Download Homework # 8 Energetics, Electron Transport

Week # 12: Energetics, Electron Transport, Glycolysis
Lectures - 31, 32
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/5900verviewmet.html
Concepts:
Overview of metabolism - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
Energy and ATP - coupled reactions
Coenzymes
Electron Transport
Glycolysis reactions and ATP calculations
Ques. 1. Finish the following reactions:
a) Photosynthesis:
CO2 + ______ + energy ------> carbohydrates + ______
b) Overall Metabolism:
Carbohydrates + _____
------> _____
+ H2O + energy
Ques. 2. List three ways that the body uses energy.
Ques. 3. Contrast catabolism and anabolism in terms of general types of
reaction and utilization of energy.
Ques 4. Define endothermic and exothermic and apply to photosynthesis and
metabolism.
Ques. 5. Write the abbreviated formation and hydrolysis reactions of ATP.
Ques. 6. Write the energy term on the proper side of the arrow. Identify the
reactions as endo- or exothermic.
a) ADP + P
----->
b) relaxed muscle
----->
c) CO2 + H2O
----->
d) carbohydrates + O2
e) ATP + H2O
ATP + H2O

contracted muscle
Carbohydrates + O2
----->
ADT + P
CO2 + H2O
Ques. 7. Using the reactions given below (not in any order), explain what is
meant by a coupled reaction.
a) relaxed muscle + energy
b) ATP + H2O
----->
----->
contracted muscle
ADP + P + energy
Ques. 8. Write the overall equation for the electron transport chain including
energy term.
2H+ + 2e- + ____
--->
_____
+ ______
+ ________
Ques. 9. Make a simplified diagram for the respiratory chain including 1/2 O 2,
2e-, 2H+, FAD, organic metabolite, H2O, ADP, ATP, NAD+, cytochromes, Fe.
Ques. 10. Use the first step in the electron transport chain to explain the term
coupled reaction. First add the energy terms to the proper side of the arrows.
NADH + H+ + FAD
ADP + P


