually destroyed by Carthaginians mercenary Xanthippus, a Spartan.
255 - (First Punic War) A part of the Roman fleet is wrecked off the coast near Pachynus.
254 - The consuls are Cornelius Scipio Asina (second time) and A. Atilius Caiatinus (second time).
254 - (First Punic War) Capture of the city of Panormus.
253 - First plebeian Pontifex Maximus.
253 - (First Punic War) A small Roman fleet is wrecked off the coast of Sicily near the town of Palinurus.
250 - (First Punic War) Carthaginian general tries to recover Panormus, but defeated, suffering heavy losses and loosing all of his elephants.

(First Punic War) After breaking a promise to Carthaginians that he would urge Romans to accept Carthaginian peace terms, Atilius Regulus
returned to Carthage where he was killed by being rolled down a hill in a barrel filled with spikes.

(First Punic War) Carthaginians destroy the town of Selinunte.
249 - (First Punic War) Defeat of the Romans at Drepana under Appius Claudius Pulcher.

(First Punic War) Another Roman fleet destroyed at a minor conflict under the consul Junius Pullus, near Cape Passaro.

But some good comes of it, as Pullus seized the city of Eryx and the two main roads to the Carthaginian naval base of Drepana.
247 - (First Punic War) The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca mounts successive raids on the Italian coast.
243 - (First Punic War) The Romans construct a new fleet from voluntary loans from her allies.
242 - Introduction of second praetor position, first praetor was known as praetor urbanus and second known as praetor peregrinus.
241 - (First Punic War) Battle off Aegadian Isles - admiral Lutatius Catulus defeat Carthaginian ships, marks the end of the War.

Amount of tribes of Rome reaches 35.

Latin colony is founded at Spoletium.

Following the defeat of Carthage, Sardinia and Corsica becomes the first Roman province
240 - The Roman poet and writer Livius Andronicus produces the first Latin literature in Rome.
238 - Annexation of Sardinia and Corsica.
236 - New Gallic raids occur in the north of Italy.
236 - The Roman playwright Gn. Naevius has his first play produced.
6
235 - Peace reigns. The doors of the temple of Janus are closed for the first time since the rule of Numa Pompilius.
233 - Roman general Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus wins a victory over the Gallic Ligurians.
232 - T. Flaminius passes a law for the distribution of the ager Gallicus.
229-228 (First Illyrian War) 1 year Romans start war with Queen Teuta of Greek Illyria.
228 - Death of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca.
228 - The Romans send envoys to the Greek cities of Athens and Corinth.
227 First Illyrian War ends with the surrender of Queen Teuta.

Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8; number of praetors raised from 2 to 4

Number of praetors raised to four to cover Sicily and Sardinia.
226 - The treaty of Ebro River is signed, dictating lands of both Carthaginians and Romans.
225 - An invading army of Gauls is defeated in a battle near the city of Telamon.
224 – Rome defeats invading Gallic army at the Battle of Telamon
223 – Rome defeats Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul
223 - T. Flaminius is victorious in a war against the tribe the Insubres.
222 - A battle occurs between the Romans and the Gauls at the battle of Sellasia.

After battle of Clastidium the Gallic Insubres and their chieftain Viridomarus surrender.

Celtic city of Mediolanum (modern Milan) is captured by the Romans.
221 - The Spanish allied city of Saguntum appeals to Rome for help against Hannibal.
220-219 (Second Illyrian War) 1 year
220 - Construction begins on new circus on Campus Martius. Being built by T. Flaminius, and is known as Circus Flaminius.

The via Flaminia is built by the general T. Flaminius. It connects Italy to northern Greece.
219 - (Second Punic War) Capture of town of Saguntum by Hannibal, a Carthaginian general.

The first foreign surgeon to practice in Rome arrives in the city.
218-201 (Second Punic War) 17 years
218 - (Second Punic War) Start of Second Punic War after Roman ultimatum is ignored.

(Second Punic War) A small skirmish on River Ticinus occurs, with a majority victory for Hannibal and Carthaginians.

Although it is only a small skirmish, it already shows the tactical superiority of Hannibal over the Romans.

(Second Punic War) Battle of river Trebia. 50,000 Carthaginians under the command of Hannibal line up against 40,000 Romans under command
of Ti. Sempronius Longus. Only 10,000 Romans survived.

lex Claudia is passed, which prohibits senators from owning vessels with the ability to be launched at sea.
217 - The consuls are Gn. Servilius Geminus and G. Flaminius (second time).

(Second Punic War) Battle of Lake Trasimene under Roman commander Gaius Flaminius, victory for the Carthaginians.

(Second Punic War) Elevation of Q. Fabius Maximus later (Verucosis Cunctator) to high command, and he is made dictator.

(Second Punic War) Hannibal made nervous by delaying tactics of Fabius.

(Second Punic War) The Romans gain a victory in a naval encounter near the Ebro River.

Saturnalia festival is established. During the festival, masters were required to wait on their servants.
216 - (Second Punic War) Battle of Cannae .

(Second Punic War) Hannibal marches through district of Cannae into Campania, and begins to plunder and ravage countryside in order to tempt
the Roman general Fabius Maximus Cunctator.

(Second Punic War) Revolts in central Italy, including defections to the Carthaginians by cities, like Capua.

King Phillip of Mecedon prepares a fleet to re-install the ruler of Pharos, Demetrius, back in power at Pharos.

But upon hearing a rumor of the presence of a Roman fleet approaching, he abandoned the attempt.
215 - (Second Punic War) Hasdrubal defeated by Cn. and P. Cornelius Scipio at Dertosa.

(Second Punic War) Sardinia revolts, and Carthaginians send a force to recover island. Romans, who needed corn, sent force of troops who quickly
defeated the Carthaginian force.

(Second Punic War) A battle occurs between the Romans and the Carthaginians near the city of Nola.

The city of Patavium (Padua) comes under the sphere of Roman influence.
214-205 – (First Macedonian War) 9 years Start of the First Macedonian War under King Phillip V of Macedonia.

Roman general, M. Valerius Laevinus, is sent on a military campaign to Illyria.
213/211 – Siege of Syracuse, Rome captures the city

(Second Punic War) Siege of Syracuse in Sicily begins.

(Second Punic War) Hannibal captures and occupies the city of Tarentum.
212 - (Second Punic War) Capture of the city of Tarentum by Hannibal.

(Second Punic War) Romans besiege the city of Capua.

The senate decrees the start of a new festival, the Ludi Apollinares.

The introduction of a new coinage to Rome, the denarius.
211 - (Second Punic War) Scipio given command in Spain despite being privatus (private citizen) and having neither been consul or praetor. He is the
first privatus to be given a proconsular imperium, and the first privatus to command an army.

(Second Punic War) The city of Capua falls to the Romans. It is later punished for aiding Hannibal's cause.

(Second Punic War) The Romans destroy the city of Morgantina in order to aid their siege of Syracuse.

(Second Punic War) Hannibal marches on Rome sits outside walls. Land Hannibal's army is standing on is auctioned off, and it sells full price

(Second Punic War) As a part of the campaign in Sicily against Syracuse, the Romans destroy the city of Morgantina.

(Second Punic War) Capture of Syracuse in Sicily by Claudius Marcellus. Looting soldiers kill Archimedes.

(First Macedonian War) Romans form an alliance with Aetolian league to protect them against King Phillip of Macedon.
210 - (Second Punic War) Command in Spain given to Scipio, later Africanus, a magistrate of ex-aedilican rank.

He was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio, who was killed in 211.

(Second Punic War) Romans recapture tAgrigentum, through the treachery of the Carthaginian auxiliaries stationed there.

(Second Punic War) The Carthaginians capture the city of Capua.

7
209 - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (fifth time) and Q. Fulvius Flaccus (fourth time).

(Second Punic War) Recapture of Tarentum by the Romans under Cato Major.

(Second Punic War) Capture of New Carthage by Scipio.
208 - The consuls are T. Quinctius Crispinus and M. Claudius Marcellus (fifth time).

(Second Punic War) Death of the Roman commander M. Claudius Marcellus.

(Second Punic War) Scipio defeats army of Hasdrubal Barca near the town of Baecula.
207 - (Second Punic War) Battle of Metaurus River. Victory for Romans, under Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator, over a relief force of Carthaginians
commanded by Hasdrubal Barca, brother of Hannibal.
206 - (Second Punic War) Battle of Ilipa. 48,000 Romans and Spanish allies under Scipio defeated a Carthaginian force of 50,000.

