Wars and Battles of Ancient Rome
... In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in the hands of the pro-Carthaginian faction, was besieged by the Romans, 25,000 strong, under M. Marcellus, and a fleet under Appius Claudius. The city was defended by a garrison under Hippocrates. The siege is specially notable for the presence in the city of Archimedes, ...
... In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in the hands of the pro-Carthaginian faction, was besieged by the Romans, 25,000 strong, under M. Marcellus, and a fleet under Appius Claudius. The city was defended by a garrison under Hippocrates. The siege is specially notable for the presence in the city of Archimedes, ...
Loyalty and the Sacramentum in the Roman
... geographical origins of soldiers in his seminal article "The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution". 15 He estimates that there were 1,500,000 adult male Roman citizens in the late Republic, and that four-fifths of these lived outside the capital. In Rome proper, former slaves, who were under n ...
... geographical origins of soldiers in his seminal article "The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution". 15 He estimates that there were 1,500,000 adult male Roman citizens in the late Republic, and that four-fifths of these lived outside the capital. In Rome proper, former slaves, who were under n ...
000000000000000000000 - 2010
... ancestor of Caesar. Through this thinking, Hannibal was part of the basis of Roman government, monarchy, and the development of the army (Baker ix). Others influenced Hannibal similarly. Hannibal was influenced by his family’s military history, spending much time with his father Hamilcar Barca as a ...
... ancestor of Caesar. Through this thinking, Hannibal was part of the basis of Roman government, monarchy, and the development of the army (Baker ix). Others influenced Hannibal similarly. Hannibal was influenced by his family’s military history, spending much time with his father Hamilcar Barca as a ...
Hannibal Barca pat
... against Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene Effective use of His Cavalry. Often attacking exposed flanks, used at the battle of Cannae ...
... against Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene Effective use of His Cavalry. Often attacking exposed flanks, used at the battle of Cannae ...
Abstract
... uses Scipio Aemilianus, the friend, advisee, and former student of Polybius, as a ‘mouthpiece’ for Cicero’s ideas. This setting subtly engages Polybius as a participant in absentia without necessitating that he actually appear in person. In Book Six of the Histories, Polybius famously describes the ...
... uses Scipio Aemilianus, the friend, advisee, and former student of Polybius, as a ‘mouthpiece’ for Cicero’s ideas. This setting subtly engages Polybius as a participant in absentia without necessitating that he actually appear in person. In Book Six of the Histories, Polybius famously describes the ...
Hannibal Watson
... He also had access to official Roman documents because of his privileged position in Rome However he tended to display bias in his treatment of Scipio Aemilianus, but was clearly sympathetic to Hannibal ...
... He also had access to official Roman documents because of his privileged position in Rome However he tended to display bias in his treatment of Scipio Aemilianus, but was clearly sympathetic to Hannibal ...
MARIUS
... lands to live on in Italy. "Give us," said the messenger, "lands in Italy for ourselves and for our friends, the Teutones and Ambrones, and we will all live at peace." "Never mind the Teutones and the Ambrones," said Marius, "they have lands already. We have given them some which they will keep fore ...
... lands to live on in Italy. "Give us," said the messenger, "lands in Italy for ourselves and for our friends, the Teutones and Ambrones, and we will all live at peace." "Never mind the Teutones and the Ambrones," said Marius, "they have lands already. We have given them some which they will keep fore ...
the rise of the roman republic the rise of the roman
... in the display box on the game map. For the non-Roman armies, simply place the units/markers in the box. On the Roman Army Display, each army box is further divided into separate boxes to hold the Legion markers and their corresponding SPs, Auxiliary SP, and game markers. Example: The Roman player r ...
... in the display box on the game map. For the non-Roman armies, simply place the units/markers in the box. On the Roman Army Display, each army box is further divided into separate boxes to hold the Legion markers and their corresponding SPs, Auxiliary SP, and game markers. Example: The Roman player r ...
A-level Classical Civilisation Mark scheme Unit 02F - The
... his actions after the battle of Cannae and until his death in 208 BC? [10 marks] Discussion might include: by the Second Punic War he had built up a reputation as a great military leader (awarded a triumph for victory over the Gauls) but was virtually retired; appointed Praetor in 216 BC aged 52 he ...
