Punic Wars
... the Apennine Mountains that run down through much of Italy like a spine. With troops from Gaul and Spain on his side, Hannibal won another battle, at Cannae, against Lucius Aemilius. At the Battle of Cannae, the Romans lost thousands of troops, including their leader. The historian Polybius describe ...
... the Apennine Mountains that run down through much of Italy like a spine. With troops from Gaul and Spain on his side, Hannibal won another battle, at Cannae, against Lucius Aemilius. At the Battle of Cannae, the Romans lost thousands of troops, including their leader. The historian Polybius describe ...
sample - Furniture Klasikan . com
... This famous and still conspicuous wall was built from public and private resources, with the Britons lending assistance. It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height; and, as can clearly be seen to this day, ran straight from east to west. Bede had obviously seen the Wall for himself. In fact s ...
... This famous and still conspicuous wall was built from public and private resources, with the Britons lending assistance. It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height; and, as can clearly be seen to this day, ran straight from east to west. Bede had obviously seen the Wall for himself. In fact s ...
scenario book
... We have designed the following battles/scenarios to be as historically accurate (within the limits of available research materials) as possible. While this allows them to be excellent tools for study and solitaire play, some of the battles, because they were not balanced historically, will fall shor ...
... We have designed the following battles/scenarios to be as historically accurate (within the limits of available research materials) as possible. While this allows them to be excellent tools for study and solitaire play, some of the battles, because they were not balanced historically, will fall shor ...
Punic Wars Poster Activity The Punic Wars were a series of three
... unwillingness to reinforce him when victory was near could lead to defeat in the Second Punic War. Nevertheless, he obeyed the order and sailed for home. When he reached Carthage, Hannibal began preparing for Scipio’s attack. The Carthaginians and Romans went to battle at Zama. At first the Carthagi ...
... unwillingness to reinforce him when victory was near could lead to defeat in the Second Punic War. Nevertheless, he obeyed the order and sailed for home. When he reached Carthage, Hannibal began preparing for Scipio’s attack. The Carthaginians and Romans went to battle at Zama. At first the Carthagi ...
The Roman Republic 509 BCE
... Expanding the Roman Republic • Overthrowing the Etruscan king (Tarquin the Proud) and setting up a republic were great accomplishments for the Romans – they wanted to preserve and protect the Roman Republic ...
... Expanding the Roman Republic • Overthrowing the Etruscan king (Tarquin the Proud) and setting up a republic were great accomplishments for the Romans – they wanted to preserve and protect the Roman Republic ...
The development of Roman mailed cavalry
... supply of Roman cavalry horses is contained in Germanicus' complaint that Gaul had been exhausted by supplying horses (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 5). From this we may infer that in A.D. 16 Gaul was a principal western source of cavalry horses, but it is not at all certain that these Gallic horses were suffici ...
... supply of Roman cavalry horses is contained in Germanicus' complaint that Gaul had been exhausted by supplying horses (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 5). From this we may infer that in A.D. 16 Gaul was a principal western source of cavalry horses, but it is not at all certain that these Gallic horses were suffici ...
Roman military equipment in the 4th century BC
... alities of the Roman army of the 1st century BC or 1st century AD to much earlier times. However, in our case, the terminology used by these authors seems relatively consistent, which probably is not so much due to their merit as to the consistency of sources they had used. This does not mean that i ...
... alities of the Roman army of the 1st century BC or 1st century AD to much earlier times. However, in our case, the terminology used by these authors seems relatively consistent, which probably is not so much due to their merit as to the consistency of sources they had used. This does not mean that i ...
Military service and cultural identity in the auxilia. In
... At a time when the Roman military's r61e in cultural change is a popular theme, it is surprising that one facet remains virtually unexamined. This was the capacity of the army, more than half of which was composed of provincials serving in auxiliary regiments, to transform the cultural identity of t ...