(Second Punic War) This ended the presence of Carthage in Spain. The majority of Spanish peninsula is annexed into empire.
205 - (First Macedonian War) End of the First Macedonian War.

Scipio elected consul and his command is prorogued. He is first person to be elected consul after holding mere ex-aedilican rank.

The worship of the cult of Magna Mater is introduced to Rome from Phrygia.
204 - (Second Punic War) Scipio landed in Africa,

(Second Punic War) A battle in the Bagradas valley, in an area known as 'Great Plains'.

Scipio defeated Carthaginians and ally King Syphax of Numidia

Roman playwright Plautus has his play Miles Gloriosus (The Glorious Soldier) performed in Rome.

The playwright Ennius is brought to Rome.

Introduction of the worship of the Phrygian goddess Kubaba Kybele to Rome.

Ludi Megalenses are inaugurated at Rome.
203 - (Second Punic War) King Syphax of Numidia defeated and captured in battle of Cirta against Masinissa of Numidia and Laelius.
203 - Masinissa, a Numidian ally of the Romans during the Punic Wars, is made king of Greater and Lesser Numidia.
202 - (Second Punic War) Battle of Zama.
202 - Roman writer Fabius Pictor writes first prose history of Rome in Greek.
200-196 (Second Macedonian War) 3 years
200 - Destruction of Roman town of Placentia by mixture of Gallic tribes (Insubres, Cenomani and Boii)

(Second Macedonian War) The Romans storm, capture and sack the city of Acanthus.
198 - (Second Macedonian War) The consul Flamininus defeats the army of King Phillip in a battle near the Aous River.
197 - Gallic tribes who destroyed Placentia defeated by two consular armies.

Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
197 - 179 - (First Spanish Wars) 18 years
197 (Second Macedonian War) Battle of Cynoscephalae. ended the Second Macedonian War.

Number of praetors is raised to six, to cover the growing number of Roman provinces.
196 - The city of Smyrna appeals to Rome for help against the attacks of King Antiochus III.
195 - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Porcius Cato the Censor.

(Spanish Wars) Spanish insurrections by Turdetani with Celtiberian mercenaries are defeated by one of the consuls Porcius Cato.
195 (Roman-Spartan War) Romans become involved in a war with Nabis of Sparta.
194 - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (second time) and Ti. Sempronius Longus.

(Spanish Wars) Turdetani are finally defeated by Scipio Nasica, but their Celtiberian allies carried on the war.

Romans evacuate Greece and occupied parts of Macedonia.

The foundation of Roman colonies at Puteoli and Tempsa.
192-188 (Roman-Syrian War) 1 year Syrian war against the Seleucid dynasty
192 - (Syrian Wars) The Romans pass a declaration of war against King Antiochus III.
191-189 (Aetolian War) 2 years
191 - Defeat of the Boii by P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of Gn. Scipio and cousin of Scipio Africanus.

Boii drifted into the Danube regions, where one of their settlements became Bohemia.

(Syrian Wars) Roman consul Glabrio embarks for Greece upon hearing of army under Syrian ruler King Antiochus the Great.

(Syrian Wars) The fleet of King Antiochus is defeated by the Romans off the island of Corycus.

Rome conquers and annexes what becomes known as the province of Cisalpine Gaul.
190 - (Syrian Wars) The fleet of King Antiochus is defeated in minor engagements at Side and Myonnesus.

(Syrian Wars) Battle of Magnesia - Defeat of Antiochus by Romans.
189 Manlius Vulso, campaign against eastern Gallic kingdom of Galatia,

Romans agree to peace with the Aetolians.
188 - Second evacuation of Roman troops from Greece.

Full citizen rights are conferred upon the regions of Arpinum and Formiae.
187 - Construction of the Via Aemilia Lepidi, which still exists today.
187 - 173 - The Ligurian Wars.
186 - Roman senate passes a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibs, which bans the Bacchic revelries.
186 - In an expedition against the Gallic Ligurians, consul for the year Marcius Phillipus, was killed along with his two legions in a pass named a
after him later on (Saltus Marcius).
185 - (Spanish Wars) Romans defeat and reconquer the Ebro valley, which was lost after the tribes of the valley rebelled.
184 - Porcius Cato the Elder is elected as censor, and is known afterwards as Cato the Censor.

Construction of the first basilica, the Basilica Porcia in Rome. This is odd due to the fact a man who was famous for his dislike of the Greeks builds
it in that Greek style.

Roman colony is established at Pisaurum in Umbria.
183 - Death of the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca, who poisons himself in order to avoid capture by the Romans.
181-179 (First Celtiberian War) 2 years
181 - Aemilius Paullus uses his army to force the tribe known as the Ingauni into submission to Rome.

Sardinians revolt after Romans end piracy of the Ligurians, but it is quickly put down by an expeditionary force sent to Sardinia.
8

Founding of the city of Aquileia as a Latin colony.
180 - The lex Villia annalis sets ages at which a person may stand for magistracies in the senate and the amount of years between holding of
consecutive consulships (consulship 42, praetor 39, curule aedile 36, quaestor 25).
179 - A new bridge into Rome is completed. It is the first stone bridge, and is called the pons Aemilius.

A new basilica is built in Rome by L. Aemilius Lepidus to celebrate his consulship. It is called the Basilica Aemilia.
178 - A military expedition by the Romans against the Istri occurs.
177 - The consuls are G. Claudius Pulcher and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (first time).
177 - The annexation of Istria into the empire is completed.
174 - The Circus Maximus in Rome is rebuilt after suffering major structural damage.
171-168 (Third Macedonian War) 5 years
171 - (Third Macedonian War) Perseus of Macedon entered into Thessaly and defeated an army under the consul P. Licinius Crassus.
169 - The consuls are G. Claudius Pulcher and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.

(Third Macedonian War) consul, Marcius Phillipus, made a long march across the shoulder of Mt. Olympus, and upon his mere appearance on
Macedonian territory, King Perseus abandoned his entire frontier line.

lex Voconia de milierum hereditatibus is passed. This law restricts rights of women to inherit from wills.
168 - (Third Macedonian War) Battle of Pynda - Romans under Aemilius Paullus, defeated Perseus, King of Macedonia, captured during battle.

(Third Macedonian War) Capture of the Illyrian chieftain Genthius, who had aided Perseus.

The island of Delos is declared a free port.

Polybius is brought to Rome as a hostage from Megalopolis in Greece, and is made a guest of Scipio Aemilianus.
167 - Taxation of Roman citizens is abolished. Taxation now falls only upon allies, Italians and Latins.
166 - 159 - The production of Terence's comedies occurs in Rome.
166 - Death of King Perseus of Macedon.
165 - Rhodes is granted a decree which entitles them to Friend and Ally of Roman People status.
163 - Birth of the tribune of the plebs and demagogue Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.
159 - The first Roman amphitheater is built in Rome by the Pontifex Maximus G. Scribonius Curio.
155-139 (Lusitanian War) 16 years - war of resistance between Roman Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior
155 - A Roman force clears the coast and slightly inland of Dalmatia, making it into a new province.
154-15l (First Numantine War/Second Celtiberian War) 3 years
154 - 133 - The Second Spanish Wars.
154 - (Second Spanish War) Turdetani and Celtiberians rebel again and attack Roman garrisons stationed in the Spanish provinces.

(Second Spanish War) Celtiberian raiders mount an invasion of the province of Further Spain.

King of Cyrene, Ptolemy VII Euergetes Physcon, made his will, promised that upon his death his kingdom would be bequeathed upon Rome.

Romans defeat the Oxybian Ligures in a pitched battle.

The road, the via Cassia, is built.
151 - (Second Spanish War) general Scipio Aemilianus defeats a Spanish chieftain who had challenged him to single combat.

(Second Spanish War) Lusitanians defeat an army under praetor Ser. Sulpicius Galba in Further Spain.

(Second Spanish War) Roman general Lucullus attacks and captures town of Cauca, of tribe Vaccaei. After town surrenders, he indiscriminately
massacred some of the townsfolk.

Carthage declares war on King Masinissa of Numidia.
150-148 (Forth Macedonian War) 2 years
150 - (Second Spanish War) Licinius Lucullus went to the aid of Sulpicius Galba, and inflicted such a defeat on Lusitanians that they were forced to
surrender and accept any terms set by the Romans.

(Fourth Macedonian War) Started under an adventurer who claimed to be a son of King Perseus, called Andriscus.
149 - King Prusias of Bithynia is deposed from his throne by King Attalus II of Pergamum.