... his actions after the battle of Cannae and until his death in 208 BC? [10 marks] Discussion might include: by the Second Punic War he had built up a reputation as a great military leader (awarded a triumph for victory over the Gauls) but was virtually retired; appointed Praetor in 216 BC aged 52 he ...
A Comparative Study of Xiang Yu and Hannibal`s Strategic
... Chinese political system. At the same time in North Africa, ancient Carthage produced the famous military strategist, Hannibal, in about 247 BC. These two heroes not only lived in the same era, coincidentally, the fate of their history and the trajectory of the wars they fought were very similar in ...
... Chinese political system. At the same time in North Africa, ancient Carthage produced the famous military strategist, Hannibal, in about 247 BC. These two heroes not only lived in the same era, coincidentally, the fate of their history and the trajectory of the wars they fought were very similar in ...
A-level Classical Civilisation Mark scheme Unit 02F - The
... into fight (bad omens); recalled him when he refused, but he ignored them; not really their fault but lack of authority contributing factor; Cannae: sensibly appointed Fabius Dictator in advance of battle; his delaying tactics slowed Hannibal’s progress but quarrels arose and he fell out of favour; ...
... into fight (bad omens); recalled him when he refused, but he ignored them; not really their fault but lack of authority contributing factor; Cannae: sensibly appointed Fabius Dictator in advance of battle; his delaying tactics slowed Hannibal’s progress but quarrels arose and he fell out of favour; ...
Polybius on the Roman Republic: Foretelling a Fall
... create a more engaging account for readers. However, Polybius himself believed that accuracy was critical.14 If Polybius believed eyewitness accounts were the most reliable, it makes sense that he took great care to provide as truthful an interpretation of the events he witnessed as possible. Despit ...
... create a more engaging account for readers. However, Polybius himself believed that accuracy was critical.14 If Polybius believed eyewitness accounts were the most reliable, it makes sense that he took great care to provide as truthful an interpretation of the events he witnessed as possible. Despit ...
The coinage of Quintus Labienus Parthicus - E
... was not strong enough to fight such a formidable enemy, he retreated eastward from Caria hastily without a battle and sent to Pacorus and the main Parthian army for help. Ventidius pursued Labienus into Cilicia. There, on the slopes of Mount Taurus near the Cilician Gates, Labienus fortified a camp ...
... was not strong enough to fight such a formidable enemy, he retreated eastward from Caria hastily without a battle and sent to Pacorus and the main Parthian army for help. Ventidius pursued Labienus into Cilicia. There, on the slopes of Mount Taurus near the Cilician Gates, Labienus fortified a camp ...
Study Questions on Hannibal Terms to define/ explain Lion`s Brood
... 47. What strategies did Scipio the Younger employ in Spain? 48. What did Mago and Hasdrubal, son of Giscon, do in Spain that caused problems for the Carthaginians? 49. Why did Roman generals have trouble with “ruse” and trickery? What problems did this cause most in dealing with Hannibal? 50. What w ...
... 47. What strategies did Scipio the Younger employ in Spain? 48. What did Mago and Hasdrubal, son of Giscon, do in Spain that caused problems for the Carthaginians? 49. Why did Roman generals have trouble with “ruse” and trickery? What problems did this cause most in dealing with Hannibal? 50. What w ...
Punic War Gale documents
... campaign between 280 and 275 B.C., left a power vacuum little different from that which existed before, and it was only a matter of time before Rome and Carthage could be expected to come into conflict there. The occasion of Roman involvement in Sicily, and the beginning of the First Punic War, may ...
... campaign between 280 and 275 B.C., left a power vacuum little different from that which existed before, and it was only a matter of time before Rome and Carthage could be expected to come into conflict there. The occasion of Roman involvement in Sicily, and the beginning of the First Punic War, may ...
Untitled - Yakama Nation Legends Casino
... their inherited ability as the greatest entrepreneurs of the ancient world, the Carthaginians had gradually dissociated themselves from their ancestry. They had become a people in their own right and turned their port and trading depot into the greatest city of the day. Carthage ran back from the sm ...
... their inherited ability as the greatest entrepreneurs of the ancient world, the Carthaginians had gradually dissociated themselves from their ancestry. They had become a people in their own right and turned their port and trading depot into the greatest city of the day. Carthage ran back from the sm ...
