Download PART 1: TRUE OR FALSE (1 point each)

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PART 1: TRUE OR FALSE (1 point each)
Pick up your number 2 pencil and your scantron sheet and get rolling! Put your NAME,
SUID#, and TEST CODE NUMBER on both sides of the scantron immediately. Please
bubble in 'A' if the statement is TRUE and 'B' if the statement is FALSE. Remember to be
careful when bubbling in your answer. ERASE COMPLETELY.
1. Both amino acids and sugars are linked into macromolecules via condensation reactions, in
which a molecule of water is generated.
2. In living organisms, the majority of proteins found exist in only one isomeric form.
3. Within a single protein, both alpha helices and beta sheets can be present.
4. Noncovalent bonds are the main determinant of protein tertiary structure.
5. According to the lock and key model of a substrate binding to an enzyme, no confirmational
changes in the substrate binding site occur.
6. If an enzyme's Km is very low, it indicates that the enzyme-substrate binding affinity is very
weak.
7. Two labs measuring the rate of product formation for a reaction, but using different amounts
of the same enzyme, will calculate different Vmax values.
8. Phospholipids spontaneously aggregate into micelle, surface monolayer, or bilayer
membrane arrangements.
9. The nucleus is surrounded by two membrane bilayers.
10. The nuclear import receptor remains permanently bound to the imported protein after it has
passed into the nucleus.
11. The Golgi apparatus is a site for post-translational protein modification.
12. Having many intermediates in the oxidation of glucose allows a more efficient transfer of
energy than burning glucose in only one step.
13. All glucose in the bloodstream is immediately broken down after entering the cell, through
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
14. Kinesins and dyneins move along microtubules using the energy from hydrolyzing ATP.
15. Large hydrophilic primary messengers bind to intracellular receptors in order to regulate
gene expression.
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16. Acetylcholine can cause opposite effects in different cells.
17. Primary messengers binding to G-protein-linked receptors never contact the cytosol.
18. All behavior is a result of external stimuli and reinforcement, thus allowing all behavior to be
manipulated and modified.
19. Male sticklebacks responding to red mail trucks demonstrated the ability of a key stimulus to
trigger the fixed action patterns of territoriality.
20. Vaccines rely on the proper functioning of immunological memory to confer protective
immunity on the host.
21. Heavy chains of immunoglobulins have variable regions, while light chains do not.
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PART 2: MATCHING (1 point each)
Answer the following matching questions on your scantron. Remember to choose the BEST
answer for each question.
Match the following descriptions with the most appropriate amino acid from the list. Use only
one amino acid for each answer. Each amino acid on the list may be used more than once or not
at all.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
tyrosine
serine
glutamic acid
arginine
proline
22. positively charged
23. negatively charged
24. nonpolar
25. likely to cause "kinks" between protein secondary structures
26. phosphorylated by PKCs
27. phosphorylated by the main class of enzyme-linked receptors
Match the following descriptions with the most appropriate cytoskeleton filament.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Actin filaments
Equally true of all cytoskeleton filaments
28. Smallest in diameter (7 nm).
29. No structural polarity.
30. Primary filament responsible for movement of cells.
31. Usually grow from nucleating sites of gamma-tubulin.
32. Make up the mitotic spindle.
33. Almost all of its monomer is associated into filaments in the cell.
34. Made of protein.
35. Colchicine prevents its polymerization.
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Indicate to which branch(es) of the immune system the following statements apply.
(a) Humoral
(b) Cell-mediated
(c) Both humoral and cell-mediated
36. Involves class I MHC molecules.
37. Involves T-helper cells.
38. Involves T-cytotoxic cells.
39. Kills virus-infected self-cells
Match the following immunoglobulins with their most accurate description from the list below.
Note: each description can only be used ONCE.
40. IgA
41. IgD
42. IgE
43. IgG
44. IgM
(a) In allergic responses, binds to receptors on mast cells.
(b) The first serum antibody made in a primary immune response.
(c) Endocytosed by placenta and released into fetal circulation.
(d) Major antibody in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk.
(e) Present on the surface of mature, unprimed B cells.
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PART 3: MULTIPLE CHOICE (2 points each)
Move to the second column of your scantron answer sheet and begin bubbling in your
answers to these questions in row 51. Remember to choose the BEST answer for each