The son of Prusias is put on the throne to become the first King Nicomedes. This is the last royal dynasty to rule over Bithynia.
149-146 - (Third Punic War) 3 years The end of the war came with the destruction of Carthage

The work by Cato the Censor, the Origines is published. It is a history of Rome up until that point in time.

A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia
148 - End of (Fourth Macedonian War) defeat of Andriscus by Caecilius Metellus (later Macedonicus) and executed in Thrace.
147 - Seeing the futility of their efforts to keep peace and stability in Macedonia, it is annexed into the empire as a province.
146 - Romans defeat Carthage, capture city, raze it to the ground and sow salt into the ground.

(Second Spanish War) Lusitanians leader Viriathus, who successful guerrilla raids and ambushes on Roman forces.

Achaean War under Mummius, brief with one battle near Corinth. Mummius ordered Corinth razed to the ground.

Achaean League is destroyed and its members dissolved.

The newly acquired region of Greece is constituted into the new Roman province of Achaea.

Africa becomes a province of the Roman Empire.

Senate publishes set of regulations known as leges provinciae, which were basically constitutions and laws for each province.

First Roman temple built from marble, temple of Jupiter Strator,
144 - The aqueduct Aqua Marcia is built.
143-133 (Second Numantine War/Third Celtiberian War) 10 years
143 - (Second Spanish War) The successes of Lusitanians under Viriathus encourages Celtiberians, who revolt against the Romans.
143 - 142 - (Second Spanish War) Caecilius Metellus led a massive campaign in which Celtiberians were defeated and driven from field in Nearer
Spain province.
141 - (Second Spanish War) Lusitanian/Celtiberian rebels under Viriathus forced Fabius Maximus Servillianus into a hopeless position, in which
he is forced to sign a treaty.
140 - (Second Spanish War) The replacement in Spain for Fabius, Servilius Caepio, broke the treaty with the Lusitanians.

Caepio was defeated, but paid the agents of Viriathus to murder their chief. Without a leader, the Lusitanians submitted to Rome.

The tragic playwright, L. Accius, has his first play, Atreus, performed in Rome.

The philosophy, Stoicism, is introduced to Rome.
9
139 - (Second Spanish War) The land of Lusitania is annexed into the Roman Spanish province.
137 - (Second Spanish War) The replacement for Caepio in Spain, Junius Brutus, raided further into enemy territory.
135-132 (First Servile War) 3 years Sicily
134 - The consuls are G. Fulvius Flaccus and P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (second time).
134 - (Second Spanish War) Scipio, blockade stronghold of Numantia.
133 - Slave revolts in Sicily.

King Attalus of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to Rome in a will upon his death.

(Second Spanish War) Numantia capitulates due to hunger. They were treated badly by their conqueror, Scipio who completely destroyed city in
the fashion of Carthage and sold population into slavery.

This marks end of the Spanish Wars, there were minor rebellions, but peninsula stayed relatively peaceful until Sertorian Wars.

After opposing the legislation of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, a fellow tribune named Octavius was voted out of office by Gracchus.

This was a precedent in Roman history, as Gracchus was the first tribune to do this.

Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after approving an agrarian reform
132 - The first servile war breaks out in Sicily.
131 - A new set of laws, passed by tribune Papirius Carbo, leges tabellariae, enacted secret balloting in Rome for the first time.
130 - Roman general M. Perperna defeats army of Aristonicus, who was trying to secure the Pergamene throne by force of arms.
129 - Annexation of the Roman Asia Province. The province of Illyria is annexed into the Empire.
128 - Roman governor Man. Aquillius sells territory of Phrygia to King Mithridates V of Pontus and takes the money for himself.
125 - Latin Rights colony of Fregellae revolts, and repressed. Romans sack town, and its population massacred sold into slavery.

The northwest border of the Empire is established by the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul.

Fulvius Flaccus, an adherent of ideals of G. Sempronius Gracchus, proposes a bill to enfranchise Latin citizens of Italy.
124 - Allobroges and Arverni are attacked by Romans, beginning a war not ended until the arrival of Fabius Maximus (later nicknamed
Allobrogicus) and Domitius Ahenobarbus.
123-2 - Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus, in which the Senatus consultum ultimum de res publica defendenda is passed (otherwise known as the
Senatus Consultum Ultimum, was the ultimate decree, used only in times of crisis).

Romans, under Caecilius Metellus, subjugate the Balearic Isles into the Empire. Metellus is given the nickname Balericus.

Birth of the Roman rebel General Q. Sertorius, in the town of Nersia, Sabini.

The tribune of plebs Sempronius Gracchus passes a bill which makes the senate separate from Ordo Equester, or knights.
122 - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and G. Fannius.

Gallic tribe of the Arverni are subjugated by the Roman general Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.

After passing law in plebeian assembly, Gracchus eliminates most unemployment by engaging unemployed in building roads.

A new city, Colonia Junonia, is ordered to be built on the site of old Carthage. It only lasts 30 years.

For the first time, the juries of the courts are taken off of senators and given to the knights of the ordo Equester.
121 - Death of Gaius Gracchus, who was murdered in the grove of Furrina, near Rome by a mob lead by the consul L. Opimius.

Annexation of southern Gaul, known as the province of Gallia Narbonesis.

Senate approves first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with threat of violence by tribune Gaius Gracchus

A road, via Domitia, is built after conquests of Ahenobarbus, and it runs along coastline of Italy and southern Gaul.
119 - Tribunate of G. Marius under the patronage of the Caecilii Metellii clan.
118 - The consuls are Q. Marcius Rex and M. Porcius Cato.
118 - 117 - Roman armies are engaged in active campaigns in the lands known as Dalmatia.
118 - A colony is established at the top of Spain to become the future important trading town of Narbo.
115 - Mithridates of Pontus is crowned as king of Pontus.
115 - M. Aemilius Scaurus (later Princeps Senatus) is elected as consul.
114 - The consuls are Man. Acilius Balbus and G. Porcius Cato.

Thracian tribe known as Scordisci defeat army under consul G. Porcius Cato, and raids as far as Delphi in Greece.

A bad omen is encountered in the death of a Vestal Virgin, after she is struck by lightning.
l13-101 (Cimbrian War) 12 years
113 - The Land Commission of Gaius Gracchus is dissolved.

The migration of Germans begins. Germans defeat a Roman army under general Gn. Papirius Carbo at the battle of Noreia.

113 & 112 - The consuls of the two years, Caecilius Metellus Caprarius and Livius Drusus, both campaign against the Scordisci, eventually
pushing them back beyond the Danube River.
112 - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and M. Livius Drusus.
112-105 (Jugurthine War) 7 years
112 - (Jugurthine War) Start War when King Jugurtha of Numidia sacks capital Cirta, killing all Roman and Italian citizens there.
110 - (Jugurthine War) The brother of the general Sp. Postumius Albinus, A. Postumius Albinus, uses his brother's army to attack treasure-filled
stronghold of Suthul, in which his constant futile attempts gained no advantage.

(Jugurthine War) Brother of Postumius Albinus, Postumius Albinus, is forced to surrender after being defeated by Jugurtha in a pitched battle. The
survivors are allowed to return to Rome after being made to 'pass beneath the yoke'.

(Jugurthine War) There is a special court set up under the tribune Mamilius called the 'Mamilian Commission'. It is set up to try those commanders
accused of incompetence in the war or with being bought by Jugurtha. The first general of the war L. Calpurnius Bestia, the leader of the initial
peace delegation L. Opimius and the current general Sp. Postumius Albinus were all convicted and sent into exile with a large portion of their
fortunes confiscated.
109 - (Jugurthine War) The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus is appointed as the new commander in the Jugurthine War.

(Jugurthine War) The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus captures the capital city, Cirta, in lesser Africa.

After continuously being denied the right to leave to contest the consular elections by Metellus, he is finally let go 12 days before the election.
Metellus did this to prevent Marius from becoming consul, as he did not think Marius could make it from Africa to Rome in time to contest the
election. Not only did Marius make it, but he was elected as junior consul for that year. He is the first of his gens to become consul.

Sent to face the Germanic invaders, the consul D. Junius Silanus marches with an army. After diplomatic talks, the Germans made requests for land
and pay in order that they be enlisted as mercenaries to fight for Rome. They were refused, and the Germans felt this was an insult, and attacked
10
and smashed through his army, killing almost all of his army, estimated at about eight legions.
108 - (Jugurthine War) First consulship of Gaius Marius, who is given command in war against Jugurtha.
108 - 101? - G. Marius makes reforms in the army. drafts his new army from the proletarii, or poor citizens, of Rome.
107 - The consuls are L. Cassius Longinus and G. Marius (first time).

