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Transcript
Unit 7 Evolution EVOLUTION (19-22 Days) NATURAL SELECTION Enduring Understanding: The scientific theory of evolution by means of natural selection is a fundamental concept underlying all of biology. All organisms change over time because they are locked in a struggle for existence whereby those organisms better adapted to their immediate environment are more likely to survive and leave more offspring. Essential Questions What is the theory of evolution by natural selection? (1 day) Under what conditions does natural selection occur? (1 day) Required Topic/Suggested Lab (3 days) How have humans exploited inherited variation to their advantage? (1 day) SC.912.L.15.13 Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. • • • • • • EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION Define natural selection as the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their environment survive and leave more offspring. Relate the occurrence of natural selection to situations in which there is an overproduction of offspring, there is heritable variation, and there is differential reproductive success. Define fitness in terms of how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its’ environment. Understand that natural variation provides the raw material for natural selection. Predict survival of individuals in a species living in different niches (via Survival of the Fittest lab activity). Compare and contrast the concepts of natural and artificial selection. Explain the role of inherited variation in the artificial selection of plants (crops) and animals (dogs and livestock). Enduring Understanding: The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple forms of scientific evidence. This evidence demonstrates that the diversity of life is the result of ongoing evolutionary change. Species alive today have evolved from ancient common ancestors. Essential Questions • What are the main lines of scientific evidence that support the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection? (2 days) SC.912.L.15.1 Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change. Identify evidence for how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the following: a. Fossil Record - Explain how fossils and the fossil record document the descent of modern species from ancient species. b. Comparative Anatomy & Embryology – Explain how similarities in structure and development among different species are evidence for evolution. Include the following: 1. Homologous structures 2. Vestigial structures c. Biogeography – Explain how geologic distribution of species relates to their evolutionary history. SC.912.L.15.2 Discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another. d. Molecular Biology – Explain how molecular evidence can be used as a molecular clock to trace the process of evolution. MICROEVOLUTION Enduring Understanding: Mutation and genetic recombination fuel evolutionary change. Essential Questions • • • • • How is evolution defined in genetic terms? (1 day) What causes a populations’ gene pool to change? (1 day) What conditions are required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and why are these conditions not likely to appear in nature? (1 day) How does the Hardy-Weinberg equation predict population genotypes from the observed phenotypes? (1day) How are resistances to antibiotics and pesticides examples of microevolution? (1 day) SC.912.L.15.15 Describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation. Define evolution in genetic terms as a change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population’s gene pool. Identify mutations and genetic recombination as two of the main sources of genetic variation in a population. Recognize that natural selection acts directly on an organism’s phenotype. SC.912.L.15.12 List the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population and why these conditions are not likely to appear in nature. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to predict genotypes in a population from observed phenotypes. • • • • Identify the required conditions for Hardy-Weinberg to exist in a population. Explain why it is not likely to a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Predict if a population is in genetic equilibrium using the Hardy-Weinberg equation: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. Explain how antibiotic resistance and pesticide resistance in insects exemplifies evolution by natural selection. SPECIATION Enduring Understanding: Populations evolve to form new species. Changes occur at the level of the genes. When sufficient beneficial changes have occurred, new species are produced. Essential Questions How do genetic drift and gene flow contribute to changes in the gene pool? (1 day) What is speciation and how do new species form? (2 days) How does extinction influence speciation? (1 day) SC.912.L.15.14 Discuss mechanisms of evolutionary change other than natural selection such as genetic drift and gene flow. Describe gene flow and explain how it can affect speciation. Describe genetic drift and explain 2 particular types of genetic drift: the bottleneck and the founder effect. Explain how genetic drift can lead to speciation. Define speciation. SC.912.L.15.3 Describe how biological diversity is increased by the origin of new species and how it is decreased by the natural process of extinction. Explain the role of extinction in speciation. Identify and define the main types of reproductive isolation that can lead to the formation of new species. HISTORY OF LIFE Enduring Understanding: The history of life on earth is knowable and is recorded in the fossil record. Scientists have proposed viable explanations for the origin of life on earth. Essential Questions What are three scientific hypotheses about how and where life began on earth? (2 days) How does the endosymbiont theory explain the origin of eukaryotic cells? (1 day) SC.912.L.15.8 Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth. Identify three of the hypothesis about early Earth and the origin of life including: a. Chemical evolution (RNA to DNA) 1. Deep ocean thermal vents 2. Surface conditions as those modeled in Stanley Miller’s and follow-up experiments b. Panspermia SC.912.L.14.5 Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis). Describe the endosymbiont theory as evidence for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Identify and list the evidence for the endosymbiont theory. HOMINID EVOLUTION Enduring Understanding: All major animal groups descended from earlier animal groups through the process of evolution. Between 6 and 7 million years ago, a split occurred in the evolutionary line of the hominines and chimpanzees. Since that time, numerous species evolved into the lines that eventually led to anatomically modern humans. Essential Questions What are the major characteristics and the major evolutionary groups of primates?(1 day) What are some basic trends in hominid evolution? (2—3 days) What is the taxonomic classification of man? (.5 days) SC.912.L.15.10 Identify basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors six million years ago to modern humans, including brain size, jaw size, language, and manufacture of tools. Identify characteristics that all primates share, including: grasping hands, binocular vision, and enlarged cerebrum. Describe major evolutionary groups of primates, including: Lemurs & Lorises, along with Tarsiers and Anthropoids. Describe adaptations that allowed later hominid species to walk upright, including changes in the skull, spine, pelvis, and femur. Recall how many species in our genus existed before our Homo sapiens appeared and that at least 3 other species of Homo existed at the same time as early humans. Identify some basic trends in hominid evolution such as increasing brain size, the development of language and the manufacture of tools. Recall the taxonomy of man from Domain to Species.