A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by
... 2002 Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities for Classical Studies. She is currently conducting research into Roman military discipline. Louis Rawlings is a lecturer in ancient history at Cardiff University. His research interests include Italian, Greek, Punic, and Gallic warfare, especially the mil ...
... 2002 Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities for Classical Studies. She is currently conducting research into Roman military discipline. Louis Rawlings is a lecturer in ancient history at Cardiff University. His research interests include Italian, Greek, Punic, and Gallic warfare, especially the mil ...
A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP
... Neapolis in Campania.1 This event ignited the Second Samnite War, which lasted until 304. This war strained the magisterial structure of the Roman polity more than any conflict in its history up to that point. The Romans confronted this challenge by employing the office of dictator. In fact, during ...
... Neapolis in Campania.1 This event ignited the Second Samnite War, which lasted until 304. This war strained the magisterial structure of the Roman polity more than any conflict in its history up to that point. The Romans confronted this challenge by employing the office of dictator. In fact, during ...
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and
... homo, or “new man,” which indicated that he was not born into one of the powerful consular families and that he was the first person in his family to achieve the consulship, and he also was born into a family near Arpinum, a town in Latium. Marius had risen to success by his martial ability and the ...
... homo, or “new man,” which indicated that he was not born into one of the powerful consular families and that he was the first person in his family to achieve the consulship, and he also was born into a family near Arpinum, a town in Latium. Marius had risen to success by his martial ability and the ...
The Spartacus War. - Michigan War Studies Review
... to do once over the Alps is uncertain: set up an independent kingdom? Return home to Thrace? The summer of 72 saw the high point of the rebellion. While a Roman army annihilated Crixus in the south, Spartacus defeated both Roman consuls of the year—a stunning achievement—and reached the Po Valley. F ...
... to do once over the Alps is uncertain: set up an independent kingdom? Return home to Thrace? The summer of 72 saw the high point of the rebellion. While a Roman army annihilated Crixus in the south, Spartacus defeated both Roman consuls of the year—a stunning achievement—and reached the Po Valley. F ...
THE LOGISTICS OF THE ROMAN ARMY AT WAR (264 B.C.
... The logistics of the Roman army at war : (264 b.c. - a.d. 235) / by Jonathan P. Roth. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 1998 (Columbia studies in the classical tradition ; Vol. 23) ISBN 90–04–11271–5 ...
... The logistics of the Roman army at war : (264 b.c. - a.d. 235) / by Jonathan P. Roth. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 1998 (Columbia studies in the classical tradition ; Vol. 23) ISBN 90–04–11271–5 ...
Polybius, Syracuse, and the - Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
... not that of Fabius Pictor. Even more important for our purpose, Polybius consciously allowed this depiction of Hiero to suggest to his readers a favorable response to the first decision by a Greek statesman in the Histories to seek an accommodation with Roman power. And if there is perhaps some exag ...
... not that of Fabius Pictor. Even more important for our purpose, Polybius consciously allowed this depiction of Hiero to suggest to his readers a favorable response to the first decision by a Greek statesman in the Histories to seek an accommodation with Roman power. And if there is perhaps some exag ...
The Grand Strategy: A Study on Hannibal`s Stratagem During the
... are still problems with his text that must be accounted for by modern historians.10 Like Livy, Polybius was not an actual witness to many of the events that he describes though he lived around the same period. He is also from Greece, which may not accurately account for some of the motivations of th ...
... are still problems with his text that must be accounted for by modern historians.10 Like Livy, Polybius was not an actual witness to many of the events that he describes though he lived around the same period. He is also from Greece, which may not accurately account for some of the motivations of th ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E Woody
... XXX You have changed History! (You really need to pay closer attention.) Because of the Specificity of Orders Problem, Scipio has no real choice but to send his troops on to Spain, because that is what the Senate ordered him to do. He did, however, return to Rome himself, to raise another army, and ...
... XXX You have changed History! (You really need to pay closer attention.) Because of the Specificity of Orders Problem, Scipio has no real choice but to send his troops on to Spain, because that is what the Senate ordered him to do. He did, however, return to Rome himself, to raise another army, and ...
ISBN: 978-0-9861084-1-9 - Classical Wisdom Weekly
... Very little about Parthia is known or discussed in modern history, not because of lack of interest, but because there exist only limited resources on the once-great nation. Moreover, it is one sided, as much of the history is primarily from Roman sources, since Parthia left us with little to nothing ...