Battle of Burdigala - against Germans occurs under general Cassius Longinus. It is rout, and almost entire army annihilated.

Marian reforms of Legions put into effect.

(Jugurthine War) G. Marius campaigns in Africa, and after small skirmishes he captured Jugurtha's southernmost stronghold Capsa, after which he
leveled the city to the ground.

(Jugurthine War) In command of his full army, G. Marius reduces other Numidian fortresses, including the fortress at Muluccha, which was the
chief treasure-house of Jugurtha.
106 - (Jugurthine War) King Jugurtha is betrayed by his brother-in-law King Bocchus of Mauretania. He is captured by Sulla.

After camping in Tolosa, Servilius Caepio and his army discover enormous haul of gold, put there by Gauls after they sacked temples of Greece.

Gold of Tolosa sent to Rome by wagon-train, but ambushed and gold is stolen.
105 - Battle of Arausio - The invading tribe of the Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army
104-103 (Second Servile War) 1 year
104/102 - Gaius Marius elected consul for three years in a row

(Jugurthine War) Death of King Jugurtha of Numidia, who was executed after walking in Marius's triumphal parade.

A new revolt breaks out in Sicily.

Roman tragic playwright L. Accius has his play, Tereus, performed in Rome.

Gaius Marius elected consul a second time, and in absentia, to continue the Jugurthine War.

The lex Domitia de sacerdotiis is passed, removing the co-opting of new pontifexes and augurs from the members and putting up positions for
election for the first time in Roman history.
103 - The consuls are L. Aurelius Orestes and G. Marius (third term).

The tribune of the plebs Saturninus passes lex Appuleia de maiestate, which is meant to be 'minor treason', and is used to secure convictions of
incompetent generals.

The patrician consular Servilius Caepio is convicted of stealing Gold of Tolosa by a special court set up by a tribune named Servilius Glaucia (no
relation to Caepio).
102 - The consuls are Q. Lutatius Catulus and G. Marius (fourth time).

The censors G. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus.

Battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae - Marius proceeds to defeat Cimbri and Teutones

The second servile war breaks out in Sicily.
101 - Romans under Marius (proconsul) and Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul) defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae

The consuls are Man. Aquilius and G. Marius (fifth time).

The governor of Macedonia, T. Didius, gained victories over the Scordisci and ensured a fairly durable peace.

The proconsul Man. Aquillius is sent to deal with the slave war in Sicily.

The senate issues a decree that all free states are to help in the eradication of piracy.

The tribunate of L. Appuleius Saturninus.

Cilicia is annexed as a province of Rome.
100 - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and G. Marius (sixth time).

The riots of Saturninus, he and his confederate G. Servilius Glaucia and others are imprisoned in the senate house.

During the night, a group of young senators climb the roof and pelt the prisoners with tiles from the roof, killing them all.

Birth of Julius Caesar in Rome. His parents are Aurelia Cotta and G. Julius Caesar.

Sicilian slave war is ended and the commander, Man. Aquillius, is given an ovation for his victory.
99 - The consuls are A. Postumius Albinus and M. Antonius.
98 - A revolt in Lusitania occurs.
97 - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Licinius Crassus.

The censors are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Antonius.

The proconsul, Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, conquers the island of Crete.

Sulla is elected as a praetor.
96 - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.

The last Ptolemy ruler of Cyrenacia dies, and it is made over to Rome as in the previous will of Ptolemy VII Euergetes Physcon (his last name,
Physcon, roughly means "Gross Belly").

Sulla is sent to Cappadocia to place King Ariobarzanes on the throne after he was deposed by King Mithridates of Pontus.
95 - The consuls are L. Licinius Crassus and Q. Mucius Scaevola.

Tigranes becomes the king of Armenia after spending his youth as a hostage of King Mithridates II of the Parthians.
93 - T. Didius, victor over the Scordisci, completes a victory over the Celtiberians in Spain.
92-62 (Roman-Persian Wars) 30 years
92 - Censor Crassus farm fish on his estates, grows fond of one of them. When fish died, he donned toga pulla (mourning toga) for whole month.
91-88 (Social War) 3 years
91 - The consuls are Sex. Julius Caesar and L. Marcius Phillipus.

Second Sicilian Slave war ended by Roman general Manius Aquillius.

The tribunate of the reformer M. Livius Drusus, who is the son of the man who opposed the Gracchi.

Tribune of plebs M. Livius Drusus tries to legislate for total Italian franchise. He is murdered, thus starting the Social War.

Italian city of Asculum massacres its Roman citizens and prepares for Roman reprisals.
91 - 83 - (Italian War) The Italian/Social War.
90 - The consuls are L. Julius Caesar and P. Rutilius Lupus.

(Italian War) The legate Pompeius Strabo creates a blockade around the city of Asculum.

(Italian War) consul Caesar passes a law, lex Julia de civitate Latinus et sociis danda, which gives the citizenship to those Italians who had not
taken up arms against Rome. This is to consolidate the loyalty of those Italian states that remain loyal.
11
89 - The consuls are Gn. Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Porcius Cato Licinianus.

The censors are L. Julius Caesar and P. Licinius Crassus.

(Italian War) The Roman commander defeats an Italian army outside the city of Nola. He fights in the front lines, and he is able to save his army.
The soldiers of his army then award him the corona murialis (grass crown).

(Italian War) Strabo captures the city of Corfinium (renamed Italica), the capital of what was to become known as a new state of Italia.

(Italian War) The Roman commander L. Cornelius Sulla captures the rebel Italian city of Bovianum Vetus, the old capital of Samnium, which was
the new parliamentary center after the fall of Corfinium.

(Italian War) After a group of feints with a Roman army of 75,000 and an Italian army of 60,000, the consul Gn. Pompeius Strabo lays siege to
Asculum and by the end of the year captures it.
88-85 (First Mithridatic War) 3 years
88 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Sulla (first time) and Q. Pompeius Rufus.

(Italian War) Caecilius Metellus Pius met and defeated army of Italian Q. Pompaedius Silo, who was killed after the battle.

First Mithridatic War) proconsul Aquillius invades Pontic territories with militia of Asia Province and army of King Nicomedes of Bithynia.

First Mithridatic War) This invasion is only started to enrich Aquillius. The army is quickly defeated and Aquillius is captured. To cure his greed,
King Mithridates executed him by pouring molten gold down his throat.

Mithridates of Pontus invades Greece and issues an edict that all Romans and Italians are to be killed. about 110,000 people.
88-87 (First Marian-Sullan Civil War) 1 year




Sulla crosses the pomerium with his legions and invades Rome
(First Mithridatic War) against Mithridates VI of Pontus
Tribunate of P. Sulpicius Rufus, who proposes command of Mithridatic War be given to Marius and tries to pass a law for cancellation of debt.
Death of tribune Sulpicius Rufus, in the city of Lavinium, in Latium, after he was made a public enemy, apprehended and executed. His head was
placed upon a spear and placed in the Forum Romanum.
87 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (first time) and Gn. Octavius Ruso.

Marius marches on Rome with L. Cornelius Cinna, and after a short battle, he occupied Rome.

Marius and Cinna are made joint consuls. Then he and Cinna embark on a series of proscriptions and institute a Terror on the city of Rome,
although Marius is the main perpetrator.

This ceased when Marius died of a third and fatal stroke in 86, during his seventh consulship.

(First Mithridatic War) Start of the First Mithridatic War, under the command of L. Cornelius Sulla.
86 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (second time) and G. Marius (seventh time).

(First Mithridatic War) Athens is captured by Sulla and his army, and is subsequently sacked.

(First Mithridatic War) The battle of Lake Orchomenos - Sulla defeats a larger army of Mithridates under the general Archelaus.

This is a turning point in the war for Mithridates, who reels from the Roman attacks.

(First Mithridatic War) Battle of Chaeroneia - Sulla defeats the armies of Mithridates

Cicero completes his first work on rhetoric, De Inventione Rhetorica.
85 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (third time) and Gn. Papirius Carbo (first time).

(First Mithridatic War) consul appointed to fight against Mithridates, Valerius Flaccus, is murdered by his legatus Flavius Fimbria. He then went
on to attack the Greek cities of Asia who had supported Mithridates.