question. Again, be careful when you bubble in your answer. ERASE COMPLETELY.
51. Which of the following is a normal width range for a eukaryotic cell, for example, a heart
cell?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.1 nm
10 nm
0.1 µm
10 µm
0.1 mm
52. Which of the following phospholipids is the MOST ABUNDANT in the cell membrane?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Phosphotidylinositol phosphates
Phosphotidylserine
Phosphotidylcholine
Glycolipids
Phosphotidylethanolamine
53. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Exchange of molecules (import/export).
Allow and regulate lateral mobility of proteins.
Capacity for movement and expansion.
Signal transduction.
All of the above are functions of the cell membrane.
54. In an experiment, attaching a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to keratin results in
translocation of keratin into the nucleus. This experiment best demonstrates that the NLS is
___________________.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Sufficient to cause translocation of a protein into the nucleus.
Necessary to cause translocation of a protein into the nucleus.
Correlated with translocation of a protein into the nucleus.
Both A and B are demonstrated by this experiment.
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55. Into which of the following organelles does transport of a protein occur while the protein
undergoes translation?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
56. Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
pyruvate
carbon dioxide
NADH
FADH2
GTP
57. During electron transfer in the respiratory chain, the proton concentration in between the
inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria is ________________ the proton
concentration of the mitochondrial matrix.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
the same as
higher than
lower than
cannot be determined
58. Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is FALSE?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Muscles are made up of myofibrils, which are made of sarcomeres.
Ion channel-linked receptors are involved in muscle contraction.
In a muscle contraction, actin is the motor that slides myosin II filaments past each other.
Muscle contraction uses oxygen because muscle contraction needs the ATP generated by
oxidative phosphorylation.
(e) Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria have in other cells.
59. Tolerance to pain killers in patients with chronic pain can be attributed to what phenomenon?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
receptor agonist activity
receptor antagonist activity
receptor desensitization
allosteric inhibition
A and B only
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60. Which of the following is/are true statement(s) regarding protein phosphorylation?
I. Phosphatases add phosphate groups to amino acids.
II. Phosphate groups can be added only to serine, threonine and tyrosine.
III. Phosphorylation can turn a protein either on or off.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II and III only
61. Which of the following is/are true statement(s) regarding Protein Kinase A?
I. cAMP binds to PKA's catalytic subunit leading to its dissociation from the regulatory
subunit.
II. One of the short-term effects of phosphorylation by PKA is the desensitization of
receptors.
III. One of the long-term effects of phosphorylation by PKA is a change in gene
expression.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III only
62. Which of the following statements regarding imprinting is FALSE:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Occurs during a critical/sensitive time period during development.
Can influence sexual preferences of an imprinted animal later in life.
The strength of imprinting varies based on age at which imprinting occurs.
Auditory imprinting does not occur.
All of the above statements are TRUE statements regarding imprinting.
63. Which of the following statements about the biological basis of behavior is FALSE?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Changes in hormone levels can alter behavior.
Changes in behavior can alter hormone levels of an animal, in its lifetime.
Changes in behavior can alter the hormone profile of a species over evolutionary time.
Behavioral patterns can be inherited.
All of the above are TRUE statements.
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PART 4: SHORT ANSWER
Please put away your scantron and take out a black or blue PEN. NO REGRADES will be
given for answers written in pencil. Be sure to put your final answers on the lines and inside
the boxes for each question. Answers that exceed the allotted space will not be graded.
PROBLEM #1 (15 points)
A. (4 points) The ∆G for the following reaction is +4.5. Draw a free energy diagram for this
reaction. Label the ∆G, the activation energy, and the specific reactants and products for the
forward reaction.
inositol trisphosphate + diacylglycerol 
[ IP3
+
DAG