... At a time when the Roman military's r61e in cultural change is a popular theme, it is surprising that one facet remains virtually unexamined. This was the capacity of the army, more than half of which was composed of provincials serving in auxiliary regiments, to transform the cultural identity of t ...
z problematyki historycznej the italian cohort from caesarea
... Judea, serving under the procurators, was composed only from one cavalry and five infantry units, raised in the capital of Samaria called Sebaste6. These units: one ala and five cohortes Sebastenorum were very useful against the rebellious indigenous populace because of their hatred against the Jews ...
... Judea, serving under the procurators, was composed only from one cavalry and five infantry units, raised in the capital of Samaria called Sebaste6. These units: one ala and five cohortes Sebastenorum were very useful against the rebellious indigenous populace because of their hatred against the Jews ...
Rome Notes - RedfieldAncient
... and awarded Fabius with the nickname of “Cunctator”; the Delayer. The Romans favoured more straightforward tactics and pitch-battles -‘courageous’ and ‘honourable’. Livy implies this cowardice when he says, “Refused to offer battle because he did not want to force his already defeated soldiers to f ...
... and awarded Fabius with the nickname of “Cunctator”; the Delayer. The Romans favoured more straightforward tactics and pitch-battles -‘courageous’ and ‘honourable’. Livy implies this cowardice when he says, “Refused to offer battle because he did not want to force his already defeated soldiers to f ...
The Punic Wars The First Punic War Second Punic War
... While Carthage was dealing with rebellion, Rome took advantage and seized the island of Corsica. The Romans were very afraid of the Carthaginians and wanted to create as much of a buffer zone between the two empires as possible. The next goal was the island of Sardinia. When the Carthaginians foun ...
... While Carthage was dealing with rebellion, Rome took advantage and seized the island of Corsica. The Romans were very afraid of the Carthaginians and wanted to create as much of a buffer zone between the two empires as possible. The next goal was the island of Sardinia. When the Carthaginians foun ...
Punic Wars Guided Notes
... -‐ Equipped ships with huge ________ and stationed soldiers on ships ...
... -‐ Equipped ships with huge ________ and stationed soldiers on ships ...
Section Two: Africa`s Carthage
... separate a foreign, potentially hostile, power from Roman soil. The Carthaginians did, indeed, hope to rule all of Sicily. Their goal, like Rome’s, was control of the western Mediterranean Sea. They believed that if they held Sicily, they would be able to block any possible Greek expansion into thes ...
... separate a foreign, potentially hostile, power from Roman soil. The Carthaginians did, indeed, hope to rule all of Sicily. Their goal, like Rome’s, was control of the western Mediterranean Sea. They believed that if they held Sicily, they would be able to block any possible Greek expansion into thes ...
The Phoenicians and Carthage
... known as the Punic Wars because Punica was the Roman name for Carthage. The Roman Navy surprised the sea trading people by winning the first war in 238BCE. The Carthaginians acquired a new base in Spain from which a great military leader named Hannibal led a team of elephants across southern France ...
... known as the Punic Wars because Punica was the Roman name for Carthage. The Roman Navy surprised the sea trading people by winning the first war in 238BCE. The Carthaginians acquired a new base in Spain from which a great military leader named Hannibal led a team of elephants across southern France ...
punic wars 274to 146b.c. first punic war to
... The period of the Punic and Macedonian Wars was a critical one in Rome's history. At the dawn of the Punic Wars, in 264 B.C., Rome was master of Italy, but controlled no colonies or provinces outside of the Peninsula. She had neither a navy nor a merchant based economy. One hundred and twenty years ...
... The period of the Punic and Macedonian Wars was a critical one in Rome's history. At the dawn of the Punic Wars, in 264 B.C., Rome was master of Italy, but controlled no colonies or provinces outside of the Peninsula. She had neither a navy nor a merchant based economy. One hundred and twenty years ...
Celtic War Queen Who Challenged Rome
... so mistrustful of all the Britons, even those who had surrendered? Or was he short-tempered because he already suffered from the illness from which he would die five years later? For whatever reason Ostorius decided to disarm those subject tribes that he felt he could not fully trust, including the ...
... so mistrustful of all the Britons, even those who had surrendered? Or was he short-tempered because he already suffered from the illness from which he would die five years later? For whatever reason Ostorius decided to disarm those subject tribes that he felt he could not fully trust, including the ...