(First Mithridatic War) The mutineer Flavius Fimbria attacks a reserve army of Mithridates and defeats them, and then appeals to Sulla, L. Licinius
Lucullus, for aid in capturing the king, but he is refused. If Lucullus had agreed, the king would have been captured, the war would have been over
and there would have been no further wars with Pontus.

(First Mithridatic War) The now defeated Mithridates meets with Sulla and signs the treaty of Dardanus. Once this is signed, Sulla caught up with
the army of Fimbria. They deserted to Sulla en masse, and Fimbria took his own life.
84 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (fourth time) and Gn. Papirius Carbo (second time).

Cornelius Cinna is murdered.

New citizens enfranchised by lex Julia, lex Pompeia and lex Papiria are redistributed throughout all thirty-five tribes of Rome.

Julius Caesar is married to the daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, Cornelia. He is 16 years old, while she is 8 years old.
83 - The Roman governor of Spain and future triumvir M. Licinius Crassus Dives joins forces with Sulla.
82-8 I (Second Marian-Sullan Civil War) 1 year



(Civil War) First civil war, between Sulla and popular faction; Sulla wins and becomes dictator
(Civil War) Sulla lands in Italy at the port city of Brundisium,
(Civil War) Many of those who are opposed to the Marians or are by friendship for Sulla flock to join him.
83-82 (Second Mithridatic War) 1 year

(Second Mithridatic War) While Sulla is involved in Italy, a general L. Licinius Murena, starts up a war against Mithridates.
82 - (Civil War) battle of Clusium, which is indecisive occurs under Marian general Gn. Papirius Carbo against L. Cornelius Sulla.

(Civil War) Battle of Faventia, in which Sullan general Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius defeated the army of Gn. Papirius Carbo.

(Second Mithridatic War) After suffering defeats by Mithridates, Murena is recalled to Rome on the pretext of celebrating a triumph. Sulla and
Mithridates agree new peace treaty.

(Civil War) Papirius Carbo flees to Sicily, where he is captured by Sullan general Pompeius Magnus and executed in Lilybaeum.

(Civil War) Sulla is victorious at the battle of the Coline Gate at Rome, defeating the Marian forces as well as contingent of Samnites who had
joined the Marians to march on Rome.

(Civil War) The town of Praeneste, garrisoned by the army of G. Marius the younger, surrenders.

Marius the younger is later found dead in the sewers after trying to escape through them. He committed suicide.
83-72 (Sertorius' revolt) 11 years – Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania
81 - Sulla assumes position of dictator. He makes changes to constitution, including removal of tribunician veto.

He also adopts the title of Felix (the lucky).

(Civil War) Pompeius Magnus captures Africa province, which is still under Marian control at this point under general Gn. Domitius
Ahenobarbus. This is an important victory, as it ensures the food supply to the empire.

Caesar is forced to divorce his wife by Sulla, but he refuses and flees to Asia and joins in the campaign against Mithridates.

Sulla make amendments to the constitution. He creates the following standing courts: de repetundis (extortion), de maiestate (treason), de ambitu
12
(electoral bribery), de sicariis et veneficiis (murder and poisoning), de peculatu (peculation), de iniuria (assault) and de falsis (fraud). A later
amendment in 78 in a lex Plautia established a de vi (violence) court. He set the number of provinces, as well as which provinces should be
assigned to consulars and which to praetors. He also set up proscriptions on his enemies and rich knights, as he was known to have a vendetta
against the Ordo Equester.

Sulla appoints Metellus Pius as Pontifex Maximus.

(Second Mithridatic War) The second Mithridatic war comes to an end. King Mithridates is successful.
80 - The consuls are L. Cornelius Sulla (second time) and Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius.

The start of the Sertorian War under Q. Sertorius, one of the remaining Marian generals.

Julius Caesar goes with an army under L. Licinius Lucullus to suppress a revolt at the city of Mitylene on the island of Lesbos.

He is awarded the corona civica (oak crown) for saving a cohort from destruction.

Ciceros first major case defending Sex. Roscius against proscriptions of Sulla. He wins, and publishes trial as Pro Sextius Roscius Amerino
79 - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus.

(Italian War) The city of Nola finally surrenders and the city is razed to the ground.

ex-consul P. Servilius Vatia is given the governorship of Cilicia and given as long as is necessary to defeat the pirate menace.

Sulla resigns the dictatorship.

(Italian War) The fanatical rebel city of Volaterrae is finally captured after it is starved to death.
78 - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus.

Death of L. Cornelius Sulla, in a villa outside the city of Puteoli.

The ex-consul P. Servilius Vatia begins a widespread attack on land and sea against the pirates in Lycia.

Julius Caesar joins P. Servilius Vatia in his campaigns against the pirates, raising a fleet for him.
77 - The consuls are Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus and D. Junius Brutus.

The revolt of anti-Sullan consul M. Aemilius Lepidus. He is eventually brought to battle by the other consul, Q. Lutatius Catulus, and is routed in
a battle near the Quirinal hill at Rome.

Caesar conducts his first trial. He prosecutes governor of Macedonia, Cornelius Dolabella Minor.

He is unsuccessful, but his advocacy is brilliant.

(Sertorian War) The remnants of the defeated army of the rebel Lepidus join the forces of Q. Sertorius in Spain.

(Sertorian War) Reinforcements for governor of Spain, Metellus Pius, are sent under an equal ranking Pompeius (later Magnus).
76 - The consuls are Gn. Octavius and G. Scribonius Curio.

(Sertorian War) Metellus Pius inflicts a minor defeat on the Sertorian lieutenant L. Hirtuleius.

Servilius Vatia ejects the pirates from Pamphylia, destroying the stronghold of a pirate admiral known as Zenecities.

The tribunes of the plebs begin to actively agitate for the full restoration of the powers of the tribunes of the plebs.
75 - The consuls are G. Aurelius Cotta and L. Octavius.

(Sertorian War) Caecilius Metellus Pius annihilates the army of the Sertorian lieutenant Lucius Hirtuleius at the Battle of Segovia.

Bithynia is bequeathed to Rome in the will of King Nicomedes III. Rome accepts this, and immediately encounters threats and opposition from
Mithridates of Pontus, who claims that the kingdom belongs to the daughter of Nicomedes, Nysa, who is a hostage of Mithridates.

(Sertorian War) Pompeius defeated in a battle with Sertorius near River Sucro and later enters an indecisive battle near the town of Saguntum.

Travelling to Rhodes to study rhetoric, Caesar is captured by pirates.

Servilius Vatia campaigns inland to stretch the borders of Cilicia in order to move against the remainder of the pirate castles.

Sulla made tribunes of plebs impotent, he also made it so that an ex-tribune could not hold higher magistracies. The consul G. Aurelius Cotta
repealed this measure in this year.
74 - The consuls are M. Aurelius Cotta and L. Licinius Lucullus.
74-71 - Start of the (Third Mithridatic War) under L. Licinius Lucullus.

(Third Mithridatic War) Julius Caesar leaves Rhodes, where he is studying rhetoric, after hearing about Pontic army under Mithridates in Roman
Asia province. After arriving there, he raises a private army from militia of Asia province and defeats Pontic army near town of Tralles.

(Sertorian War) minor successes of Sertorius force Metellus Pius and Pompeius Magnus to abandon stronghold of Pallantia.

(Third Mithridatic War) The Roman consular M. Aurelius Cotta is defeated in a battle near the town of Chalcedon.

Creation of the new Roman province of Bithynia, later renamed Bithynia-Pontus.

The ex-praetor M. Antonius is given a command against the pirates with unlimited aquatic imperium.
74/73 - Antonius makes slight inroads into pirate menace in western seas, thereby helping Pompeius Magnus against Q. Sertorius.
73-71 (Third Servile War/ Spartacus) 2 years
73 - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and M. Terentius Varro Lucullus.

The slave revolt under Sparticus, who raises a revolt amongst his fellow gladiators and breaks out of the Gladiator school.

Julius Caesar is elected as a military tribune and is posted under the staff of M. Licinius Crassus.
73-67 (Third Mithridatic War) 6 years

(Third Mithridatic War) A hastily brought together fleet under Lucullus defeats a Pontic squadron off Lemnos under an admiral Archelaeus.

The future conspirator L. Sergius Catalina is acquitted after being charged with seducing a Vestal Virgin.
72 - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Publicola.

(Sertorian War) End of the Sertorian War. Q. Sertorius is killed in Spain, murdered by his legate M. Perperna Viento. After this, Perperna is lead
into a trap and he is captured while his entire army is killed. He is later executed by Pompeius.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus is unsuccessful in his siege of Amisus.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus engages in a battle with an invading force of Thracian tribes, and defeats them.