... Very little about Parthia is known or discussed in modern history, not because of lack of interest, but because there exist only limited resources on the once-great nation. Moreover, it is one sided, as much of the history is primarily from Roman sources, since Parthia left us with little to nothing ...
the republican soldier: historiographical representations and human
... Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, which examines the social and cultural implications of discipline in the army.1 Unfortunately it lies on the other side of the late Republican divide, dealing with the period post-Marius and particularly the professional army of the Empire. Part ...
... Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, which examines the social and cultural implications of discipline in the army.1 Unfortunately it lies on the other side of the late Republican divide, dealing with the period post-Marius and particularly the professional army of the Empire. Part ...
THE INFLUENCE OF HANNIBAL OF CARTHAGE ON THE ART OF
... conflict, and although he achieved no significant victories, he had at least been able to avoid defeat during his campaigning in Sicily. 11 The end result of over two decades of fighting was disastrous for Carthage. Her military power had been severely eroded and her unchallenged mastery of the seas ...
... conflict, and although he achieved no significant victories, he had at least been able to avoid defeat during his campaigning in Sicily. 11 The end result of over two decades of fighting was disastrous for Carthage. Her military power had been severely eroded and her unchallenged mastery of the seas ...
Hannibal - Feric
... Romans became concerned that the Carthaginians might expand into southern Italy while the Carthaginians were afraid that the Romans might move into their trading areas in Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage made a series of commercial and political treaties to define each other’s area of control. Despite ...
... Romans became concerned that the Carthaginians might expand into southern Italy while the Carthaginians were afraid that the Romans might move into their trading areas in Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage made a series of commercial and political treaties to define each other’s area of control. Despite ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E …
... region are swampy, the Ticinus is rather deep at this location. It is difficult to fight while in water, and Hannibal certainly didn't want any disadvantages. Since the actual events at the Ticinus turned on Hannibal's usual craftiness, and little bit of luck, he may not have been as successful had ...
... region are swampy, the Ticinus is rather deep at this location. It is difficult to fight while in water, and Hannibal certainly didn't want any disadvantages. Since the actual events at the Ticinus turned on Hannibal's usual craftiness, and little bit of luck, he may not have been as successful had ...
Rome and Italy
... which dealt with Augustus’s principate) were not published until after the emperor’s death in A.D. 14, for fear, we may assume, that they might give offence. Thus, although in touch with the seat of power, Livy retained an uninvolved independence. He was criticized by a contemporary, Pollio, for his ...
... which dealt with Augustus’s principate) were not published until after the emperor’s death in A.D. 14, for fear, we may assume, that they might give offence. Thus, although in touch with the seat of power, Livy retained an uninvolved independence. He was criticized by a contemporary, Pollio, for his ...
The Jugurthine War and The Conspiracy of Catiline
... At the first meeting of the princes, which I have already mentioned, they failed to agree and therefore determined to divide the treasures and partition the kingdom among the three. 2Accordingly, they set a time for both events, that for the division of the money being the earlier, and meanwhile cam ...
... At the first meeting of the princes, which I have already mentioned, they failed to agree and therefore determined to divide the treasures and partition the kingdom among the three. 2Accordingly, they set a time for both events, that for the division of the money being the earlier, and meanwhile cam ...
The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman
... List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... viii ...
... List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... viii ...
military defeats, casualties of war - The University of North Carolina
... mercenary leader of the Greeks in southern Italy. His army had just defeated a Roman army, killed as many as 15,000 Roman soldiers, captured a Roman camp, and gained the support of a number of Roman allied towns. When the king sent his messenger to Rome in order to complete a pact of peace, the Roma ...
... mercenary leader of the Greeks in southern Italy. His army had just defeated a Roman army, killed as many as 15,000 Roman soldiers, captured a Roman camp, and gained the support of a number of Roman allied towns. When the king sent his messenger to Rome in order to complete a pact of peace, the Roma ...
THE ROMAN ARMY`S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS
... on surviving literary sources. Roman historical writing began in the late 3rd century, but only later works survive. For the Republican Period of the 2nd century and earlier, two major narratives dominate: Polybius and the annalists (best represented by Livy), with others acting as supplements. It i ...
