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Cpectacular Cell Lab
Purpose:
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To explore function and structure of cellular structures in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
To recognize the differences in a variety of cells
To distinguish between the three basic different forms of bacteria
To master the use of the microscope
Background Information:
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. They
can exist either as singly or in groups (multi). Cells that join together to take
on a special function are called tissues.
There are two major groups that cells fall into – prokaryote (anucleate) and
eukaryote (nucleated). Bacteria are prokaryotes and plants, animals, fungus
and protists are eukaryotes.
Not all eukaryotic cells are the same. The difference between each organism
is specific to its evolutionary history and importance to its survival.
Pre-lab questions
Part 1 – The Cell an Introduction
 Definition of the cell
___________________________________________________
 Prokaryote __________________________________________
 Eukaryote __________________________________________
 Heterotroph _________________________________________
 Autotroph ___________________________________________
To look at the cell it is necessary to use a microscope. The discovery of the
microscope was revolutionary to the field of science and humanity. The credit
is given to Anton Van Leeuwenhoek; although there is evidence that even
more rudimentary microscopes had been built as early as 1590.
Pre-lab questions
Part 2 – The Microscope
Draw a picture here of an early microscope:
What are four different types of microscopes? Include a picture a
description of the microscope under the picture.
Name of
microscope
Picture
Description
Robert Hooke looked at cork and used the word “cell” for the first time.
Virchow, Schleiden and Schwann were all instrumental in the field of cell
biology with the formulation of the Cell Theory.
Pre-lab questions
Part 3 – The Cell Theory
The three parts (list them)
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
– Scientists directly involved with the cell
The following is a list of scientists that were directly involved with the
discovery of the cell. *Was their contribution to the discovery of the cell,
microscope or cell theory?
 Van Leeuwenhoek
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 Hooke
_________________________________________________________
 Virchow
_________________________________________________________
 Brown
_________________________________________________________
 Schleiden
_________________________________________________________
 Schwaan
_________________________________________________________
Procedure:
Part A: Prokaryotic Cells
Most prokaryotic cells are extremely small, about 1 to 2 μm in diameter, and most
are heterotrophic. Structurally, bacteria are either round (coccus), rod-shaped
(bacillus), or spiral-shaped (spirillum). To view them with the compound
microscope, you must use an oil-immersion lens (100X objective). Even then, not
much more than their basic shapes will be visible. An electron microscope will allow
you to see inside more closely.
Figure 2-1. The cells of many familiar genera of bacteria include the (a) rod-shaped bacillus, (b)spherical coccus,
and (c) helical spirillum.
(taken from http://facweb.northseattle.edu/amurkows/Biol160.03-F09/Lab02-Cell%20Diversity.pdf)
1. Observe the prepared slides under the highest magnification. You must use
place a drop of oil on the slide before you view.
2. In the circles provided sketch what you see.
3. Please use color pencils where appropriate.
4. Please label all cell parts that are visible to you.
Drawing
Specimen
shape
Procedure:
Part B: Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have their genetic information enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
They also contain a variety of small cellular structures called organelles. These
organelles have very specific functions. For instance, the central large vacuole of
the plant cell holds large amounts of water whereas the Golgi complex stores and
packages proteins. Use your textbook and/or your notes to match the following
organelles with their function.
Pre-lab questions
Part 3 – Cell Organelles
_____1. Golgi body
_____2. Nucleus
_____3. ER
_____4. Cell membrane
_____5. Nucleolus
_____6. Lysosomes
_____7. Mitochondria
_____8. Large vacuole
_____9. Cell Wall
____10. Ribosome
____11. Chloroplast
a. Transport system of the cell
b. Produces proteins
c. Produces energy for the cell
d. Stores packages proteins
e. Control center of the cell
f. Controls what enters and exists cell
g. Helps cell stand straight
h. Stores large amounts of water
i. Digests old cells
j. Produces ribosomes
k. where photosynthesis occurs
1. The plant cell
A. Elodea
o Prepare a wet mount slide of the elodea leaf
 That is take a drop of water and place it on the slide and
then add the specimen
o Sketch the Elodea in high and low power
o Color and label all cell parts that are visible
Low power
Sketch
(label)
High power
Questions:
1. What does a single chloroplast look like?
2. Are the chloroplasts moving or stationary? ________________________
3. Why? ____________________________________________________
B. Onion Cell
o Prepare a wet mount slide of the epidermal cells of an onion
epidermis
o
o Add a drop of iodine
o Sketch the onion in high and low power
o Color and label all cell parts that are visible
Low power
High power
Sketch
(label)
Questions:
1. What is the approximate length of the cell? ________________________
(you need a special ruler for this)
2. Are there chloroplasts? Why? __________________________________
3. What does the nucleus look like?
4. In this lab we use a stain? Why or why not? ________________________
5. Were the cells stacked or “free floating”? Why is that helpful for plant
cells?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. If we viewed a potato under the microscope; what color would the iodine turn
and why? _______________________________________________________
2. Comparing an onion to an elodea
Similarities
Differences
3. The animal cell
A. Cheek cells (buccal)
o Prepare a wet mount slide of your cheek cells
 Instructions will be offered by the instructor
o Sketch the cheek cells in high and low power
o Color and label all cell parts that are visible
Low power
High power
Sketch
(label)
Questions:
1. Inside the mouth these cells are joined together like a sheet. Why are they
scattered when we see them under the microscope?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. The cell wall gives the plant structure. It allows a plant to stand straight.
What is found in an animal that is comparable to the cell wall?
____________________________________________________________
B. Blood
There are three basic types of blood cells; erythrocytes, leukocytes and
platelets. Immature erythrocytes (RBC) contain nuclei which will be stained
dark blue or purple. The pink cells are mature erythrocytes. The leukocytes
(white blood cells) will be stained blue and the platelets will be either violet
or purple.
o
o
o
o
Observe the erythrocyte slides under both magnifications.
In the circles provided sketch what you see.
Please use color pencils where appropriate.
Please label the different types of blood that are visible.
Low power
High power
Sketch
(label)
Questions:
1. In what way are these cells similar to the epithelial cells of your cheek?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. In what way are these cells different to the epithelial cells of your
cheek?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Venn Diagram
Fill in the Venn diagram using the organelles found in eukaryotic
cells.
Plant
Animal
1. Identify figure A as either a plant or animal cell.
2. Why?
Figure A
Figure B
Post Lab Questions:
1. What is histology?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
2. Onions are classified as green plants, where in the onion are the green
cells located? ______________________________
3. The human body is made up of many different specialized cells. Research
the different types of cells and fill in the chart.
Nerve cell
Muscle
Epithelial
Fat cell
Sex cells
cell
cell
m/f
Diagram
features
4. There are many different types of White Blood Cells and they all have
different functions. Research the different types of cells and fill in the
chart.
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
S
K
E
T
C
H
featur
es
Conclusion:
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Cell City Analogy
In a far away city called Grant City, the main export and production product
is the steel widget. Everyone in the town has something to do with steel
widget making and the entire town is designed to build and export widgets.
The town hall has the instructions for widget making, widgets come in all
shapes and sizes and any citizen of Grant can get the instructions and begin
making their own widgets. Widgets are generally produced in small shops
around the city, these small shops can be built by the carpenter's union
(whose headquarters are in town hall).
After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special carts which can
deliver the widget anywhere in the city. In order for a widget to be
exported, the carts take the widget to the postal office, where the widgets
are packaged and labeled for export. Sometimes widgets don't turn out
right, and the "rejects" are sent to the scrap yard where they are broken
down for parts or destroyed altogether. The town powers the widget shops
and carts from a hydraulic dam that is in the city. The entire city is enclosed
by a large wooden fence, only the postal trucks (and citizens with proper
passports) are allowed outside the city.
Match the parts of the city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.
1.
Mitochond _____________________________________________
ria
2.
_____________________________________________
Ribosomes
3. Nucleus _____________________________________________
4. ER
_____________________________________________
5. Golgi
_____________________________________________
Apparatus
6. Protein
_____________________________________________
7. Cell
_____________________________________________
Membrane
8.
________________________________________________
Lysosomes ____________
9.
Nucleolus
_____________________________________________
** Create your own analogy of the cell using a different
model. Some ideas might be: a school, a house, a factory, or
anything you can imagine**