On the Wings of Eagles - Cambridge Scholars Publishing
... Each legion contained six hundred triarii and twelve hundred of each of the velites, hastati, and principes, giving a base strength of four thousand two hundred men.13 These numbers could vary if more men were enrolled during the dilectus or if the military requirement of the state necessitated a st ...
... Each legion contained six hundred triarii and twelve hundred of each of the velites, hastati, and principes, giving a base strength of four thousand two hundred men.13 These numbers could vary if more men were enrolled during the dilectus or if the military requirement of the state necessitated a st ...
Rome Threatens Sardinia in the First Punic War `The First Punic War
... rag ed in Africa, the contag ion of reb ellion spread to Cartha ge's mercenary garrison on Sardin ia in 239. Thes e sold iers of fortune rose up, and slew their Carthaginian commander Bostar and his office rs. In response, Cartha ge sent an exp edit ion und er (anoth er) Hanno to punish the reb els, ...
... rag ed in Africa, the contag ion of reb ellion spread to Cartha ge's mercenary garrison on Sardin ia in 239. Thes e sold iers of fortune rose up, and slew their Carthaginian commander Bostar and his office rs. In response, Cartha ge sent an exp edit ion und er (anoth er) Hanno to punish the reb els, ...
The Roman Republic
... These Roman laws, written on bronze tablets, were the first to be posted in Rome’s Forum for all to see, understand and obey. ...
... These Roman laws, written on bronze tablets, were the first to be posted in Rome’s Forum for all to see, understand and obey. ...
Gergovia - C3i Ops Center
... Caesar decided to attack Gergovia from the smaller camp. The Legionaires had to run uphill for about 1 km with a rise of 300 meters. Caesar specified that the aim of the attack was to occupy some positions near the walls and not to take Gergovia itself, given the obvious inferiority of the Roman Arm ...
... Caesar decided to attack Gergovia from the smaller camp. The Legionaires had to run uphill for about 1 km with a rise of 300 meters. Caesar specified that the aim of the attack was to occupy some positions near the walls and not to take Gergovia itself, given the obvious inferiority of the Roman Arm ...
MEET THE ROMANS
... The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 but it took them 30 years to get up to Cumbria and then another few years to make their presence fully known in the Lake District. The Romans who lived in Cumbria were not just from Italy. As the Roman Empire expanded across Europe, people from many countries and ...
... The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 but it took them 30 years to get up to Cumbria and then another few years to make their presence fully known in the Lake District. The Romans who lived in Cumbria were not just from Italy. As the Roman Empire expanded across Europe, people from many countries and ...
spartacus - Marion County Public Schools
... which is located in the northeastern part of Greece. Little is known about the early life of Spartacus, but he may have been a nomad. Spartacus served in the Roman army, but seems to have left the army to form a bandit group. Spartacus led the group on raids of their own. Eventually Spartacus was ca ...
... which is located in the northeastern part of Greece. Little is known about the early life of Spartacus, but he may have been a nomad. Spartacus served in the Roman army, but seems to have left the army to form a bandit group. Spartacus led the group on raids of their own. Eventually Spartacus was ca ...
Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion
... determine whether non-combatants like field surgeons and clerks were included in the 5,300 or helped bring the total number of men up to the official 6,000. The basic structure of the army is as follows: Contubernium: (tent group) consisted of 8 men. Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contuberniu ...
... determine whether non-combatants like field surgeons and clerks were included in the 5,300 or helped bring the total number of men up to the official 6,000. The basic structure of the army is as follows: Contubernium: (tent group) consisted of 8 men. Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contuberniu ...
Robert Avery turns his attention to the Battle of
... Although technically playable for all, the above obviously represents a significant effort in terms of time, space and figures, and is perhaps really suitable only for those players using small scale figures, or for a huge demonstration game. Those wanting a game for a typical club evening could, inste ...
... Although technically playable for all, the above obviously represents a significant effort in terms of time, space and figures, and is perhaps really suitable only for those players using small scale figures, or for a huge demonstration game. Those wanting a game for a typical club evening could, inste ...
Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the ""Polybian army""), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The first phase of this army, in its manipular structure (290–ca. 130 BC), is described in detail in the Histories of the ancient Greek historian Polybius, writing before 146 BC. The central feature of the mid-Republican army was the manipular organisation of its battle-line. Instead of a single, large mass (the phalanx) as in the Early Roman army, the Romans now drew up in three lines (triplex acies) consisting of small units (maniples) of 120 men, arrayed in chessboard fashion, giving much greater tactical strength and flexibility. This structure was probably introduced in ca. 300 BC during the Samnite Wars. Also probably dating from this period was the regular accompaniment of each legion by an non-citizen formation of roughly equal size, the ala, recruited from Rome's Italian allies, or socii. The latter were about 150 autonomous states which were bound by a treaty of perpetual military alliance with Rome. Their sole obligation was to supply to the Roman army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year. Evidence from Roman army camps near Numantia in Spain suggests that a much larger tactical unit, the cohort (480 men, equivalent to 4 maniples) already existed, alongside maniples, in the period 153-133 BC. By ca. 100 BC, cohorts appear to have fully replaced maniples as the basic tactical unit. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) saw the addition of a third element to the existing dual Roman/Italian structure: non-Italian mercenaries with specialist skills lacking in the legions and alae: Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and slingers from the Balearic islands. From this time, these units always accompanied Roman armies.The Republican army of this period, like its earlier forebear, did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season and disbanded thereafter (although formations could be kept in being over winter during major wars). Service in the legions was limited to property-owning Roman citizens, normally those known as iuniores (age 16-46). The army's senior officers, including its commanders-in-chief, the Roman Consuls, were all elected annually at the People's Assembly. Only members of the Roman Order of Knights were eligible to serve as senior officers. Iuniores of the highest social classes (equites and the First Class of commoners) provided the legion's cavalry, the other classes the legionary infantry. The proletarii (the lowest and most numerous social class, assessed at under 400 drachmae wealth in ca. 216 BC) were until ca. 200 BC ineligible for legionary service and were assigned to the fleets as oarsmen. Elders, vagrants, freedmen, slaves and convicts were excluded from the military levy, save in emergencies. During a prolonged such emergency, the Second Punic War, severe manpower shortages necessitated that the property requirement be ignored and large numbers of proletarii conscripted into the legions. After the end of this war, it appears that proletarii were admitted to the legions as volunteers (as opposed to conscripts) and at the same time the property requirement was reduced to a nominal level by 150 BC, and finally scrapped in the consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC).The legionary cavalry also changed, probably around 300 BC onwards from the light, unarmoured horse of the early army to a heavy force with metal armour (bronze cuirasses, and later, chain-mail shirts). Contrary to a long-held view, the cavalry of the mid-Republic was a highly effective force that generally prevailed against strong enemy cavalry forces (both Gallic and Greek) until it was decisively beaten by the Carthaginian general Hannibal's horsemen during the second Punic War. This was due to Hannibal's greater operational flexibility owing to his Numidian light cavalry.For the vast majority of the period of its existence, the Polybian levy was at war. This led to great strains on Roman and Italian manpower, but forged a superb fighting machine. During the Second Punic War, fully two-thirds of Roman iuniores were under arms continuously. In the period after the defeat of Carthage in 201 BC, the army was campaigning exclusively outside Italy, resulting in its men being away from their home plots of land for many years at a stretch. They were assuaged by the large amounts of booty that they shared after victories in the rich eastern theatre. But in Italy, the ever-increasing concentration of public lands in the hands of big landowners, and the consequent displacement of the soldiers' families, led to great unrest and demands for land redistribution. This was successfully achieved, but resulted in the disaffection of Rome's Italian allies, who as non-citizens were excluded from the redistribution. This led to the mass revolt of the socii and the Social War (91-88 BC). The result was the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians and the end of the Polybian army's dual structure: the alae were abolished and the socii recruited into the legions. The Roman army of the late Republic (88-30 BC) resulted, a transitional phase to the Imperial Roman army (30 BC - AD 284).