M. Antonius transfers his fleets to Aegean region, firstly suffers a naval defeat off Crete, and then is defeated again in a land battle on Crete.
71 - (Spartican War) End of the revolt of Sparticus, when his army is defeated in Lucania by M. Licinius Crassus.
71 - (Third Mithridatic War) Capture of the town of Heraclea by M. Aurelius Cotta.
70 - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus (first time) and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (first time).

The censors are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Publicola.

(Third Mithridatic War) The defeat of Mithridates forces near the fortress of Cabira (73) destoryed any real resistance. By this point the Romans
have completed the reduction of all the fortified towns of Pontus.

Joint consulship of Pompeius and Crassus. During this consulship, constitution of Sulla weakened, tribunes of plebs given back right to veto.
13

A praetor, G. Aurelius Cotta, passes a lex Aurelia, which makes the first theoretically impartial juries, composed of men from the senate, first class
of the Ordo Equester and those who qualify under the census as tribuni aerarii.

Cicero prosecutes governor Verres on behalf of his Sicilian clients, for extortion and governmental incompetence from his governorship of Sicily.
Verres is found guilty by a jury and is sent into exile. He publishes the trial, called In Verrum.

Pontus is annexed and created into a new province by L. Licinius Lucullus.

first censors elected since 86, Gellius Popicolla and Cornelius Lentulus perform revision of senate rolls and expel sixty-four members.
69 - Pirates attack Ostia, took captive two ex-praetors, several notable citizens, several barges full of grain meant for winter.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades Armenia, stating the reason as King Tigranes of Armenia had given help to Mithridates and
was now sheltering Mithridates. Lucullus then went on to capture the new capital of Armenia at Tigranocerta.

Pirate admirals launch an offensive which leads to the sacking of the harbor of Delos, leaving it ruined forever.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus is stripped of his governorship in Asia (69) and Cilicia (68).
68 - Julius Caesar marries Pompeia Sulla, who is the granddaughter of Sulla Dictator and a relative of Gn. Pompeius Magnus.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades northern Armenia and defeats the combined forces of King Mithridates and King Tigranes
near Artaxata, but turns back with the onset of winter and the refusal of his men to go any further.

(Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus captures the Armenian city of Nisibis.

The ex-consul Caecilius Metellus fights two hard campaigns against pirates of Crete, subdues island and annexes it as Roman province.

Mutinies break out in Lucullus's army due in large part to his brother, Clodius Pulcher, and his army refuses to march any further.

Julius Caesar enters the senate as a quaestor.
67 - Tribune Gabinius passes lex Gabinia. This gives command to Pompeius, given unlimited imperium on water to fight pirate menace.

Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates

(Third Mithridatic War) Mithridates threatened a Roman military base, and thus caused a Roman army to come to the aid. The result was the battle
of Zela, which turned into a confusing defeat for the Romans under Lucullus's lieutenant G. Triarius.

(Third Mithridatic War) The stripping of the army from Lucullus leaves him helpless as the kings Mithridates and Tigranes take back all of their
lost territory. The war territory returns to much the same state as it did in 74.

(Third Mithridatic War) Pompeius Magnus is given command in the war, replacing Licinius Lucullus. creates province of Syria.

Praetors are now required by law to abide by their edicta, which was a published guide how they would do their job, like a list of principles. These
had been in existence since the early days of Rome, but until now never had a force in law.
66-63 (Fourth Mithridatic War) 3 years
66 - The consuls are Man. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcacius Tullus.

(Fourth Mithridatic War) A law passed by a tribune of the plebs, the lex Manlia, gives Pompey the command against the two kings Mithridates and
Tigranes, and strips all power and title from L. Licinius Lucullus.

(Foutth Mithridatic War) Gn. Pompeius Magnus defeats King Mithridates at the battle of Dastria, in which the remainder of the Pontic army is
annihilated. Gn. Pompeius Magnus founds the city of Nicopolis (Victory City) on the site.
65 - Catalina is defeated in his bid to be elected consul, and in his fury he plotted to assassinate the successful candidates Manlius Torquatus and
L. Aurelius Cotta. But so careless was he, that his plan was frustrated and cancelled easily.

Julius Caesar is elected as a curule aedile.
64 - The consuls are L. Julius Caesar and G. Marcius Figulus.

Squabbling brothers John Hyrcanus and Aristobulus refer a dispute of succession between them to Pompeius, who sides with the weaker elder
brother Hyrcanus. The partisans of Aristobulus refuse to accept this, refused to admit Pompeius's officers into city and held out against Romans.
Pompeius, already having moved away into Transjordan area, backtracked to Jerusalem, laid siege for three months and then capturing the city.

After being defeated in his third attempt as consul by Cicero and Antonius Hybrida, Catalina begins to plot a revolution.

After a revolt in Syria, the Seleucid monarchy ends and the Romans annex the province of Syria.

63 Fall of Jerusalem

The consuls are G. Antonius Hybrida and M. Tullius Ciciero.

(Fourth Mithridatic War) Mithridates proposes a new campaign, which is opposed by his soldiers. He is killed when his son, Pharnaces, storms the
fortress-city of Calabria. Rather than live to see the end of this revolt he orders his Gallic bodyguard to run him through with his sword.
63-62 (Catilinarian Civil War) 1 year
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Cataline Conspiracy. Cicero uncovers the plot, arrests conspirators and immediately executes them under the Senatus Consultum Ultimum.
Catalina manages to field a rebel army, but is defeated in a battle against the general G. Antonius Hybrida, near Pistoria, Etruria.
Pompeius Magnus marches with an army against Nabataeans in northern Arabia who had taken possession of Damascus.
Cicero is defense lawyer in a case against Caesar. The verdict is never given, and trial is published as Pro G. Rabirio perduellionis.
lex Labiena, passed by tribune Labienus, puts election for Pontifex Maximus to election, when it had been reverted to tradition of co-opting by
college of Pontifices by Sulla. This law is thought to have been passed for benefit of Julius Caesar, who was known to be in debt at this point.

Julius Caesar is elected as Pontifex Maximus.
62 - Julius Caesar is elected as praetor. Coming in at the top of the poll, he is the praetor urbanus.

The religious colleges, like those of the Crossroads Colleges, are suppressed and forced to close doors in some cases.

Bona Dea scandal, believed to be caused by Clodius Pulcher, occurs at house of Julius Caesar, whose wife is hosting festivities.

Caesar divorces his wife Pompeia Sulla after scandal, stating "Caesar's wife, like all of Caesar's family, must be above suspicion".
61 - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla Niger and M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus.
60 - The consuls are L. Afranius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer.
59 - The consuls are Julius Caesar (first time) and M. Calpurnius Bibulus.

The first triumvirate is formed by M. Licinius Crassus, Gn. Pompeius Magnus and G. Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar marries Calpurnia, the daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso.

Julius Caesar is elected senior consul in Rome.

In an attempt to defeat the ambition of Caesar, his enemies at Rome moved a motion that instead of being given provinces, they be made
commissioners of forests and cattle paths. The triumvirate members quickly defeated this motion.

Through the agency of his tame tribune of the plebs P. Vatinius, a lex Vatinia was passed, which gave Caesar the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul
and Illyricum for five years. After the death of the governor of Narbonese Gaul, he is given this extra province by the senate, who realize that he
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will use the plebeian assembly to give it to him anyway.
The senate recognizes Ptolemy Auletes in his claim as the new king of Egypt.
In order to be elected as tribune of plebs, Clodius Pulcher persuades Pontifex Maximus Caesar to adopt him into plebeian family.
The daughter of Caesar, Julia, is married to Pompeius Magnus to reinforce the triumvirate.
58-51 (Gallic Wars) 7 years
58 - Gallic tribes who are allies of Rome invite a German chieftain, named Ariovistus of the Germanic Suebi, to help against rivals, but soon this
soon turned into what amounted to an invasion of these lands.

Julius Caesar who was asked to help by the Gallic allies attacked him. Ariovistus was driven out of and across the Rhine in a rout.

This is the start of the Gallic Wars.

(Gallic Wars) The Germanic chieftain Ariovistus leads an attack on the Sequani stronghold of Vesontio.

(Gallic Wars) A large migration of a Gallic tribe known as the Helvetii endangers the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul.

King Ptolemy Auletes of Egypt is driven out of Alexandria.

The tribunate of P. Clodius Pulcher, who legislates for a special command to be given to M. Porcius Cato to annex the island of Cyprus. He also
plans to legislate for a free grain dole to be paid for out of the treasury of Cyprus.

