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Name Class Date Biography The Roman Republic S PARTACUS c. ?–71 BC WHY HE MADE HISTORY Spartacus was a gladiator in Roman times. He was also the leader in an ancient Italian slave revolt. As you read the biography below, think about how Spartacus brave behavior helped him fight the powerful Romans. Spartacus ( SPAHR-tuh-kuhs) was born in Thrace, which is located in the northeastern part of Greece. Little is known about the early life of Spartacus, but he may have been a nomad. Spartacus served in the Roman army, but seems to have left the army to form a bandit group. Spartacus led the group on raids of their own. Eventually Spartacus was captured by the Romans. The Romans made him a slave and trained him to become a gladiator. Roman gladiators were forced to fight to entertain crowds of spectators. Gladiators fought one another or wild animals in an arena. People of Rome would come to watch the fights. In 73 BC, Spartacus encouraged other gladiators to revolt against the treatment they received as slaves. This revolt is known as the Third Servile War. Spartacus and his men fought and defeated the Roman soldiers at the town of Capua in southern Italy. Spartacus and his army of slaves moved north, destroyed the land as they went, and relocated to Mount Vesuvius. It was there that Spartacus organized more than 70,000 slaves to fight Rome. © Bettmann/CORBIS VOCABULARY nomad a member of a people or tribe who wander from place to place Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4 The Roman Republic Name Class Date Biography Spartacus, continued In 72 BC, Spartacus led his army back into southern Italy for revenge and war. His army fought the Roman forces and defeated them. The slave rebels gained control and took over parts of southern Italy. In the following year, 71 BC, the rebels divided into two groups. Rome defeated one group in Italy, but the second group triumphed again over the Romans. This victory lasted only briefly and the Romans finally defeated the last of the rebel army in Lucania. Spartacus himself died in this battle in 71 BC. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. For what was Spartacus most known? 2. Analysis Why do you think the gladiators were enslaved to fight for entertainment? ACTIVITY Think about what you have read and learned about Spartacus. Prepare an epitaph for him on a separate sheet of paper. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 5 The Roman Republic Answer Key The Roman Republic Vocabulary Builder Section 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Biography Scipio WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Hannibal came to Africa to meet Scipio, True True True True True True True True and was defeated there. 2. After being charged with allegations of misconduct in public affairs, Scipio and his family lost influence on Rome. ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Biography Cornelia Vocabulary Builder Section 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Cornelia did not dress like other forum veto magistrates checks and balances consuls Latin Senate noblewomen did to display their wealth; Cornelia wrote and was constantly educating herself. 2. Cornelia may not have wanted to remarry because she wanted to keep the memory of her husband Tiberius alive, and preferred to educate herself and her children. Vocabulary Builder Section 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Spartacus Gaius Marius legions Hannibal Lucius Cornelius Sulla Punic Wars Literature Romulus and Remus CALL OUT BOXES 1. The brothers grew up in a cave with wolves. Biography Spartacus 2. Answers will vary, but Numitor might have thought Faustulus would be upset at the thought of losing the sons he had raised, so Numitor did not want to say anything until he was sure of the boys’ identities. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Spartacus was known for organizing a slave rebellion against the Romans. 2. The gladiators may have been forced to fight for entertainment because the Romans enjoyed going to the arena to witness battles and fights. The slaves did not have a choice because they were slaves. ANALYZING LITERATURE 1. next to the Tiber River; because that is where the twins were found by the wolves 2. Answers will vary, but a possible response may be that Remus may become jealous. 3. Answers will vary. ACTIVITY Students’ epitaphs will vary. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 32 The Roman Republic