phosphatidylinositol
PIP2
]
Free Energy
Reaction progress in time
B. (1 point) The enzyme phospholipase C is added to this reaction. Use a DOTTED LINE to
depict the altered free energy diagram on the same graph above.
C. (2 points) Phospholipase C (circle one) INCREASES / DECREASES / MAINTAINS
the time it takes for the reaction to reach equilibrium, and (circle one)
DECREASES / MAINTAINS
INCREASES /
the equilibrium product to reactant ratio.
D. (1 point) Apa decides she wants to study phospholipase C’s ability to catalyze the formation
of IP3. She obtains the following graph:
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phosphatidylinositol  inositol trisphosphate + diacylglycerol
[
PIP2

IP3
+
DAG ]
What is phospholipase C's Km? Graphically show your work. ________________
E. (2 points) Vivian adds a competitive inhibitor to PIP2 into this reaction. This will (circle one)
RAISE / LOWER / MAINTAIN the Km, and (circle one)
RAISE / LOWER /
MAINTAIN the Vmax of phospholipase C’s enzyme kinetics curve.
F. (2 points) In another series of experiments, Janet adds a noncompetitive inhibitor to PIP2 into
this reaction. Use a DOTTED LINE to depict the altered enzyme kinetics curve on the above
graph.
G. (2 points) The membrane phospholipid involved in the equation in Part D is depicted below.
Label the parts of this phospholipid.
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A. ________________________
B. __________________________
C. ________________________
D. __________________________
H. (1 point) Label the cytoplasmic and extracellular environments in this picture.
E. _______________________
F. ____________________________
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PROBLEM #2 (13 points)
A. (4 points) For each one of the following processes, write on the line where EXACTLY the
process occurs. Please be PRECISE.
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
For each one of the following scenarios place an "X" by the effects which will occur as a result
of the problem described.
B. (4 points) Vivian is swimming a 50-meter freestyle in the PAC-10 championships. She is
trying to beat her best time of 25 seconds. So, she is moving fast! Place an "X" by the events
that will occur in her muscle cells, which are not receiving oxygen.
______
______
______
______
______
glycolysis occurs
pyruvate oxidation occurs
TCA cycle occurs
electron transport chain occurs
NAD+ is regenerated during the
electron transport chain
______ NADH is regenerated during the
electron transport chain
______ NAD+ is regenerated during lactic
acid
formation
______ NADH is regenerated during lactic
acid formation
______
______
______
______
______
pyruvate converts to lactic acid
2 net ATP generated / glucose
pH in cells decreases
pH in cells increases
acetyl CoA serves as final electron
acceptor
______ O2 serves as final electron acceptor
______ efficient generation of ATP from
glucose
______ inefficient generation of ATP from
glucose
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C. (3 points) Vivian's friend, Fido, unfortunately is not feeling as energetic as Vivian. Dr. Sohoni
has been examining Fido and has discovered that Fido accidentally ate some poison that is
inhibiting his ATP synthase. Protons are being blocked from traveling through the synthase.
Place an "X" by the immediate events that will occur in his cells.
______ glycolysis occurs
______ pyruvate oxidation occurs
______ TCA cycle occurs
______ pyruvate converts to lactic acid
______ O2 serves as final electron acceptor
______ acetyl CoA serves as final electron
acceptor
+
______ NAD regenerates during the electron ______ pH in mitochondrial intermembrane
transport chain
space increases
______ NADH regenerates during the electron ______ pH in mitochondrial intermembrane
transport chain
space decreases
______ NAD+ regenerates during lactic acid
______ pH in mitochondrial intermembrane
formation
space remains constant
D. (2 points) Fido's friend, Toto, is doing even worse than Fido. Dr. Chinosornvatana examined
Toto and discovered that Toto's hexokinase is not functioning properly. Hexokinase is the
enzyme that phosphorylates glucose as soon as glucose enters the cell and is the catalyst for the
first step of the glycolysis pathway. Place an "X" by the events that will occur in Toto's affected
cells.
______
______
______
______
glycolysis occurs
pyruvate oxidation occurs
fats broken down to produce ATP
acetyl CoA serves as final electron
acceptor
______ pyruvate converts to lactic acid
______ 2 net ATP generated / glucose
______ proteins broken down to produce ATP
______ there will be absolutely no ATP
generated in the cell
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PROBLEM #3 (22 points)
A. (8 points) The following flow chart depicts two signaling cascades you have studied. Please
fill in the blanks for the sequence of events. BE SPECIFIC.
Signal
Hormone