The tribune Clodius Pulcher makes it legal once again for the operation of the religious colleges to run their duties and sodalities.

Romans take over the town of Turicum (modern Zurich).

The island of Cyprus is annexed by Rome under the praetor M. Porcius Cato.

Clodius Pulcher tries Cicero for his execution of traitors of the Cataline conspiracy. Cicero is condemned, and forced into exile.

(Gallic Wars) A small battle occurs near the town of Autun.
57 - Gangs under P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo start street warfare.

(Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar is threatened by a coalition of all the Belgic tribes except the Remi, at the so-called Battle of the Aisne. The battle never
occurred, due to bad supply arrangements by the Gallic army.

Caesar simply waited until they departed from lack of supplies. Following the leaving Gallic army,

Caesar in an incredibly quick campaign defeated them while on retreat and reduced what is now northern France.

(Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar lets himself be surprised by a lesser Gallic coalition headed by the tribe known as the Nervii.

His army was all but defeated on the banks of the Sambre River, and it was only the quick thinking of Caesar and the battle training of the legions
from preventing the annihilation and the end of the Gallic Wars.

As it was, Caesar gradually turned the tables on the Nervii and defeated them.

Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar subdues the tribes of the Belgae, such as the Nervii and the Atrebates.

(Gallic Wars) Caesar relaxes his army, believing Gaul to be subdued. But the Gallic Veneti proclaimed their independence and hoped to force
Caesar into a stalemate by retiring into their shoreline strongholds.

Bringing a navy to attack, his admiral D. Brutus invented scythes on long poles to destroy the Gallic ships rigging.

Thus left motionless, ships were boarded, crews were killed and ships were sunk. Caesar the used fleet and army to attack Veneti strongholds
which eventually capitulated. Caesar punished their rebellion by mass executions of the men and sale into slavery of the women and children.
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Cicero is recalled from exile by the tribune T. Annius Milo.
56 - (Gallic Wars) Caesar suppresses the revolt of the Gallic Morini with difficulty. He captures their harbors, including one renamed Portus Itus that he
uses as a launching point for his journeys to Britain.
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Conference of the First Triumvirate at Luca.
55 - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus (second term) and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (second term).

(Gallic Wars) Caesar defeats two immigrating German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri. The survivors offer their services as mercenaries to the
Gallic tribes, who us them against Caesar.

(Gallic Wars) Caesar bridges the Rhine, the first Roman to do so, in order to raid Germany.
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(Gallic Wars) Caesar becomes the first Roman to land on the uncharted island of Britain.

Pompeius Magnus builds and dedicates the first stone theatre in Rome.

Cicero writes his work, De Oratore.
54 - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.

(Gallic Wars) A king of the tribe known as the Eburones, Ambiorix, tricks a contingent of one and a half legions into leaving a camp and entering
a gorge area, where they were destroyed.
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54-52 - Riots between Clodius and Milo's gangs erupt again. Clodius is found murdered by Milo on the Via Appia, outside the town of Bovillae,
Latium. Milo is tried, convicted and sent into exile.
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proconsul A. Gabinius is sent to Egypt, where he fulfills his duty to restore King Ptolemy Auletes to his throne in Alexandria.

Death of Julia, the daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompeius Magnus. She died from loss of blood after a miscarriage.
53 - (Gallic Wars) A new rebellion, erupting due to success of Ambiorix, by Nervii attacks camp of Cicero and legion under his command. After
withstanding siege for some weeks, Caesar managed by forced march to reach the camp and relieve it by engaging the attackers and defeating them.

(Gallic Wars) rebellions encourage yet another, far larger and more serious rebellion by the Gauls under an Arvernian chieftain Vercingetorix.

Rioting breaks out in Rome due to the gang battles between the rivals P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo.

Battle of Carrhae - Defeat of a Roman Army at the against Parthians under Crassus, who is killed in the battle.
52 - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (third time).

Gallic Wars) Caesar marches his available army across a narrow goat track high in the mountains and enters Gallia Comata without the immediate
knowledge of Vercingetorix.

(Gallic Wars) One of Caesar's legates, T. Labienus, defeats an army of Gauls under command of Camulogenus near site of Lutetia.

The city of Lutetia (modern Paris) is founded by G. Julius Caesar.

Gallic Wars) Siege of Avaricum by G. Julius Caesar. This is the oppidium (citadel) of the Gallic tribe known as the Bituriges.

(Gallic Wars) Caesar attempts to besiege the city of Gergovia, the stronghold of the Avernii. But a miscalculation by Caesar causes a reversal. This
is the first major defeat suffered by the Romans in Gaul.

(Gallic Wars) Caesar again disappears and rejoins forces with those of his legatus Labienus without being found by Vercingetorix.

(Gallic Wars) An attempted attack on the province of Gallia Narbonensis is tried by Vercingetorix. Caesar rushes there to defend the province, and
in a battle near modern Dijon, Vercingetorix attempts to waylay the Roman forces with his cavalry, but the German cavalry charged into the Gauls
who had been unnerved by Germanic war-cry and inflicted heavy losses, as did infantry.
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(Gallic Wars) Seige of Alesia.
Pompeius Magnus is elected as consul without a colleague in an attempt to prevent him from assuming the dictatorship.
violence caused by gangs of Clodius and Milo came to a head, when gang of Milo killed Clodius and group on the via Appia.
Out of land gained from the conquests of Caesar, the provinces are Belgica, Aquitania and Lugdunesis are created.
Cicero takes up the defense of Milo, who is prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius by G. Sallustius Crispus. Cicero is unable to deliver his
speech, and Milo is exiled to Massilia. Cicero publishes his unsaid speeches in a work called Pro Milone.
51 - The consuls are M. Claudius Marcellus and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus.
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(Gallic Wars) The remainder of the Gallic army from the battle of Alesia holds out in the citadel of Uxellodunum. Their water supply is cut off and
they soon surrender, and Caesar cuts off both the hands of 4,000 the defenders of Uxellodunum.

Parthians invade Syria but repelled by quaestor G. Cassius Longinus. After death of Crassus, he takes over governorship of Syria.
50 - M. Antonius is elected as an augur.
49-45 (Caesar's civil war) 4 years
49 - Martial law is proclaimed by the consuls in Rome.
49 - (Civil War) Start of the civil war, when Caesar crosses the Rubicon River, proclaiming "aelia jacta est" ('the die is cast").

(Civil War) Caesar surrounds the Pompeian commander L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and three legions at Corfinium. This resulted in capitulation by
Ahenobarbus, who Caesar pardoned and enlisted those of Ahenobarbus's soldiers who wanted to in his legions.

(Civil War) Battle of Utica, - Caesarian general in Africa, G. Scribonius Curio, defeated a large number of Numidian horse and foot sent by King
Juba to aid Attius Varus. Although many got away, the Caesarian legions slaughtered many of their infantry.

(Civil War) After initial successes by the legatus G. Scribonius Curio in Africa against King Juba of Numidia and P. Attius Varus, he is led into a
trap in which he is killed and his two legions are destroyed.

(Civil War) Pompeian legates M. Petronius and L. Afranius are almost bloodlessly defeated at the battle of Ilerda. The surrendered Pompeian
troops are given the option of joining Caesar's army, while the rest are discharged.

49 - (Civil War) Death of the Pompeian admiral M. Calpurnius Bibulus.
48 - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (second time) and P. Servilius Vatia (first time).

Trying to return to Rome from exile, Milo raises army of debt ridden soldiers and marches on Rome, but is defeated by a hastily gathered army.
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48 - (Civil War) Battle of Dyrrachium in Greece, in which Caesar suffers a major defeat at the hands of the Pompeians and is forced to retreat
further into Thessaly, near the old throne of Alexander the Great. One of the centurions, Cassius Scaeva, was blinded in one eye, wounded on both
waist and shoulder, and his shield bristled with 120 arrows, and yet still continued to fight.

(Civil War) Battle of Pharsalus, Caesar defeated Pompeius Magnus. Pompeius then fled to Egypt.

(Civil War) Death of Pompey, decapitated in Egypt by Ptolemy XII.

Terentius Varro is appointed as librarian of Rome by Caesar.
47 - (Civil War) While in Alexandria to sort out the dynastic dispute between the Ptolemies, Caesar is attacked and trapped in the palace quarter of
Alexandria by the young King Ptolemy XII. He comes close to being defeated, but he was saved by a relief force rounded up by a eastern general known
as Mithridates of Pergamum.