NAD+ + FADH2
ATP
Ques. 11. List 3 substances in common in ATP, NAD+, and FAD.
Ques. 12. List two vitamins in NAD+ and FAD.
Ques. 13. What is the difference between ATP and NAD+?
Ques. 14. What is the difference between ATP AND ADP?
Ques. 15: Use the diagram above to answer the following:
a. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter A represents an atom
product of oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport.
b. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter B represents a product of
oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport and is carried through
the chain in part by cytochromes.
c. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter C represents a product of
electron transport and is the main reason that electron transport exists.
d. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter F represents the main
coenzyme involved in oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport.
e. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter D represents a reactant in
electron transport. This molecule is delivered to the cell by hemoglobin.
f. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter E represents a final product
in electron transport.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/600glycolysis.html
Ques. 16. a) The catabolism of glycogen is called ________.
b) The catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid is called ________.
c) The formation of glucose from lactic acid is called ________.
d) The formation of glycogen is called ________ .
Ques. 17. For each process below, name the starting compound and the final
product.
Process
Starting Compound
Final Product
a) gluconeogenesis
b) glycolysis
c) glycogenolysis
d) glycogenesis
Ques. 18: Use the glycolysis reaction diagram to answer the following:
a. In step 1 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce glucose-6phosphate?
b. In step 1 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce ADP?
c. In step 1 of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is
what kind of energetic process?
d. In step 1 of glycolysis, the conversion of ATP to ADP is what kind of energetic
process?
e. In step 3 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce glucose1,6-biphosphate?
f. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of
the reaction to produce 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
g. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of
the reaction to produce ATP?
h. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, the conversion of 1,3diphophosglycerate to produce 3-phosphoglyceric acid is what kind of energetic
process?
i. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, the conversion of ADP
to ATP is what kind of energetic process?
j. In step 8 blue graphic (step 9 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of
the reaction to produce phosphoenol pyruvic acid?
Ques. 19. Using the glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP
produced by glycolysis under aerobic conditions starting with glucose.
Ques. 20. Using glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced
by glycolysis under anaerobic conditions starting with glucose.
Ques. 21. Using the glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP
produced by glycolysis under aerobic conditions starting with fructose.
Ques. 22. Using glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced
by glycolysis under anaerobic conditions starting with galactose.
Ques. 23. A. Explain the purpose and the conditions when lactic acid would be
the end-product of glycolysis.
b. In the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid under anaerobic conditions, the
name of the reaction is ___?___
c. After exercise under aerobic conditions, the reaction in the graphic is reversed
- lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid, the name of the reaction is __?__
Ques. 24. List 4 possible metabolic fates of pyruvic acid.
Ques. 25. Starting with fructose molecule, how many pyruvic acid molecules are
made through glycolysis?
Citric Acid Cycle and Carbohydrate Summary
Lectures - 33, 34
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/610citricac.html
Ques. 26. Write the overall reaction for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvic
acid.
Ques. 27. How many ATP are produced from two pyruvic acid molecules in the
formation of acetyl CoA?
Ques. 28. List some general structural parts in common in the following: List the
vitamin (if any) in each.
NAD+
FAD
ATP
acetyl CoA..
Ques. 29: Use the Citric Acid Cycle Reaction Diagram to answer the following:
a. In step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle where pyruvic acid is
converted to acetylCoA, which type of reaction does not occur?
Decarboxylation, ester synthesis, ester hydrolysis, oxidation
b. In step 2 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce
cis-acontic acid?
c. In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce
isocitric acid?
d. What is the net effect of the combination of reactions 2 and 3 in going from
citric acid to isocitric acid?
e. In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce
oxalosuccinic acid?
f. In step 5 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce
ketoglutaric acid?
g. In step 6 blue graphic (step 4 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the
name of the reaction that is not used to produce succinyl CoA?
h. In step 7 blue graphic (step 5 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the
name of the reaction to produce succinic acid?
i. In step 8 blue graphic (step 6 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name
of the reaction to produce fumaric acid?
j. In step 9 blue graphic (step 7 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name
of the reaction to produce malic acid?
k. In step 10 blue graphic (step 8 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the
name of the reaction to produce oxaloacetic acid?
Ques. 30: Write the structures that correspond to the structures in each box
above:
Rx 3 =
Rx 5 =
Rx 8 =
Rx 10 =
Ques. 31. Starting with one acetyl-CoA molecule, how many CO2 molecules are
produced by one turn of the citric acid cycle?
Ques. 32. Starting with two pyruvic acid molecules, how many CO2molecules
are produced by two turns of the citric acid cycle?
Ques. 33. Starting with a glucose molecule, how many CO2 molecules are
produced after completion of citric acid cycles?
Ques. 34. Starting with one acetyl-CoA molecule, how many NADH coenzymes
enter the electron transport chains in going through the citric acid cycle?
Ques. 35. Starting with one NADH, how many ATP are produced in the electron
transport chain?
Ques. 36. Starting with one FADH2, how many ATP are produced in the electron
transport chain?
Ques. 37. Starting with one acetyl CoA.and using the citric acid cycle, tabulate
the total ATP produced.
Ques. 38. Starting with one pyruvic acid.and using the citric acid cycle, tabulate
the total ATP produced.
Ques. 39. Starting with glucose, how many ATP are produced by all metabolic
reactions to produce CO2 and H2O? (Hint: do glycolyis and CAC)
Ques. 40. Starting with fructose, how many ATP are produced by all metabolic
reactions to produce CO2 and H2O?
Ques 41. If the cell lacked oxygen, which steps in the citric acid cycle would be
blocked by a build-up of NADH from the inhibition of the electron transport chain?
Ques. 42. List the substances which can be converted to glucose through
gluconeogenesis. Is gluconeogenesis exo- or endothermic? Explain.
Ques. 43. Discuss the 3 metabolic conditions that would lead to the conversion
of the glucose-6-phosphate crossroads compound into ultimately 3
different products.
Ques. 44. Briefly outline events in a muscle cell during strenuous activity.
Ques. 45. Briefly explain what happens to lactic acid in the muscle cells after
strenuous exercise using the Cori Cycle to end up with glycogen being restored
in the muscle cells.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/615coricycle.html
Ques. 46. Give three sources of glucose in the blood.
Define the terms hyper- and hypoglycemia.
What hormones are stimulated in each case?
Which process occurs in each case?
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/614hormone.html