Receptor

Coupling Protein
G-protein

Effector

Second Messenger
Precursor

Second
Messenger(s)


Target Enzyme
PKA
Ca2+
PKC
B. (1 point) In the above flow chart, circle the second messenger that is hydrophobic.
C. (1 point) From the above flow chart, the calcium ions listed are released by which organelle?
______________________________
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D. (3 points) Low concentrations of primary messengers can produce surprisingly large-scale
effects within a cell. Identify two steps within the G-protein-linked receptor pathway in
which amplification occurs and briefly explain how.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. (9 points) The following table presents features from one or more of signaling cascades
identified by a key kinase in that cascade. For each characteristic, please circle all the
pathways it is associated with. For each feature, there is at least one correct answer. (PKA =
Protein Kinase A, PKC = Protein Kinase C, RTK = Receptor Tyrosine Kinase).
1. Hydrophilic primary messenger
PKA
PKC
RTK
2. Alpha helices in receptor
transmembrane structure
PKA
PKC
RTK
3. 7-pass receptor transmembrane
structure
PKA
PKC
RTK
4. Ras protein
PKA
PKC
RTK
5. RACKs for localization
PKA
PKC
RTK
6. Catalytic subunit separates from
regulatory subunit when activated
PKA
PKC
RTK
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PROBLEM #4 (25 points)
A. (1 point) Immunity has both nonspecific and specific components. Inflammatory barriers and
anatomic barriers such as skin are examples of the (circle one) NONSPECIFIC / SPECIFIC
component.
B. (3 points) Specific immunity displays four hallmark characteristics, one of which being
immunologic memory. LIST 3 other hallmark characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
C. (2 points) The immune system generates specific B and T cells to bind individual antigens
that infect an organism. B cells mature in the
T cells mature in the
generate a diversity of antibodies occurs in (circle one) B /
Gene rearrangement to
T cells. Upon encountering an
antigen that binds to the membrane bound antibody, this cell divides rapidly, generating cells
that secrete antibody called
.
D. (3 points) T cell receptors recognize antigen bound to MHC molecules. (Circle one) MHC
CLASS I / MHC CLASS II molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells in the body. Thelper cells display (circle one) CD4 / CD8, and are activated by binding with antigen
complexed with MHC II. T-helper cells secrete
to signal
primarily three other cell types using ENDOCRINE/ PARACRINE/ CONTACTDEPENDENT signaling. List two of the three cell types the receive these signals from Thelper cells:
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.
E. (6 points) The diagram below shows an antibody molecule. Use the diagram to answer the
following questions.
1. (3 points) In the answer box provided, match the following terms with the letter that BEST
describes them.
Term
Fab region
Fc region
Heavy chain
Light chain
Beta strand
Likely location of proline
Letter
2. (1 point) What bond is labeled by letter E?
3. (1 point) This bond is a (circle one) INTERMOLECULAR / INTRAMOLECULAR bond.
4. (1 point) Which amino acid is responsible for forming the S-S bonds labeled by the letter E in
the antibody molecule (Three letter abbreviation or full name acceptable) ?
5. (1 point) Label the N and C terminus of each polypeptide chain of the antibody molecule on
the right figure.