Polybius on the Role of the Senate in the Crisis of 264 B.C.
... Senate, it would be a unique instance of such gross Livian distortion of the relations between Senate and People. A second fundamental problem with the usual interpretation of Polybius is that the resulting picture of the political process in Rome in 264 seems difficult to believe. If the Senate dea ...
... Senate, it would be a unique instance of such gross Livian distortion of the relations between Senate and People. A second fundamental problem with the usual interpretation of Polybius is that the resulting picture of the political process in Rome in 264 seems difficult to believe. If the Senate dea ...
Mortem et Gloriam - Army Lists - Italy
... incoporated as Roman provinces. The Attalid Kingdom of Pergamene was bequeathed to Rome and incorporated in 129 B.C. The Roman system of government and large manpower led to a continual series of aggressive wars. ...
... incoporated as Roman provinces. The Attalid Kingdom of Pergamene was bequeathed to Rome and incorporated in 129 B.C. The Roman system of government and large manpower led to a continual series of aggressive wars. ...
The Second Punic War effectively ended
... Hunt, an archaeologist who leads the Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project, which has been investigating Hannibal’s route since 1994, says that the answer to the puzzle “remains hauntingly elusive”. It’s all too easy, he says, for fellow experts to adduce evidence for their favoured route – his team a ...
... Hunt, an archaeologist who leads the Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project, which has been investigating Hannibal’s route since 1994, says that the answer to the puzzle “remains hauntingly elusive”. It’s all too easy, he says, for fellow experts to adduce evidence for their favoured route – his team a ...
Option 2 - Hannibal`s invasion and defeat - Translations
... banks of the river (Rhone), Hannibal now started his ascent of the Alps and found that he had fallen into a very dangerous situation. 50.2. For as long as he had been crossing flat country, all the various tribal chieftains of the Allobroges had kept well clear of him, since they were terrified of h ...
... banks of the river (Rhone), Hannibal now started his ascent of the Alps and found that he had fallen into a very dangerous situation. 50.2. For as long as he had been crossing flat country, all the various tribal chieftains of the Allobroges had kept well clear of him, since they were terrified of h ...
Beating the War Chest - Utrecht University Repository
... allies; he was also allowed to cross to Africa with the legions of Sicily. Much is shrouded in mystery here: how did he pay and supply his troops? How many were with him in Sicily and how many went to Africa? Was Scipio a general who crowdfunded his way to victory? Did he use his network of friends ...
... allies; he was also allowed to cross to Africa with the legions of Sicily. Much is shrouded in mystery here: how did he pay and supply his troops? How many were with him in Sicily and how many went to Africa? Was Scipio a general who crowdfunded his way to victory? Did he use his network of friends ...
The Battle of Idistaviso
... Rhine months before were only attacking those tribes directly in their path. The enemy campaign was one of terror, not conquest, but Arminius had persuaded the other tribal leaders that the Romans threatened them all in equal measure. This army was only the tip of the sword. It had to be destroyed, ...
... Rhine months before were only attacking those tribes directly in their path. The enemy campaign was one of terror, not conquest, but Arminius had persuaded the other tribal leaders that the Romans threatened them all in equal measure. This army was only the tip of the sword. It had to be destroyed, ...
The Roman Army as a Factor of Romanisation in the North
... pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival in this region found a lot of local tribes dwelling in fortified sites acco ...
... pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival in this region found a lot of local tribes dwelling in fortified sites acco ...
OCR Nationals - John D Clare
... The Romans started with the limited intention of restricting Carthage from Italy, but by 262 BC they realised they could not do this without challenging Carthage at sea; the capture of Agrigentum encouraged them to think of taking Sicily from Carthage and to do that they needed a fleet. This would a ...
... The Romans started with the limited intention of restricting Carthage from Italy, but by 262 BC they realised they could not do this without challenging Carthage at sea; the capture of Agrigentum encouraged them to think of taking Sicily from Carthage and to do that they needed a fleet. This would a ...
The Professionalization of the Roman Army in the Second Century BC
... texts do the legionaries even vaguely resemble professional military men. ...
... texts do the legionaries even vaguely resemble professional military men. ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).