(Civil War) Battle of Thapsus in Africa. Caesar destroyed Pompeian garrison under Metellus Scipio.

Battle of Zela, Caesar against Pharnaces of Pontus, son of Mithridates, and his army. Famous quote veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).

(Civil War) The tenth legion, Caesar's favorite from the Gallic Wars, mutinies and marches on Rome. Caesar stops the mutiny by arriving in person
and commands them to disband. This bluff works and they return to their garrison.
46 - The consuls are Caesar (third time) and Lepidus (first time).
46 - Caesar reforms the Roman calendar, and so it virtually coincides with today's calendar.
45 - The consuls are Caesar (fourth time) without a colleague.

(Civil War) Battle of Munda. remainder of notable Pompeian officers except for Sextus Pompeius, Pompeius Magnus, was killed.

This ended the civil wars.

To celebrate his victories, Julius Caesar holds a feast for 24,000 in the forum.

Cicero publishes his work, Academica.

Julian calander is introduced to Rome.
44 - The consuls are Caesar (fifth time) and M. Antonius (first time).

Ides (15th) of March. Caesar is assassinated by fellow senators, even those he trusted such as M. Junius Brutus.

One of the assassinators of Caesar, and also one of his most trusted lieutenants, G. Trebonius, is put to death by the loyal Caesarian Dolabella.

Death of the Dacian king Burebistas.

Cicero completes his work De Officiis.

Aemilius Lepidus is appointed as the new Pontifex Maximus to replace the dead Caesar.

Cicero delivers the '12 Phillipics' against M. Antonius, in order to urge the senate to declare war against Antonius.
44-42 (Liberators' civil war) 2 years

Third Roman civil war, between assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Mark Antony
44-36 (Sicilian revolt) 8 years
43 – Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the second triumvirate

A battle occurs at Forum Gallorum between Octavius and Antony.

After laying siege to the city of Mutina, Antony raises the siege and moves away from the town.

Caesarian general and one of the murderers of Caesar, D. Brutus, is defeated and killed in Gaul by M. Antonius.

Founding of the city of Lugdunum (modern Lyon).

Death of M. Tullius Cicero, in the town of Formiae, Latium. He was executed as a proscribed senator.

The exile G. Verres is proscribed and killed.
42 - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and L. Munatius Plancus.

First battle of Phillipi, - Brutus was defeated and consequently committed suicide, rather than be captured and executed.

The second battle of Phillipi - Cassius Longinus, is killed by Octavianus and M. Antonius.

This is the end of the fighting, and the death of the last of Caesar's murderers.
16
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Caesar is officially declared a god by senate, led by his nephew Octavianus, who is proclaimed as divui filius (son of a god).
41 - The consuls are P. Servilius Vatia (second time) and L. Antonius.
41-40 (Fulvia's civil war/Perusine War) 1 year

Perusine war occurs in Italy, under command of G. Julius Caesar Octavianus.

Antonius, brother of the rebel M. Antonius, surrenders Perusia to Octavianus.
40 - The treaty of Brundisium is signed by Octavianus, Antonius and Lepidus. This is the forming of the second triumvirate.

The Jew Herod is appointed as king of Judaea by the Senate.

Parthian invasion, under Parthian named Pacorus, of Syria occurs. Most Roman gains in east are lost in very quick succession.
39 - 38 - Battles of Mt. Amanus and Mt. Gindarus, - army under Ventidius defeats Parthian invasion and pushes invaders out of their newly
conquered territories quicker than they had gained them, bribed to cease his advances by Parthians
38 - During his campaigns, M. Antonius captures the city of Samosata.
38 - Approximate date the Roman writer and poet Virgil completes his works, the Eclogues.
37 - The consuls are L. Caninius Gallus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (first time).
37 - 30 - The Roman poet Horace writes the Satires.
36 - Sex. Pompeius Magnus Pius is brought to battle and defeated by the legate of Octavianus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa.

The reality of the triumvirate breaks up when M. Aemilius Lepidus is ousted from the grouping.

Antony's Parthian campaign ends in failure
35 - The consuls are L. Cornificius and Sex. Pompeius.
34 - The consuls are M. Antonius (second term) and L. Scribonius Libo. Emperor Augustus finishes his work, the Res Gestae.
33 - The consuls are Augustus and L. Volcacius Tullus.

The knight T. Pomponius Atticus learns he has fatal illness, and he dies after five days of voluntary self starvation.
32 - Renewal of the treaty of Brundisium, with the treaty of Tarentum signed by only Octavian and Antony.
32-30 (Final war of the Roman Republic) 2 years
31 - The consuls are Augustus (second term) and M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus.

Battle of Actium. Civil War between M. Antonius and G. Julius Caesar Octavianus (later Augustus).
30 - The consuls are Augustus (third term) and M. Licinius Crassus (first term).

Licinius Crassus, the son of the defeated triumvir, takes an army and campaigns in the Balkan regions.

He drove the Bastarnae back across the Danube river, and reduced the Moesian and Thracian tribes, and Moesia was incorporated into Macedonia.
This line of provinces set the border of the empire in this region as the Danube River.

Death of M. Antonius and Cleopatra in Alexandria. Egypt is annexed as an imperial province of Rome.

Roman writer and poet, Horace, completes his work the Epodes.
29 - The consuls are Augustus (fourth term) and Sex. Appuleius.

Roman poet Virgil completes his work the Georgics.

The doors of the temple of Janus are closed.
28 - The consuls are Augustus (fifth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (second term).

The censors are Imperator Caesar Augustus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa.

Octavianus reduces the number of senators from 1,000 to 800 men.

Roman architect and writer Vitruvius completes his work On Architecture.

The dedication of a temple of Apollo in Rome occurs.

Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis (see Cantabrian Wars)
27 – 13 Jan Augustus offer to return his powers to senate but is refused.

End of Republic, beginning of Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar and becomes sole ruler of Rome

The consuls are Augustus (sixth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (third term).

The first 300 men of the legions, reformed into a bodyguard for the emperor known as the Praetorian Guard by Augustus.
26 - The consuls are Augustus (seventh time) and T. Statilius Taurus.

Emperor Augustus campaigns against the Sabaeans secured the sea trade to Somalia and India.

Augustus campaigns in a war known as the Cantabrian War.

prefect of Egypt, Cornelius Gallus, is recalled disgrace after he erects statues to himself in his province.

Augustus begins Pax Romana, Roman Peace which lasts for around 200 years.
25 - The consuls are Augustus (eighth time) and M. Junius Silanus.

The province of Galatia is annexed into the Empire.
24 - The consuls are Augustus (ninth time) and G. Norbanus Flaccus.
23 - The consuls are Augustus (tenth time) and A. Terentius Varro Murena.

Augustus is given almost virtual imperial powers, as well as power of tribunes of the plebs, including inviolability. Augustus is seen as emperor.

Roman writer Horace completes his works the Odes.
22 - Abolishment of the office of censor.
20 - Augustus recovers the standards of the legions lost by Crassus from the Parthians.
20 - Reconstruction on the Great Temple in Jerusalem is begun by the Jewish king Herod Agrippa.
19 - The Roman poet Virgil completes one of the great literary pieces in history, the Aeneid.
19 - The arch of Augustus is constructed in Rome.
17 - Establishment of the ludi seculares, or the secular games, in honor of Augustus by Augustus.
16 - The province of Noricum is incorporated in the Empire.
16/15 – Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes
15 - Tiberius and his brother Drusus both subdue the Germanic tribes of the Vindelici and Rhaeti.
13 - The consuls are Tiberius (first term) and P. Quinctilius Varus.
13 - Dedication of the theatre of Marcellus in Rome.
12/7 – Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes
12 - The emperor Augustus is given the position of Pontifex Maximus.
12 - Death of the Roman general and heir to Augustus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
17
11 - The first appointed curator aquarum, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, is appointed by Augustus.
9 - The Pannonian War is successfully completed by Tiberius.
9 - The Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar to Augustan Peace) is completed.
8 - The Germannic Marcomanni and Quadi drive the Gallic Boii out of Bohemia.
6 - The region of Paphlagonia is added to the province of Galatia.
5 - The consuls are Augustus (eleventh time) and L. Cornelius Sulla.
5 - Date of birth of Jesus Christ.
2 - The consuls are Augustus (twelfth time) and M. Plautius Silvanus.
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Augustus is now given the title of pater patriae by the senate.

Construction of the Forum of Augustus is completed.
 Dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor occurs in Rome