... on surviving literary sources. Roman historical writing began in the late 3rd century, but only later works survive. For the Republican Period of the 2nd century and earlier, two major narratives dominate: Polybius and the annalists (best represented by Livy), with others acting as supplements. It i ...
THE SAMNITE LEGACY: - University of Lethbridge
... From the fourth to first centuries BC, the Samnites twice achieved what even Hannibal could not: establish a pan-Italian anti-Roman coalition. In the Third Samnite War, they were successful in creating an alliance with the Celts, Etruscans, Umbrians, and select Greek city-states, while achieving a s ...
... From the fourth to first centuries BC, the Samnites twice achieved what even Hannibal could not: establish a pan-Italian anti-Roman coalition. In the Third Samnite War, they were successful in creating an alliance with the Celts, Etruscans, Umbrians, and select Greek city-states, while achieving a s ...
VOLUME #2 of THE ANCIENT WORLD SERIES
... the Roman Magistrate Chart to locate these men. In such a usage, you will need to conduct elections only to fill spaces that play of the game creates. Consul Names: The Romans actually had a system of sorts when it came to “names”, a system quite similar to what the western world uses today. Essenti ...
... the Roman Magistrate Chart to locate these men. In such a usage, you will need to conduct elections only to fill spaces that play of the game creates. Consul Names: The Romans actually had a system of sorts when it came to “names”, a system quite similar to what the western world uses today. Essenti ...
1 A MOST FATEFUL ENCOUNTER HOW SCIPIO AFRICANUS
... Mediterranean. With its economy and military in ruins, it would be completely at the mercy of Scipio and the Roman senate, who would be free to force upon the Carthaginians whatever terms they wished. And after a long and bloody struggle between the two armies, now known as the Battle of Zama, this ...
... Mediterranean. With its economy and military in ruins, it would be completely at the mercy of Scipio and the Roman senate, who would be free to force upon the Carthaginians whatever terms they wished. And after a long and bloody struggle between the two armies, now known as the Battle of Zama, this ...
The Lex Sempronia Agraria: A Soldier`s Stipendum
... of this booming economy? Lastly, it was an important element of the mos maiorum or ancient customs of the Roman people to have a plebeian ordo tilling the fields of Italy, ready to set aside the plow and pick up the shield and spear. A tangential issue to the lack of plebeian small farmers, was the ...
... of this booming economy? Lastly, it was an important element of the mos maiorum or ancient customs of the Roman people to have a plebeian ordo tilling the fields of Italy, ready to set aside the plow and pick up the shield and spear. A tangential issue to the lack of plebeian small farmers, was the ...
Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy`s Third
... ror image of his own. Hannibal, too, had been elected general of an army when still in his youth and had shown unflinching devotion to his family. He, too, had led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from the enemy. Likewise, he had proceeded from Spain to his enemy's homeland, and, after ...
... ror image of his own. Hannibal, too, had been elected general of an army when still in his youth and had shown unflinching devotion to his family. He, too, had led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from the enemy. Likewise, he had proceeded from Spain to his enemy's homeland, and, after ...
Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy`s Third Decade
... Rome has been on the brink of disaster (26.41.9): “It is the lot assigned to us by some fate,” Scipio says, “that in all the great wars we have emerged victorious from defeat.” A list of exempla follows (26.41.10–12): Porsenna, the Gauls, the Samnites; the many fleets, generals, and armies defeated ...
... Rome has been on the brink of disaster (26.41.9): “It is the lot assigned to us by some fate,” Scipio says, “that in all the great wars we have emerged victorious from defeat.” A list of exempla follows (26.41.10–12): Porsenna, the Gauls, the Samnites; the many fleets, generals, and armies defeated ...
Tom Cox - Gorffennol
... wounded and was saved by his son, who later received the name of Africanus. Again a Roman army, comprised of new recruits, was routed near the river Trebia following Hannibal’s use of ambush tactics to conceal men (21.56). After this, Hannibal crossed the Apennines with great distress to his soldier ...
... wounded and was saved by his son, who later received the name of Africanus. Again a Roman army, comprised of new recruits, was routed near the river Trebia following Hannibal’s use of ambush tactics to conceal men (21.56). After this, Hannibal crossed the Apennines with great distress to his soldier ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).